共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 842 毫秒
1.
This study assessed the influence of various operational transplanting procedures on J-rooting compared to a no transplanting
approach of direct sowing into Hiko trays. Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden and E. pilularis Smith seedlings were examined. All transplanting treatments increased severity and incidence of J-rooting for both species.
Gently loosening seedling plugs by hand prior to their removal from cells of 512 trays and gentle manual production of seedling
planting holes (dibbering) in potting media in Hiko cells, rather than mechanically loosening and mechanical dibbering, reduced
the incidence of J-rooting for both species. Disturbance of seedling plugs from mechanized loosening and increased compaction
from mechanical dibbering are believed to have a negative effect on root development. Direct sowing produced seedlings with
highest root quality when measured at 27 weeks.
相似文献
Dane S. ThomasEmail: |
2.
Mohammed S. Uddin Sharif A. Mukul Mohammed Abu Sayed A. Khan Mohammed Alamgir Md. Y. Harun Mohammad S. Alam 《Small-Scale Forestry》2008,7(2):139-149
Globally, trade in agar-based products is growing rapidly due to their recent adoption as an ingredient in the cosmetics and
pharmaceuticals sector. In Bangladesh, people living in some north-eastern districts have been engaged in the production,
processing and trading of such products for several decades. These practices, which they consider as the lifeblood of their
existence, have been inherited from their ancestors. This paper reports a case study carried out in Maulvibazar district exploring
the production and marketing, and industry problems, of agar-based enterprises and their potential contribution to socio-economic
development. An exploratory survey was undertaken over 30 randomly selected agar-based factories during December 2005–April
2006, with entrepreneurs of the factories personally interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The majority of the
factories of the area were found to depend on local sources of raw materials to produce agar-based products. About 514 full
and part-time workers are employed in the factories. Average annual expenditure, revenue and net annual income per factory
for three consecutive years 2003–2005 of the study were estimated as Tk 63,980, Tk 111,414 and Tk 47,435, respectively, being
highest where attar (agar oil) of superior grade was produced for export. There appears to be a sustainable source of raw materials, availability
of technical and financial assistance and opportunity for expansion of market facilities to secure the maximum benefit achievable
from this highly promising industry.
相似文献
Sharif A. MukulEmail: |
3.
Social and ecological issues for private native forestry in north-eastern New South Wales,Australia 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Forests in north-eastern New South Wales have often been the focus of controversy. The tension between production and preservation
continues and hampers current negotiations for a code of practice for private native forestry. The structure of many private
forests reflects past mismanagement, and silvicultural intervention would benefit both conservation and production objectives,
but such intervention is rarely financially viable. This paper sets out the economic and ecological basis for private native
forestry. Both the timber industry and nature-based tourism are major contributors to the local economy, and both rely in
part on private native forests. Draft regulations currently under negotiation do not offer incentives for improved private
forest management.
相似文献
V. Alex JayEmail: |
4.
P. Muukkonen 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(2):157-166
Since biomass is one of the key variables in ecosystem studies, widespread effort has aimed to facilitating its estimation.
Numerous stand-specific volume and biomass equations are available, but these cannot be used for scaling up biomass to the
regional level where several age-classes and structural types of stands coexist. Therefore simplified generalized volume and
biomass equations are needed. In the present study, generalized biomass and volume regression equations were developed for
the main tree species in Europe. These equations were based on data compiled from several published studies and are syntheses
of the published equations. The results show that these generalized equations explain 64–99% of the variation in values predicted
by the original published equations, with higher values for stem than for crown components.
相似文献
P. MuukkonenEmail: |
5.
The worlds’ current food production system is focused on a limited number of crops. However, international food demand is
increasingly looking for more diversified supplies. In the Venezuelan State Amazonas, the Piaroa indigenous people collect
and cultivate several indigenous species with local, regional, national and even international potential. A participatory
approach was used to select, in cooperation with these Piaroa people, a list of products for in-depth economic analysis and
for introduction in agroforestry trials in a later phase. Seven agroforestry food products of this list were identified as
underutilized. Primary data collected through consumer and trader surveys on the local markets and participatory exercises
in selected Piaroa communities revealed that the main causes of underutilization are the general lack of transport, processing
and market infrastructure in Amazonas; the lack of demand, due to a lack of product information; the lack of market information
and cooperation between the different market chain actors; and the low productivity of the traditional slash and burn plots.
