Susceptibility of field populations of adult Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Eretmocerus sp (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to cotton insecticides in Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Research was conducted in 14 cotton fields (3-10 ha) selected in seven localities (two fields per locality) in Burkina Faso, with the objectives of: (1) estimating Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) population abundance, (2) assessing the levels of parasitism by Encarsia spp and Eretmocerus spp (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and (3) estimating the susceptibilities of the pest and of an Eretmocerus sp to the insecticides currently sprayed on cotton. Yellow sticky cards and a leaf-turning technique were used to estimate adult B. tabaci population densities. Yellow sticky cards were also used to estimate the densities of adult Eretmocerus sp and the susceptibilities of B. tabaci to insecticides. Leaf disk techniques were used to estimate B. tabaci red eye nymph populations and parasitism by Encarsia spp and Eretmoceus spp was evaluated using stereo-microscopy. A leaf cage technique was used to estimate the susceptibilities of Eretmocerus sp to insecticides. A mean of 6.5-27.4 adult B. tabaci were trapped per yellow sticky card and 5.5 to > 34.9 were counted per leaf using the leaf turning technique. There were 0.14-13 Eretmocerus sp trapped per yellow sticky card. The levels of parasitism varied between 36 and 87% by the end of the season and parasitism by Eretmocerus sp predominated in most of the fields. The susceptibilities of B. tabaci and Eretmocerus sp varied from field to field and with the insecticide tested.     

Sampling for adults of the planthopper Myndus crudus a vector of lethal yellowing of palms 1

Abstract

Tests were made using coloured sticky traps to determine trap efficacy in catching adult Myndus crudus Van Duzee (Homoptera, Cixiidae) under field conditions. Blue traps caught more M. crudus adults than any of the other colour traps tested. Blue traps caught adults of both sexes during the day and night although significantly more adults were caught during the day. A sampling bias was shown in that blue traps caught significantly more males than expected from the field population. Blue sticky traps were more effective at sampling adult M. crudus populations than previous sampling techniques based on host plant attractiveness and should be considered for use in future sampling.     

First record of the Japanese grape leafhopper Arboridia kakogawana (Matsumura, 1932) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from Romania

A new invasive species, the Japanese grape leafhopper, Arboridia kakogawana (Matsumura). is reported for the first time in Romania. Arboridia kakogawana is a serious pest of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in East Asia (South Korea and China) and in Southern Russia (Krasnodar and Rostov regions) and Ukraine. In 2018, very high numbers of A. kakogawana were caught on yellow sticky traps in a vine plot in Romania in Northern Bucharest. Adults were trapped from early June to the middle of November. The dynamics of the adult population were measured using yellow sticky traps, and in 2018 four peaks were observed in the middle of July, in the first 10 days of August, at the beginning of September and in the first 10 days of October. The first overwintering adults appeared from the beginning of June. Foliar symptoms associated with the trophic activity of the leafhopper were observed on grapevine and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.)). Yellow sticky traps used in prior studies in the Bucharest area were re‐examined and the Japanese leafhopper was discovered on these, which leads to the conclusion that the species has been present at least since 2016 in this area. This is the first report of A. kakogawana in Romania and in the European Union.     

烟粉虱MED隐种对植物挥发物的趋性行为

利用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定了14种植物挥发物对烟粉虱成虫Bemisia tataci EMD隐种的作用。结果表明,10%的1,8-桉树脑、丁香酚、月桂烯、苎烯和肉桂醛引诱作用较强,其中1,8-桉树脑和月桂烯效果最好（P<0.001）。而顺-3-已烯-醇蒎烯和戊烯为趋避作用,其中顺-3-已烯-醇蒎烯趋避性最强;1%的1,8-桉树脑、丁香酚、月桂烯、烟酸乙酯和橙花醇引诱作用显著,其中1,8-桉树脑和丁香酚的效果最好（P<0.01）。顺-3-已烯-醇蒎烯和戊烯为趋避作用,二者之间无显著差异;将有引诱作用的单体复配后,仅1,8-桉树脑＋丁香酚（1：1）和1,8-桉树脑＋月桂烯（1：1）有引诱作用;10%的1,8-桉树脑涂抹黄板显著提高了黄板诱杀力。因此,植物挥发物对烟粉虱有趋避或引诱作用,其作用因浓度而发生改变,趋性一致的复配后不一定能发挥原有作用。     

