细胞质雄性不育棉花线粒体蛋白质和DNA的分析

以哈克尼西棉细胞质雄性不育系和保持系的花药及黄化苗为材料, 分别对线粒体蛋白质和DNA进行了SDS-PAGE、 RAPD和RFLP分析。 蛋白质SDS-PAGE分析表明, 在处于败育时期的不育系花药线粒体内缺少一种约31 kDa的多肽。 RAPD分析表明, 不育系与保持系的线粒体基因组之间存在着明显的差异。 以4个线粒体基因为探针进行的RFLP分     

大白菜胞质雄性不育线粒体基因特异分子RAPD标记及克隆

用随机引物对大白菜细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系线粒体DNA的RAPD分析,在不育系与保持系的线粒体基因组间存在明显的差异,用引物S259在不育系中扩增并克隆得到特异片断(mt)S259~600bp,序列分析表明该片断与油菜线粒体基因NADH脱氢酶第四亚基序列有部分相似性,片段与雄性不育的关系还需进一步研究。     

水稻线粒体SCAR分子标记的开发与应用

为了开发一套能够简单快捷地筛选水稻细胞质的分子标记,本研究选用了5个配子体雄性不育系W15A、W20A、W34A、W46A和YA为材料,采用线粒体基因组DNA超纯提取和多态性扩增(random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)的方法,开发了一套水稻线粒体基因组分子标记(sequence characterized amplified region,SCAR),该套分子标记共37个标记,其中16个定位水稻线粒体基因组,12个为无同源序列,其他的能在叶绿体、核以及细菌中找到同源。用这套分子标记筛选20份含红莲型不育基因orf H79的水稻材料和35个野生稻材料,均呈现出很好的细胞质多态性。因此,这些标记为水稻线粒体基因组多态性鉴定、新型不育细胞质的筛选提供一个快速的方法,同时也可用于不育系品种鉴定和水稻细胞质进化研究。     

小麦K、V型细胞质雄性不育系线粒体基因的比较分析

细胞质雄性不育(cytoplasmic male sterility,MS)是高等植物中普遍存在的一种母性遗传现象,跟线粒体基因密切相关。小麦K型和V型细胞质雄性不育性是由于粘果山羊草和偏凸山羊草或易变山羊草的细胞质导入普通小麦中产生的,被认为是最有利用潜力的小麦不育种质,但是其不育性产生的机理还不清楚。本研究在已知小麦K型细胞质雄性不育系和保持系线粒体基因组序列的基础上,比较分析了K型,V型不育系和保持系中33个线粒体基因和22个开放阅读框(open reading frame,orf;K型不育系特有的,被认为是K型不育系的不育候选基因)。结果表明,线粒体基因中除atp6、nad6和rps3在保持系和不育系之间有较大差异外,其它基因在保持系和不育系中都是高度保守的,其一致性达98%以上,atp6和nad6在两个不育系中也是高度一致的;22个orf中只有orf249在K型和V型不育系之间具有一定差异,其余的orf高度一致,说明小麦K型和V型不育系的线粒体基因是高度保守的,推测二者可能具有相似的不育基因或不育机理。研究结果为小麦K型和V型不育系在杂交育种中的利用奠定了一定的理论基础。     

水稻野败不育系与保持系线粒体DNA限制酶酶切图谱分析

采用限制酶酶切片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）分析广泛比较了水稻野败不育系及其籼型保持系线粒体ＤＮＡ酶切图谱。野败不育系与籼型保持系线粒体ＤＮＡ在组成上存在十分明显的差异。根据具有相同迁移位置与大小的片段比例判断，这２种不同细胞质线粒体ＤＮＡ顺序同源性约为３０％。分子杂交结果显示，编码功能蛋白的基因及其邻近顺序存在在相当程度的保守性。本文并对线粒体ＤＮＡ的组成变异与细胞质雄性不育的关系进行了分析与讨论。     