Solutions to overcome the infrastructural constraints are sought by looking at the example set by a local NGO.
相似文献
Tinne Van LooyEmail: |
6.
The Khasia ethnic community of Bangladesh has been a population of forest villagers in the north-eastern hill forests of Bangladesh
since the early 1950s, practicing a betel leaf-based agroforestry system on land granted by the Forest Department. Taking
a sample forest village of the Sylhet forest division as a case study, this article examines the sustainability attributes
of betel leaf production in the agroforestry system. The presence of several positive attributes of sustainability including
the composition of agroforestry, disease control, soil fertility management, profitability, socio-cultural acceptability and
institutional support indicate that betel leaf production within the agroforestry system is stable under the prevailing traditional
management system. Income from the sale of betel leaf is the principal livelihood means and villager’s reciprocal contributions
help to conserve forest resources. However, problems with land ownership and regular agreement renewal need to be resolved
for the sake of their livelihoods and forest conservation.
相似文献
Tapan Kumar NathEmail: |
7.
Selection of Non-timber Forest Species for Community and Private Plantations in the High and Low Altitude Areas of Makawanpur District,Nepal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tek N. Maraseni 《Small-Scale Forestry》2008,7(2):151-161
The domestication of non-timber forest species (NTFS) is receiving increasing attention from developing economies. However,
little is known about the selection of NTFS in Nepal for commercial uses. Sixteen selection criteria were developed and NTFS
were ranked for community and private plantations in both low altitude and high altitude areas of Makawanpur district, Nepal,
by workshops of multiple NTFS stakeholders. The rigorous scoring of 12 ecologically screened NTFS against the 16 selection
criteria revealed that kurilo and sarpagandh are highly preferred NTFS for low altitude areas whereas chiraito and jatamanshi are highly preferred for high altitude. This finding coincides with the general perception of participants and contemporary
literature. These are the species being rapidly depleted from the natural forests. Rapid decline of valuable species creates
strong motivation from stakeholders for planting them on community and private land.
相似文献
Tek N. MaraseniEmail: |
8.
Using 3D architectural models to assess light availability and root bulkiness in coconut agroforestry systems 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Nathalie Lamanda Jean Dauzat Christophe Jourdan Philippe Martin Eric Malézieux 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(1):63-74
Using 3D architectural models to assess light availability and root bulkiness in agroforestry systems. In many parts of the humid tropics, coconut trees are frequently intercropped with food crops, or tree crops such as cocoa.
The performance of such systems depends on planting patterns, but also on growing conditions for crops below the coconut canopy
throughout the development of the coconut trees. We used a modelling approach providing indicators for assessing above-ground
competition for light and below-ground competition for space, in order to optimize intercropping in coconut smallholdings.
Light transmission and the number of coconut roots in the interrow were assessed in coconut smallholdings from 6 to 60 years
old. The modelling of light transmission through coconut stands was based on three-dimensional virtual coconut trees and a
numerical light model that computed the shade cast by coconut trees on underlying crops. Root colonization in the interrow
was assessed with virtual 3D coconut root systems. Our results showed that intercropping with shade-tolerant species was not
limited by light transmission from the 35th year after coconut tree planting. However, at that stage of coconut tree development,
the density of primary roots in the interrow limited intercrop development, especially for root and tuber crops. Alteration
of the planting pattern over time increased light transmission but did not significantly affect root density. This modelling
approach, which involved little parameterization that was easily done, appeared to be an efficient tool for recommending coconut
tree planting patterns and densities, as well as indicating intercrop potential depending on their location in the most sunlit
areas with minimum root competition.
相似文献
Eric MalézieuxEmail: |
9.
How to foster good husbandry of private native forests 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Jerome K. Vanclay 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(2):205-218
It is generally agreed that effective conservation requires the cooperation of private landholders to complement reserve-based
efforts, but there is little agreement about how this can best be achieved. Various stakeholders lobby for tough regulations,
for greater landholder freedom, and for incentives for activities or outcomes. A review of these alternatives suggests an
emerging consensus that incentives are the most effective approach. Policy-makers should consider incentive-based approaches
such as stewardship support to foster conservation outcomes on private lands.
相似文献
Jerome K. VanclayEmail: |
10.