Field tests on trapping efficiency of sticky traps forBlatta orientalis andblattella germanica (dictyoptera)

The efficacy and species specifity of two commercial sticky traps (Ekolex-V and Trappit-Lo Line) were compared in field tests in a multistorey restaurant complex in CZ. Traps were tested under high population density ofblatta orientalis L. (BO) andBlattella germanica (L.) (BG). We found species specific differences in trapping efficiency between the two traps. There was a high correlation between visually estimated counts and actual catches of BG and BO in Trappit. The correlation in Ekolex catches was lower (BG: r=0.86, BO: r=0.58). Nymph/adult ratio increased with increasing population density in both Trappit and Ekolex traps. Although both types of traps reflected differences in population density, we found Trappit more efficient than Ekolex especially forBlatta orientalis. Estimated Trappit/Ekolex ratio of BG catches decreased with increasing population density showing Trappit more sensitive. Trapping sensitivity at low cockroach density was proposed as a standard criterion for evaluation of cockroach trap efficiency.     

Trapping whiteflies? A comparison of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) responses to trap crops and yellow sticky traps

BACKGROUND: Greenhouse whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), are notorious pests that, through the reduction of crop yields and excretion of honeydew, cause significant economic losses for sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) growers. Chemical and biological controls are the two most common forms of whitefly management in greenhouses. Consequently, insecticide resistance and inadequate control have rejuvenated interest in alternative tactics. In the present study, whitefly responses to trap crops (eggplant and squash) and yellow sticky traps were compared in order to identify the most effective traps for dispersing and resident adults. RESULTS: Results indicated that yellow sticky traps were most effective at trapping adult whiteflies. Significantly more dispersing whiteflies were recorded on eggplant than on squash trap crops. None of the traps significantly reduced adult populations on the main crops (peppers) compared with the control. However, yellow sticky traps did significantly reduce oviposition on peppers. CONCLUSIONS: Adult whiteflies were most effectively trapped on yellow sticky traps followed by eggplant trap crops. Further study of whitefly trapping using visual cues may enhance trapping management. Specifically, research combining yellow sticky traps with other control strategies is recommended. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of sticky traps and insecticides to prevent gall induction by Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) on Ficus benjamina

BACKGROUND: Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman was first detected in North America from galls on weeping fig (Ficus benjamina L.) in 2003. It has been reported from ten states in the continental United States, Hawaii, Trinidad and Costa Rica. Adult thrips induce leaves to fold permanently along the midvein, making it a significant pest of weeping fig. Studies were initiated to determine monitoring methods and establish control recommendations.RESULTS: Comparison of captures of adult G. uzeli on blue, yellow, white and green sticky traps found yellow to be the most effective color. Yellow traps were effective for capturing adult Thripastichus gentilei (del Guercio), a larval parasitoid of G. uzeli. Thrips were first captured around 10:00 h. Captures peaked around 15:00-16:00 h and typically ceased by 21:00 h. Systemic neonicotinoid insecticides applied to container media were ineffective against adult G. uzeli feeding on foliage, and foliar applications of these products provided < or =7 days control. Conventional products provided satisfactory control after 1 day, but efficacy declined thereafter. Bifenthrin provided > or = 14 days residual control of adults.CONCLUSION: This paper represents the first report of monitoring phlaeothripids with sticky traps. Data from multiple trials suggest that products effective against other thrips have limited use against G. uzeli.     

Plant stalks as oviposition traps for Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae) under field conditions

Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an important pest on cotton, fruit trees, tea and many other crops in China. Its small eggs are often laid inside plant tissues, making them difficult to detect and survey. In this study, the stalks of 20 plant species were assessed for use as oviposition traps for A. lucorum under field conditions in 2013, 2014 and 2017. During 2013–2014, A. lucorum adults laid eggs in the stalks of all plant species tested. When honey was added to bundles of stalks, the numbers of A. lucorum eggs laid in the stalks increased 1.79- to 44.00-fold compared with the stalks of the same plants without honey added. In general, the plant stalks of cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. and scandent hop Humulus scandens (Lour) Merr. attracted a great number of eggs among all plant species tested. In 2017, a positive correlation was found between the number of A. lucorum eggs laid in cotton plant stalks and A. lucorum adults in the corresponding field plots. Oviposition traps using cotton plant stalks provide a simple and practical method for monitoring the egg-laying dynamics of A. lucorum under field conditions.     