玉米雄性不育性研究Ⅷ.对玉米Y_(Ⅱ-1)不育胞质线粒体DNA RFLP分析

以玉米 T、S、C群及新选育的 Y -1不育系为材料 ,用这 4类群不育胞质线粒体 DNA,经 4种限制性内切酶酶切 ,长距凝胶分离酶切片段获得高分辨率的清晰谱带。再以 5种线粒体特异的基因片段作为探针与酶切条带杂交 ,结果表明 :T、S、C群表现较多差异的杂交带型 ,持有明显的多态性 ,Y -1型杂交带与 T、 S群区别明显 ,与 C群有少量差异。这为从遗传组成上区分不育胞质类群和 Y -1型不育系的归群提供试验依据。     

与大白菜细胞质不育相关RAPD特征片段的克隆和序列分析

为了研究和获得大白菜细胞质不育系和保持系线粒体DNA的多态性,选用153个RAPD随机引物,对3套材料,每套中包含不同来源、同核异质的大白菜细胞质不育系（Pol-CMS、Ogu-CMS和CMS96）和保持系线粒体DNA进行RAPD分析。结果表明,有4个RAPD随机引物可以在全部Ogu-CMS和CMS96不育系中扩增出特异带,有1个随机引物仅在所有Ogu-CMS不育系中扩增出特异带;同时将OPAH16随机引物扩增的与不育相关的特异带进行了克隆和测序。结果表明,所获得的特异片段均与拟南芥和甘蓝型油菜的线粒体基因组序列部分同源,但与已发表的不育基因序列没有同源性。由这5个序列推导出的蛋白质与拟南芥中的一种未知功能蛋白AtMg00760（ORF109b）具有部分同源性。这5个序列的可能功能正在验证中。     

水稻滇Ⅰ型和BT型细胞质雄性不育系的PCR标记鉴别

中国用于杂交粳稻生产的细胞质雄性不育系仅有滇Ⅰ型和BT型,它们的不育系产生的花粉都为染败型,而且具有相同的恢保关系、同为配子体不育。因此,基于花粉败育特点和恢保关系等常规技术无法鉴别这两种不育系。本研究利用线粒体特异引物LD24对27个滇Ⅰ型不育系和9个BT型不育系进行PCR扩增,结果显示滇Ⅰ型不育系无扩增片段,BT型不育系具有1个605 bp的片段。该片段的DNA序列与水稻LD型雄性不育细胞质线粒体基因组的一个604 bp片段相似性达99%,该片段包括一个位于rps1基因下游的一段230 bp序列及rps1与orf187基因间隔区上游的一个374 bp序列。本研究的结果说明利用LD24标记的PCR产物可以有效地鉴别水稻滇Ⅰ型和BT型雄性不育细胞质。     

制备棉花高分子量线粒体DNA的方法

细胞质雄性不育(cytoplasmic male sterility,CMS)是普遍存在于植物中的生物学现象.细胞质雄性不育受核质两套遗传系统的控制,决定不育的胞质基因在线粒体基因组中.高等植物的线粒体在小孢子的发育过程中起着重要作用,并且与CMS密切相关.因此,通过构建线粒体基因组BAC文库,克隆相关的线粒体基因,有助于了解CMS不育的机理.     

玉米雄性不育性研究Ⅷ. 对玉米YⅡ-1不育胞质线粒体DNA RFLP分析

以玉米T、S、C群及新选育的YⅡ-1不育系为材料，用这4类群不育胞质线粒体DNA，经4种限制性内切酶酶切，长距凝胶分离酶切片段获得高分辨率的清晰谱带。再以5种线粒体特异的基因片段作为探针与酶切条带杂交，结果表明：T、S、C群表现较多差异的杂交带型，持有明显的多态性，YⅡ-1型杂交带与T、S群区别明显，与C群有少量差异。     

Cytological and molecular characterization of a new cytoplasmic male sterility in rapeseed

It is very important for rapeseed hybrid production to develop and utilize a novel cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system concerning the possible risk because of a narrow cytoplasm background. Here the anatomy of anther development in the CMS system, named NCa , was observed using light microscope and transmission electron microscope, and the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of mitochondrial DNA of NCa sterile line were also performed in comparison with the other rapeseed sterile lines, such as pol , nap , ogura , and tour . The anther abortion of this CMS line occurred at the later uninucleate microspore stage, and the anatomic aborting characteristics were obviously different from all the other rapeseed CMS lines reported before. The RFLP analyses revealed that five probe/enzyme combinations could distinguish the five CMS lines. The results of anatomic observations and mitochondrial DNA polymorphism indicated that the NCa CMS system is a novel one which differs from the pol , nap , ogura , and tour systems.     

RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA in two cytoplasmic male sterility systems (CMS-D2 and CMS-D8) of cotton

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in higher plants is a maternally inherited trait and CMS-associated genes are known to be located in the mitochondrial genome. However, CMS-inducing genes in CMS-D2 and CMS-D8 of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., AD1) are currently unknown. The objective of this study was to identify potential candidate DNA or gene sequences for CMS-D2 and CMS-D8 through restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Seven mtDNA gene probes and five restriction enzymes were first used to compare D2 (from G. harknessii Brandegee) and AD1 cytoplasms. With cox1, cox2, and atp1 as probes, RFLP polymorphisms were detected with one or more restriction enzyme digestions. The most notable difference was an additional fragment in the normal AD1 cytoplasm detected by cox2 in digests of three enzymes, and by cox1 and atp1 in digests with PstI. The RFLP analysis was then conducted among CMS-D2, CMS-D8 (from G. trilobum (DC.) Skovst.), and AD1 cytoplasms. Two probes from maize, atp1 and atp6, detected polymorphism among the different cytoplasmic lines. However, no difference in RFLP patterns was noted between male sterile (A) and restorer (R) lines with the D2 or D8 cytoplasm, indicating that the presence of the D2 or D8 restorer gene does not affect mtDNA organization in Upland cotton. The results demonstrate that RFLP using atp1 and atp6 as probes can distinguish the three cytoplasms. The atp1 and atp6 in CMS-D8 and these two genes together with cox1 and cox2 in CMS-D2 could be the candidates of CMS-associated genes in the mitochondrial genome, providing information for further molecular studies and developing PCR-based markers for the CMS cytoplasms in breeding. This research represents the first work using RFLP to analyze the genetic basis of CMS in cotton.     

Molecular characterization of fertile and sterile cytoplasms in Beta spp.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from sugar beet carrying fertile (F) and male sterile (CMS) cytoplasms, and from male sterile accession of Beta maritima collected in Brittany (France) were characterized and compared by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and Southern hybridization with coxII. The F and CMS cytoplasms could be clearly distinguished from each other by RFLP when XhoI, EcoRI and BamHI endonucleases were used. Southern hybridization with the coxII gene provided further evidence that mitochondrial genome organization differs between fertile and sterile plants. All cytoplasmic male sterile lines from different breeding stations showed the same restriction and hybridization patterns, which confirms the uniformity of mitochondrial genomes within the materials used for hybrid seed production in several European countries. No visible differences were found between the maintainer lines studied. However, comparisons of XhoI restriction profiles of mtDNA from maintainer lines and from fertile monogerm populations revealed slight differences, which were reflected by the appearance of a unique 0.9 kb fragment in the latter. Analysis of mtDNA from male sterile plants of the wild beet B. maritima showed different restriction and hybridization patterns in comparison with normal and sterile sugar beet cytoplasms. This shows the unique nature of cytoplasmic male sterility in this species.     

RFLP analysis of cytoplasmic male-sterile lines of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] developed by interspecific crosses

Total DNA from three putative cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) progenies derived from crosses between the wild species Cajanus sericeus and the cultivated species Cajanus cajan, five C. cajan, one accession of C. sericeus and two genetic male sterile lines of pigeonpea were compared for their RFLP patterns using maize mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) specific probes. Three putative cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) progenies from the multiple cross genome transfer of pigeonpea lines (CMS 7–1, CMS 12–3, and CMS 33–1) showed hybridization patterns identical to that of C. sericeus when DNA was digested with EcoRI and HindIII and probed with maize mtDNA clones. The results suggested that these putative CMS progenies have the mitochondria of the female wild species parent. The hybridization patterns of the three male parental lines used in the development of the CMS progenies were similar in all the restriction enzyme-probe combinations except HindIII-atp6. The genetic male sterile lines, MS Prabhat and QMS 1 differed from each other in their hybridization pattern. The genomic DNA hybridization pattern of HindIII digested DNA from ICPL 87 differed from the other pigeonpea lines when probed with the maize mtDNA clones. The cluster analysis of the hybridization data suggested the occurrence of variation in the mitochondrial genome even among the cultivated species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic variation of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in carrots revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