J. J. Corral Rivas J. G. Álvarez. González Oscar Aguirre F. J. Hernández 《European Journal of Forest Research》2005,124(2):133-142
In this paper, we evaluated how well-selected distance-dependent and distance-independent competition indices explain individual tree basal area growth of trees, growing in mature and even-aged stands of Pinus cooperi Blanco. A total of 18 competition measures were analyzed of which six do not need tree location (distance-independent) and 12 that utilize tree location (distance-dependent). The competition situation of a stand and/or an individual tree was studied using 11 different competitor selection methods. The mean square error reduction relative to no-competition was used to judge the performance of each competition index. It was found that the best distance-independent competition indices performed as well as the best distance-dependent competition indices. It was concluded that the BALMOD-index would be a good competition index to be incorporated into further individual tree basal area growth models for the study area.
相似文献
J. J. Corral RivasEmail: Phone: +49-551-393554Fax: +49-551-399787 |
11.
This article studies the possibility of using auctions as a policy instrument in conservation programs. In particular, it
provides insight into the main concerns that need to be dealt with when implementing conservation auctions. To show the cost
saving potential of this policy instrument, we also calculate the social welfare improvement that can be obtained for an afforestation
project in Flanders. When developing conservation policies, it is thus worthwhile to consider auctions as an alternative policy
instrument.
相似文献
Sandra RousseauEmail: |
12.
Development of wood procurement in Northwest Russia: round wood balance and unreported flows 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper analyses industrial round wood flows into, within, and out of Northwest regions of Russia. We examine sawlogs, pulpwood, and fuelwood used for industrial purposes obtained from logging, and chips obtained from the wood-processing industry. We attempt to clarify different recent trends in wood harvesting, industrial round wood export, and forest industries development that have an influence on unreported wood in Russia. Our method, which uses wood balance diagrams, provides an interpretation of data from different Russian sources in order to offer better transparency regarding wood flows from forests to mills. It also helps to explain the apparent imbalance between round wood supply and demand and it helps one to assess the possible share of unreported industrial round wood production in Northwest Russia. Based on annual forest-related statistical data available from the Ministry of Natural Resources, the State Committee of Statistics, and the Russian Federation’s Customs Department, unreported round wood flows can be estimated to be 23% of the total industrial round wood production, or approximately 9 million m3 u.b. per year. Unreported round wood flows are more common in export oriented regions that have poorly developed forest industries.
相似文献
Yuri GerasimovEmail: Phone: +358-102-113253Fax: +358-102-113251 |
13.
Time and Distance: Comparing Motivations Among Forest Landowners in New England, USA 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Parcelization and shifting landownership are critical forces reshaping forested ecosystems in the USA and elsewhere. These
forces create a mosaic of new and long-time landowners as well as differences in residency. Using survey data (n = 879) of
landowners in Massachusetts and Vermont, USA, we begin the process of sorting out time (i.e., length of landownership) and
distance (i.e., distance of primary residence from forest holding), and their relationships to motivations for continued landownership
and management. Both time and distance, and their interaction were significant in explaining three motivations for landownership:
enjoyment, production, and protection as well as the number of neighbors with which respondents were acquainted. Distance
is the statistically more important factor—negatively related to all dependent variables, but time and its interaction with
distance offer the more useful insights for intervention.
相似文献
David B. KittredgeEmail: |
14.
P. Gaspar F. J. Mesías M. Escribano A. Rodriguez de Ledesma F. Pulido 《Agroforestry Systems》2007,71(3):151-162
Dehesa agroforestry systems occupy around 6 million ha in the Iberian Peninsula. Their economic and environmental sustainability
depends on the maintenance of the extensive livestock farms which created this typical ecosystem. This work analyzes dehesa
farms in the Extremadura region (SW Spain) using technical and economic indicators of 69 randomly selected holdings. Principal
component analysis (PCA) allowed us to establish a valid model explaining 65.8% of the variance. The two principal components
having most weight were Iberian pig production (explaining 20% of the variance of the model), and which ruminant species were
raised on the farm (15% of the variance). A cluster analysis distinguished five types of farms: sheep farms at high and low
stocking rates, beef cattle farms, wooded farms with mixed livestock, and farms with a high level of cropping activity. The
most profitable farms were those with either high overall livestock density or a high level of Iberian pig production. While
high stocking density has historically attracted high levels of subsidy, production of Iberian pigs was profitable because
of the high value of the product. In the light of CAP reform, Iberian pig production seems the most readily sustainable type
of farming for the dehesa system.