Toxicity of insecticides to the sweetpotato whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its natural enemies

Efficient chemical control is achieved when insecticides are active against insect pests and safe to natural enemies. In this study, the toxicity of 17 insecticides to the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the selectivity of seven insecticides to natural enemies of this insect pest were evaluated. To determine the insecticide toxicity, B. tabaci adults were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion, methamidophos, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenitrothion, fenpropathrin, fenthion, phenthoate, permethrin and trichlorphon at 50 and 100% of the field rate (FR), and to water (untreated control). To determine the insecticide selectivity, adults of Encarsia sp., Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion and methamidophos at 50 and 100% FR, and to water. Groups of each insect species were exposed to kale leaves preimmersed in each treatment under laboratory conditions. Mortality of exposed individuals was recorded 24 h after treatment. Cartap and imidacloprid at 50 and 100% FR and abamectin and acetamiprid at 100% FR showed insecticidal activity to B. tabaci adults. Abamectin at 50 and 100% FR was the least insecticidal compound to the natural enemies Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. The present results suggest that abamectin at 100% FR may decrease B. tabaci field populations but can still be harmless to predators. Implications of these results within an integrated pest management context are discussed.     

诱杀球对橘大实蝇诱捕效果的研究

为开发一种新型的橘大实蝇诱捕器,研究了不同颜色、直径的诱杀球和不同颜色的粘虫板对橘大实蝇的诱集效果。结果表明,绿色诱杀球的诱杀数量显著大于黄色和黄绿色诱杀球(P0.05);诱杀球上橘大实蝇的诱集数量,随诱杀球直径的增大而显著增加,但在直径7cm以上时,诱杀球的诱集数量增速变缓,其中以直径7cm的绿色诱杀球生产成本和诱集效果最佳;诱杀球能显著提高黄板对橘大实蝇的诱集效果(P0.05)。     

B隐种烟粉虱和甜菜夜蛾取食诱导棉花抗虫性的互作反应

研究了B隐种烟粉虱为害的棉株对甜菜夜蛾生长发育的影响以及甜菜夜蛾为害的棉株对B隐种烟粉虱生长发育的影响。结果表明：被40头/株初孵的烟粉虱1龄若虫取食6 d后的棉株对甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫相对生长率产生显著负面影响（P＜0. 05）, 而分别被50头/株和200头/株烟粉虱初孵若虫取食至3龄时的棉株对后继取食的甜菜夜蛾幼虫存活率没有显著影响; 始终被2头/株甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫为害的棉株上的烟粉虱3龄龄期、4龄龄期及1龄至成虫总历期显著延长（P＜0.05）, 且被害棉株对烟粉虱产卵量有极显著的影响, 而对棉株上烟粉虱的存活率无显著影响, 但各龄期存活率都稍降低。     

红星盘瓢虫取食烟粉虱和桃蚜的生物学特性研究

本文研究了取食烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）和桃蚜Myzus persicae（Sulzer）对红星盘瓢虫Phrynocaria congener（Billberg）生物学特性的影响,结果表明,取食不同虫态的烟粉虱时,红星盘瓢虫从卵到成虫不同虫态的发育历期和存活率差异不显著;取食不同虫态的桃蚜时,红星盘瓢虫一、三和四龄幼虫的发育历期和四龄幼虫的成活率差异显著。分别取食烟粉虱的混合种群（卵、各龄若虫和蛹）和桃蚜的混合种群（卵和各龄若虫）时,瓢虫从卵到成虫的发育历期和存活率差异显著,分别为13.3d和15.7d、81.1%和70.0%。红星盘瓢虫取食烟粉虱和桃蚜的产卵前期差异不显著;但成虫寿命和平均单雌产卵量差异显著,分别为64.6d和86.0d、389.4粒和960.4粒。红星盘瓢虫捕食烟粉虱和桃蚜的内禀增长率（rm）分别为0.0967和0.0964;净增殖率（R0）分别为118.7573和355.3586;世代平均历期（T）分别为49.4d和60.9d;周限增长率（λ）分别为1.1015和1.1012。     

