果胶酶在黑加伦果汁加工中的应用技术研究

应用Ｅｃ３．２．１．５果胶酶以正交试验法对黑加伦果浆进行不同条件的处理,并且考虑到果汁加工的实际情况,选择出了最适的酶处理技术及参数,即在４５℃条件下用６０μｇ／ｇ酶处理黑加伦原果浆４ｈ,可提高黑加果汁出汁率１０％,并对酶的处理过程进行了动力学分析。     

黑龙江省黑穗醋栗的培育技术

黑穗醋栗,俗名黑加伦,别名为黑豆果,是一种多年生小灌木.黑穗醋栗中含有丰富的营养,其中维生素C的含量高达1.7～2.0 mg·g-1,是加工果酒、果酱、果汁的上好原料,其产品畅销国内外市场,深受欢迎.     

黑加伦果汁VC含量的简便测定法

Vc含量是衡量果汁生产企业产品质量的最基本指标。检验原汁与加工后果汁的Vc含量差,又是验证企业加工方法、工艺条件及贮存环境是否合理的重要尺度,对指导企业生产过程有重要意义。目前,国内测定果汁Vc的方法很多,例如:2,6—二氯靛粉滴定法;2,4—二硝基苯肼法;荧光分光度法;高压液相色谱法等。这些测定方法均存在操作烦琐,测定结果往往会出现偏差,仪器昂贵等问题,普及性差。测定黑加伦果汁中Vc到底用那一种方法     

黑加伦果汁奶茶的加工技术研究

黑加伦果汁奶茶是一种新型蛋白保健饮料，具有动物性营养和植物性营养成分综合互补作用，利于人体消化吸收，常饮可提神醒脑，抗病，强身，使人保持旺盛精力。本试验运用正交试验法确定了其最佳配方及工艺，并应用模糊数学对产品的质量进行了综合评判，提高了试验结果的可靠性。     

黑加伦果实营养成分的分析研究

用关联度分析法对 12种黑加伦所测的 9个营养指标含量和果实性状进行分析研究 ,选出了含营养成分高 ,果实性状好的优质品种 ,为黑加伦的开发利用与发展提供了信息和科学根据     

沙棘与黑加伦混交林的营林调查

对沙棘这种灌木或亚乔木同黑加伦小灌木按一定模式营造的混交林与沙棘黑加伦两种纯林进行生长发育、结实、病虫害发生率等方面调查，发现各种营林指标混交林明显优于纯林。因此可以提倡营造这样一种模式的混交林。     

沙棘籽油,果汁对急性放射病小鼠防护作用的初步研究

本文用＾６０Ｃｏγ－射线使小鼠产生急性放射病。小鼠灌胃沙棘籽油和果汁，观察其防护作用。结果表明，沙棘油和果汁大剂量（４．７５和１４．４ｇ／ｋｇ）可使小鼠３０ｄ存活率分别提高３０％和３５％。籽油（５．９和２．９８ｇ／ｋｇ） 和果汁（１８和９ｇ／ｋｇ）还能降低受照小鼠ＰＣＥ微核率，此外籽油１１．９、５．９５和２．９８ｇ／ｋｇ与果汁１４．４和７．２ｇ／ｋｇ还能提高小鼠脾ＣＦＵ－Ｓ数，籽油５．９５ｇ／ｋｇ     

关于发展黑豆果的考察报告

<正> 黑豆果是虎耳草科茶藨子属的一种灌木。学名黑穗醋栗(Ribes nigrum.L)又名黑加伦。其浆果富含维生素C和其它各种营养物质,加工的“黑加伦”饮料及果酒驰名中外倍受欢迎。黑豆果具有结果早、管理简单、效益高等特点,目前各地纷纷引种试栽。为了进一步搞好张家口地区的黑豆果引种工作,1985年11月,我们曾在黑龙江省林口、海林等县进行了考察,现将结果和建议扼要整理如下供参考。     

巴氏灭菌对山莓汁感官评价的影响

以灭菌后山莓汁感官评价为主要评价指标,对比了灭菌温度、处理时间和果汁量对处理后山莓汁感官评价的影响。结果表明,采用75℃、处理时间20 min、果汁量300 mL的条件进行巴氏灭菌的山莓汁感官评分较高。     

菠萝果皮蛋白酶的活性研究

用丹宁沉淀法提取菠萝果皮蛋白酶，须经过多次洗涤、保护和激活，使酶从其复合物中游离出来。研究结果测得干酶得率约０．１７％，皮汁酶活性一般为０．０４万／ｇ，干酶活性约２０万／ｇ，果皮蛋白酶酶促反应最适条件为：ｐＨ５．５－６．５，温度≤６０℃。在一般室温下，酶促反应达到最大速度时间，鲜汁约１ｈ，干酶约需１ｈ－１．５ｈ。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.