相似文献
F. J. MesíasEmail: |
15.
The behaviour of air-dried and fully saturated parallel strand lumber (PSL) was determined under both static and impact loading. It was found that the moisture content had a significant effect on peak stress and deformation, stress rate, time to failure, and fracture energy. In addition, the results from this study were combined with those from previous studies in order to obtain a more general relationship between strength and stress rate for air-dried PSL.
相似文献
Sidney MindessEmail: Phone: +1-604-8224471Fax: +1-604-8226901 |
16.
SWOT analyses and SWOT strategy formulation for forest owner cooperations in Austria 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Peter Rauch 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(3):413-420
Forest owner cooperations (FOC) are bundling wood supply from small-scale forests and some also offer additional services,
such as wood harvesting or planting. FOCs are growing throughout Europe in terms of the managed timber volume. The increasing
timber demand of forest-based industries as well as the new, rapidly growing demand for energy plants could lead to an under-supply
in the following years in Europe. Because of high harvesting arrears in small-scale forests, FOCs are seen as an opportunity
to overcome this foreseen timber shortage. The paper maps out timber mobilisation strategies using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities and Threats) approach.
相似文献
Peter RauchEmail: |
17.
This research utilises a contingent behaviour valuation technique to value a number of improvements to recreational facilities
in small-scale forests in Ireland. Willingness-to-pay estimates have previously been made for Coillte (Ireland’s state-owned
forestry company) trails and forests. The total non-market value of Irish forests has also been examined. This paper adds
to the literature by being the first to estimate the consumer surplus associated with recreational enhancements to Irish small-scale
forest resources. The results presented indicate that community owned small-scale forestry can contribute enormously to the
wellbeing of nearby urban residents, through the provision of outdoor recreational services.
相似文献
Stephen HynesEmail: |
18.
A new forest policy of allocating forestland to individual households for management and development, has been applied in
Vietnam since the early 1990s. This study was designed to examine how local forest-related people have used forestland and
forest resources under the new policy, and to determine their level of dependency on forests. An upland forest-related community
in northern central Vietnam, where the policy was introduced in 2002, was chosen as a case study. It was found that local
residents in the community have not complied with the forest allocation policy well, in that they violated the policy to freely
lend forestland to and borrow from villagers for cropping purposes, regardless of whether they were rich or poor, had enough
land or not, or were legally forest recipients. Regarding forest dependency, all households studied lived on forest resources
(forestland and forest products). More than 65% of the total annual income of poorer households was derived from the forest,
compared to less than 40% for the richer households. Forest-derived income accounted for more than 75% in their total income
in some of the poorest households.
相似文献
Nguyen Vinh QuangEmail: |
19.
The Increasing Importance of Small-Scale Forestry: Evidence from Family Forest Ownership Patterns in the United States 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
The state-level distribution of the size of family forest holdings in the contiguous United States was examined using data
collected by the USDA Forest Service in 1993 and 2003. Regressions models were used to analyze the factors influencing the
mean size and structural variation among states and between the two periods. Population density, percent of the population
at least 65 years of age, percent of the population residing in urban areas, per capita income, income inequality, and per
capita private forestland were found to be significantly correlated with the structure of landholding size. This paper suggests
that the number and proportion of small-scale family forest owners in the United States are both increasing due to the increasing
importance of non-timber amenities to forest landowners.
相似文献
Y. ZhangEmail: |
20.
Julie Urquhart 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(3):257-271
This paper examines the trade-offs between woodland management for timber and public good outputs in English woodlands. Recent
evidence suggests that some public good values may be declining as a result of a lack of woodland management. Such under-management
has been attributed to the decline in timber values and reduction in the productivity of woodlands and forests for timber
products. It is argued that assessing the management needs of woodlands in order to enhance public good outputs presents a
complex challenge and often depends on a variety of factors, including location, type of woodland, age, condition, substitutability
and ownership motivation. However, in most instances a moderate level of management (whether for timber or otherwise) is likely
to be beneficial for public good outputs.
相似文献
Julie UrquhartEmail: |