Mitochondrial and nuclear genomic diversities of 8 carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus) varieties, including 6 pure lines and 2 cytoplasmic male sterile (cms) lines, were taxonomically identified using PCR with 19 RAPD primers. Dendrograms based on polymorphisms of both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes were constructed. According to the dendrogram of the mitochondrial genome revealed by RAPD, 4 differentiated clusters formed, in good accordance with the classification based on analyses with restriction enzyme digestion. Two cms lines were grouped into the same cluster, as genetically separated from the others. Thus, the cytoplasm donors of these male sterile lines were thought to be wild carrots. Conversely, RAPD analysis of the nuclear genome for these eight cultivars revealed no evident clusters although some cultivars were of a similar origin or place of cultivation. A correlation between nuclear and mitochondrial dendrograms was absent. RAPD has proved to be a useful tool for identifying mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. This technique will greatly aid in promoting efficient improvement of carrots. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mitochondrial genome variation in Allium ampeloprasum and its wild relatives

Limitation in mitochondrial genome diversity of leek, revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses with mitochondrial gene probes, prevent a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system in elite populations. However, mitochondrial genome diversity was detected in Allium ampeloprasum L. wild accession and landraces, as well as in pearl onion. Within this plant material, nine mitotypes were distinguished and could be used in order to broaden the genetic basis of leek. A chimeric mitochondrial gene configuration is usable as a marker for the sterility inducing cytoplasms (S₁) in chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) and in onion (Allium cepa L.) for (S) and (T) cytoplasm. This chimeric mitochondrial gene configuration is also present in the subgenus Allium, revealed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, only a faint amplicon was observed in a few accessions investigated herein, suggesting that this fragment might be present to a lesser level in mitochondrial DNA, as a sublimon.     

一个白菜型油菜细胞质雄性不育的遗传研究

１９９３年春在白菜型油菜品种“浠水白”中发现了几株雄性不育株,遗传研究结果表明,“浠水白”雄性不育株为细胞质雄性不育,所有调查过的白菜型油菜品种（系）均具有这种雄性水育的保持系。与ｐｏｌ ＣＭＳ和ｎａｐＣＭＳ的保持系和恢复系的测交结果表明,“浠水白”雄性不育与ｎａｐ ＣＭＳ具有相同的恢保关系,与ｐｏｌ ＣＭＳ具有完全不同的恢保关系。ＥｃｏＲⅠ,ＨｉｎｄⅢ,ＰｓｔⅠ和ＳａｌⅠ四种限制性内切酶的线粒体     

油菜野芥NSa细胞质雄性不育系的特异性分子鉴定

常规细胞质类型鉴定方法花费时间长、工作量大、鉴定效率低、应用性较差。基于基因组重复序列的PCR技术(rep-PCR)在重复序列丰富的线粒体和原核生物的基因组鉴定中效果较好, 本研究对8份油菜资源的细胞质进行分子鉴定,结果表明rep-PCR可以明确区分甘蓝型油菜中常见的6种雄性不育细胞质。同时对甘蓝型油菜和野芥(Sinapis arvensis)体细胞杂交创建的、育性较为稳定的NSa野芥雄性不育胞质进行了分子特异性鉴定,获得了两条NSa不育胞质的特征DNA条带。但波里马和萝卜质不育细胞质的特异性引物在NSa中不能扩增出特异性片段,说明NSa不属于这两种细胞质类型。本研究结果为该不育胞质系统的利用和知识产权保护提供了理论依据和技术支撑。