Panel of real‐time PCRs for the multiplexed detection of two tomato‐infecting begomoviruses and their cognate whitefly vector species

A new approach for the simultaneous identification of the viruses and vectors responsible for tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) epidemics is presented. A panel of quantitative multiplexed real‐time PCR assays was developed for the sensitive and reliable detection of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus‐Israel (TYLCV‐IL), Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV), Bemisia tabaci Middle East Asia Minor 1 species (MEAM1, B biotype) and B. tabaci Mediterranean species (MED, Q biotype) from either plant or whitefly samples. For quality‐assurance purposes, two internal control assays were included in the assay panel for the co‐amplification of solanaceous plant DNA or B. tabaci DNA. All assays were shown to be specific and reproducible. The multiplexed assays were able to reliably detect as few as 10 plasmid copies of TYLCV‐IL, 100 plasmid copies of ToLCV, 500 fg B. tabaci MEAM1 and 300 fg B. tabaci MED DNA. Evaluated methods for routine testing of field‐collected whiteflies are presented, including protocols for processing B. tabaci captured on yellow sticky traps and for bulking of multiple B. tabaci individuals prior to DNA extraction. This work assembles all of the essential features of a validated and quality‐assured diagnostic method for the identification and discrimination of tomato‐infecting begomovirus and B. tabaci vector species in Australia. This flexible panel of assays will facilitate improved quarantine, biosecurity and disease‐management programmes both in Australia and worldwide.     

烟粉虱对不同黄瓜品种的选择性

选用10个黄瓜品种通过选择性和非选择性试验,探讨烟粉虱对黄瓜品种的选择性。结果表明,烟粉虱成虫对不同黄瓜品种取食和产卵的选择存在一定差异,最喜好中农19号、裕优3号及22-35RZ,最不喜好四季秋瓜、22-94RZ、春光2号。烟粉虱在不同黄瓜品种上的卵孵化率、羽化率没有显著差异,均能正常发育。黄瓜品种叶毛密度与烟粉虱成虫趋向和产卵量存在显著正相关。     

油松新害虫——黑胫腮扁叶蜂的初步观察

黑胫腮扁叶蜂(Cephalcia nigrotibialis Wei)以雌虫为模式标本,描述于我国陕西(周至)和河南(内乡)。2009年在北京延庆发现它是油松上一种新的重要害虫,1年1代,以老熟幼虫在土室中越冬,越冬虫口密度平均达20.7头/m2。6月初开始化蛹,6月下旬出现成虫;成虫产卵于2年生的松针上,幼虫在小枝上做丝质的巢,咬断松针基部后取食,为害盛期为8-9月。色带诱集试验表明,5种色带均可诱到成虫,不同颜色之间差异不显著。目前在延庆将红色胶带用于黑胫腮扁叶蜂的防治。本文对各虫态进行了描述,并提供了彩色图片,讨论了该虫的分布特点和成灾原因。     

三种果园中实蝇粘虫板对橘小实蝇及天敌的诱杀作用

为减少实蝇粘虫板对天敌的诱杀作用,完善实蝇粘虫板在果园的使用方法,于2018年和2019年分别在湖南省农业科学院园艺研究所橘园、桃园、梨园悬挂实蝇粘虫板,调查其诱杀的橘小实蝇、其他害虫和天敌数量。结果表明,橘园、梨园和桃园共诱杀到15个种、4个科和9个类群,包括靶标害虫橘小实蝇、其他害虫和天敌。3种果园中粘虫板诱杀的昆虫种、科或类群数量有差异,其中梨园中诱杀的昆虫总数最多,为13 653头,其次是桃园,橘园中诱杀的昆虫总数最少。在橘园、梨园和桃园中,橘小实蝇的相对丰富度分别为5.90%、23.45%和21.73%,最早出现时间均为6月;在橘园中橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期在8月下旬至10月上旬,下半年天敌诱杀量高峰期略滞后于橘小实蝇的诱杀量高峰期,在梨园和桃园中橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期主要集中在7月中下旬至10月中旬,橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期与天敌诱杀量高峰期无明显相关性;3种果园中粘虫板诱杀的主要天敌有瓢虫、食蚜蝇、草蛉、寄生蜂,桃园和梨园中诱杀的草蛉较多,橘园中诱杀的瓢虫和寄生蜂较多。应用实蝇粘虫板防控橘小实蝇时,梨园和桃园应从6月上旬开始悬挂,橘园应从8月上旬开始悬挂,先少量悬挂,根据诱杀橘小实蝇数量,再逐渐增加粘虫板。     

