茂县辐射松引种造林试验研究

经过连续多年采用不同的整地方式、不同造林密度、不同覆盖保水对辐射松(Pinus radiataD.Don)造林及幼林生长的试验研究,结果表明:(1)干旱地带采用水平沟、短册状整地比穴状整地造林成活率提高2.4~7.8个百分点,保存率提高1.0~7.6个百分点,高生长量提高7.8 cm~28.4 cm,地径生长量提高0.28 cm~0.84 cm。(2)水平沟整地比短册状、穴状整地0~100 cm土壤层含水量全年分别提高1.29个百分点和2.08个百分点,旱季分别提高1.36个百分点和1.37个百分点,雨季分别提高1.16个百分点和2.87个百分点;短册状整地比穴状整地0~100 cm土壤层含水量全年提高0.80个百分点,旱季提高0.01个百分点,雨季提高1.72个百分点。(3)采用1.5 m×2.0 m造林密度,短册状或水平沟整地,采用石块、塑料薄膜覆盖,造林成活率达96%,保存率达90%。     

宁南山区坡地改造工程土壤水分动态研究

通过对宁夏南部山区在退耕还林工程中,不同立地类型采用不同方式的造林整地的土壤水分监测,得出：88542水平沟整地对不同坡位和100cm土层内不同层次的土壤含水量均有不同程度的影响,水平沟整地土壤含水量均比自然坡面高。     

提高荒山雨季造林成活率的主要措施

<正>1做好栽前准备工作1.1选好山坡,合理整地根据实际情况合理整地,一般是上年雨季整地,次年造林,也可春季整地雨季造林或雨季随整地随造林。整地时,按照水土保持的要求,尽量减少破土面。一般对山坡上部及25°坡以上的地段,采用穴状、鱼鳞坑整地。穴径30~40cm,深20~40cm;鱼鳞坑长径30~50cm,短径30~40cm,     

岷江上游干旱河谷辐射松引种造林研究

经过连续14 a的辐射松(Pinus radiata D.Don)引种造林研究,结果表明(1)采用1.5 m×2.0 m造林密度,短册状或水平沟整地,采用石块、塑料薄膜覆盖,造林成活率达96%,保存率达90%.(2)抚育压青6 a的辐射松幼树树高生长量为对照的2.02倍,地径生长量为对照的2.19倍;每株幼树施20 g(N)+100g(P)施肥量的树高生长量比对照提高65.7 cm～120.2 cm,地径生长量比对照提高1.74 cm～3.83 cm;1/3修枝强度比对照树高生长量提高295.7 cm,地径生长量提高3.0 cm,1/4修枝强度比对照树高提高198.1 cm、地径生长量提高2.54 cm;(3)辐射松1 a中有2次高生长高峰期、3次径生长高峰期,高、径速生期在4～6龄年出现,幼林的根系、枝干、叶的生物量在5 a生时也急剧增加.     

三分式径流增肥整地对黄土丘陵区土壤理化性状和蓄水能力的影响

依托中日合作第二期黄河中游流域防护林建设项目,以昕水河流域的典型地区吉县、大宁、蒲县、隰县4个县为试验点,运用三分式径流增肥整地技术对该地区土壤理化性质、蓄水能力展开了试验研究,结果表明:土壤孔隙状况得到明显改善,10 cm~60 cm土层总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度平均提高了6.4%~7.8%和8.8%~11.2%,特别是0 cm~30 cm土层,与对照相比,孔隙状况得到极大改善;4种三分式径流增肥整地方式0 cm~40 cm土层的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾及水解氮、有效磷、速效钾均有较大提高,与对照相比分别提高了57.1%,21.21%,17.0%,3.2%,38.1%,51.1%和22.5%;水平沟整地秋季、春季土壤含水率分别比对照高1.1%和1.3%,相对提高了5.7%和13.7%.鱼鳞坑整地秋季、春季土壤含水率分别比对照高1.1%和2.4%,相对提高了5.5%和26.4%.在最干旱的6月份,水平沟整地和鱼鳞坑整地平均土壤含水率分别提高了2.5%和2.4%,相对提高了35.7%和37.5%.     

整地与栽植深度对林木生长量影响的研究

通过整地与栽植深度对林木生物量影响的分析研究,结果表明:大工程穴状整地(穴径100 cm、深60、80、100 cm)较一般小穴整地(穴径30 cm、深30 cm)之5年生林木径生长量分别提高7%、9.7%和11.3%;高生长量分别提高3.4%、7%和9.6%;林木根量可增加78.2%;栽植深度以40~50 cm为宜,这有助于降低生产成本。     

隔坡水平沟土壤水分变化规律及利用效果研究

2003年至2005年对隔坡水平沟土壤水分变化规律及利用效果进行了研究,结果表明:不论年份雨水丰欠,落叶期比栽植期隔坡水平沟0 cm-200 cm土层土壤储水量均有所增加,3 a平均增加91.9 mm,雨季降雨量多的年份水平沟土壤储水量增加幅度相对更大,落叶后水平沟比坡地0 cm-200 cm土层土壤储水量3 a平均高出50.6 mm;在同一年份中,隔坡水平沟核桃的高生长量均高于坡地核桃,3 a平均高生长量比坡地核桃高23.3 cm.     

滨海石质裸露山地造林模式及初步成效

为积累福建省滨海石质裸露山体植被恢复经验,总结了2015年以来莆田市秀屿区石头山复绿工程的主要技术措施,调查分析了鱼鳞坑和石坎水平阶2种整地模式下主要造林树种的生长量、成活率、保存率及土壤水分情况。结果表明:2种模式下苗木地径、树高生长量分别提高了23.5~62.9%、21.2~71.7%;造林成活率、保存率提高了10%以上;0~20 cm表层及20~40 cm深层土壤含水量分别提高了15.2~47.4%、7.3~27.8%。     

鄂尔多斯市东胜区油松造林技术的研究

油松在丘陵区造林,应选择在阴坡的中下部或厚层土立地;采用鱼鳞坑和水平沟整地,比不整地造林成活率分别提高19.6%和34.3%;整地时间应在造林前一年的雨季前;坐水造林成活率比对照提高21.6%;合格苗造林成活率比不合格苗提高47.3%。     

整地深度对土壤物理性质的影响

通过不同整地深度对土壤物理性质的影响研究,结果表明:深整地空白处的土壤含水率较对照空白处提高0.46个百分点;深整地较浅整地土壤垂直温度变化小,在0~70 cm范围内,每深10 cm,浅整地地温下降1.0 ℃,而深整地的下降0.9 ℃;深整地较一般整地土壤容重减小11%,土壤孔隙度增加5.5个百分点。研究结果还表明,适宜的整地深度以50~60 cm为宜,这有助于降低造林成本,提高经济效益。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.