Construction of a cDNA library of Bemisia tabaci for use in the ''yeast two-hybrid screen'' method

Bemisia tabaci was reported for the first time in the Mediterranean part of Croatia in 2000. It was found in glasshouses in the agricultural area between the towns of Trogir and Omis, on the following crops: Euphorbia pulcherrima , Thunbergia grandiflora , Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Solanum melongena (aubergine), Phaseolus spp. (beans), Ficus carica (fig), Rubus spp. and several weeds of the families Asteraceae and Solanaceae . In 2001, monitoring for the pest was organized all over the country, in each of the 21 counties. In each county, there were several monitoring points so that all the major vegetable and flower producers were included. A special effort was made to record the spread of B. tabaci in the region where it was first found, bearing in mind that optimal conditions for outdoor spread exist along the Adriatic coast. Yellow sticky traps and visual inspection are used to monitor for B. tabaci . Eradication measures are being applied, and regulatory measures have been taken to prevent further spread of B. tabaci to continental parts of Croatia.     

利用粘胶黄板防治梨茎蜂试验

为探索利用生态、高效、经济、安全的防治方法控制梨茎蜂的危害,于3月下旬梨茎蜂开始羽化时,在梨树上悬挂粘胶黄板,分别悬挂120张/hm 2、150张/hm 2,平均防效在94.28%~96.44%。试验结果表明:在梨园悬挂粘胶黄板可有效控制梨茎蜂的危害。     

烯啶虫胺对烟粉虱的使用技术及抗性风险评估研究

采用室内生物活性测定法系统测定了烯啶虫胺对烟粉虱不同虫态的毒力、成虫持效性、抗性风险评估和不同施药方法田间药效试验。结果表明,烯啶虫胺对烟粉虱低龄若虫和高龄若虫均表现出较高毒力,对成虫也有一定毒力,而对卵效果较差。烯啶虫胺水剂100 mg/L处理时对烟粉虱成虫1～15 d的校正死亡率在80.18%～92.13%之间,随着时间的延长,烯啶虫胺对烟粉虱的防效降低。烯啶虫胺喷雾和灌根方法效果较好,从速效性来说,喷雾好于灌根,从持效性来说,灌根优于喷雾,两种方法均显著高于单叶施药和涂茎法。经过8代6次选育,烟粉虱对烯啶虫胺抗性发展缓慢,与选育前相比敏感性降低2.653倍,烟粉虱对烯啶虫胺的抗性现实遗传力为0.102 5,在50%～90%的筛选压力下,要获得10倍抗性,需要9～21代,表明烟粉虱对烯啶虫胺有产生抗性的风险。     

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera,Gelechiidae) in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Pheromone traps were placed in the market place in Banja Luka, and in greenhouses and open field tomato crops, on 13 September 2010 to determine the presence of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Banja Luka region. Based on examination of traps, the presence of T. absoluta was confirmed for the first time in the Republic of Srpska. Only mines of Liriomyza species were found by examining leaves under a stereomicroscope. In 2011, pheromone traps were placed in greenhouses at several locations (Banja Luka, Prijedor, Novi Grad, Kozarska Dubica, Ljubinje and Trebinje) at the beginning of June, and in open fields in Bijeljina and Trebinje at the beginning of September. Examination of the traps was carried out at intervals of 15 days. A sample of 100 leaves, taken from 20 randomly selected plants, was examined in order to evaluate the intensity of the attack. The first adults were caught in greenhouses in Ljubinje and Trebinje on 18 June 2011; in open field crops in Bijeljina on 9 September 2011 and in Banja Luka on 5 October 2011. Adults were not captured in Prijedor, Novi Grad or Kozarska Dubica, and no mined leaves were observed. The intensity of attack was evaluated on the basis of active infestation (percentage of leaves with active mines compared with all mined leaves). The strongest intensity of active infestation was recorded in the open field crops in Trebinje, where 19% of leaves with active mines were found.