滨海台地典型森林类型土壤可溶性有机碳季节变化

针对海南文昌滨海台地3种森林类型(人促更新次生林、次生林、椰子林)土壤可溶性有机碳含量进行测定。结果表明:次生林、人促更新次生林和椰子林土壤可溶性有机碳含量在0~100 cm剖面随土层加深而下降,且季节动态变化一致,表现为旱季高于雨季。旱季可溶性有机碳分配比例波动在1.2%~3.6%,随着土层深度增加比值不断增大,至40~100 cm土层变为2.6%~3.6%,表现为深层土壤高于表层土壤。土壤可溶性有机碳氮比值在不同森林类型间存在显著差异,且越往土层深处,差异越显著。说明滨海台地土壤可溶性有机碳、氮含量受雨水淋溶强度大,不同森林类型之间土壤可溶性有机碳含量对降雨强度的敏感性存在较大差异。     

海南儋州橡胶林与热带次生林土壤微生物区系研究

采用时空替代法,选取5 a(幼龄林)、10 a(中龄林)、30 a(老龄林)3个年龄的橡胶林,30 a桉树林和热带次生林,研究不同林型下不同微生物类群数量的差异及其随季节的变化。结果表明:不同微生物类群数量大小顺序为细菌﹥放线菌﹥真菌,细菌占微生物总量为93.17%~98.56%,土壤微生物总量大小顺序为幼龄林﹥中龄林﹥次生林﹥老龄林﹥桉树林;不同林型下土壤微生物数量随季节变化差异明显,旱季到雨季,细菌和放线菌数量先减小后增大,不同林型下土壤真菌数量变化不尽相同;在0~30 cm深土壤层内,5种林型下土壤微生物随土壤深度变化不明显;三大土壤微生物类群数量与土壤含水率、土壤p H值之间呈负相关,与土壤有机质含量之间呈正相关。     

红树林土壤因子对土壤微生物数量的影响

研究海南清澜港红树林土壤微生物数量和8个土壤因子对微生物数量的影响,结果表明,红树林5~20cm 土层细菌数量达1.0×10°~12.9×10cfu/g（cfu∶colonyforming units）,放线菌数量达0.7×10'~19.0x 103cfu/g,真菌数量达0.5× 102~5.2×102cfu/g。逐步回归分析显示∶土壤pH、含水量、全磷量、全钾量明显影响土壤细菌的数量;土壤pH、有机质含量、有效钾含量明显影响放线菌的数量;土壤pH、全钾量明显影响真菌的数量。通过标准化回归系数分析（通径分析）,仅有土壤pH是影响细菌、放线菌数量的主要因子,其直接通径系数分别为0.88和1.15,并且两者都达显著水平∶全氮、速效钾通过土壤pH对细菌和放线菌数量的间接作用也比较大,两者对细菌数量的作用系数都为0.4,对放线菌数量的作用系数都为0.58.土壤pH对细菌、放线菌数量的影响作用可能与红树林土壤普遍偏酸的现象有关,而多数细菌、放线菌类群生长的最适pH为6~8.真菌的线性回归模型未达显著水平,未能运用通径分析法来估计土壤因子的影响作用。这可能因为多数真菌类群嗜酸（pH5~6）,而被调查的16个土样,有9个样品pH<5,有2个样品pH>6,土样pH的这种分布使其对真菌 数量的影响作用不能用线性模型来拟合。     

海南文昌3种森林类型凋落物及土壤有机碳现状分析

针对海南文昌滨海台地3种森林类型(人促更新次生林、次生林、椰子林)林下枯落物现存量及土壤活性有机碳性状(有机碳、易氧化有机碳及轻组有机碳含量)进行了测定。结果如下:3种林型凋落物层现存量及总碳储量分别为:椰子林4.53、1.51 t/hm2;次生林1.76、0.65 t/hm2;人促更新次生林1.53、0.60 t/hm2;均为分解层(包括半分解层和全分解层)未分解层。1 m深土层深度内,3种林型土壤SOC、EOC及LFOC含量变化规律一致,均呈下降趋势,且不同林型不同土层间各组分含量差异显著(p0.05)。经相关性分析表明,土壤SOC、EOC及LFOC相互之间具有显著正相关。说明在土壤母质、土壤类型、气候条件基本一致条件下不同植被类型土壤碳库组分比例及变化规律相似,但土壤各组分含量大小各异,从土层分布情况来看,林下凋落物质量和人为因素是碳储量关键影响因子。     

海南文昌滨海台地不同森林林下灌草多样性及其与土壤因子关联分析

采用典型抽样法,选取海南岛滨海台地3种典型热带森林类型（椰子林、人促更新次生林、次生林）,对林下物种多样性及其土壤理化性质进行调查研究,并探讨物种多样性与土壤因子的相关性。 结果表明：灌木层中东风桔(Atalantia buxifolia)、 琼崖海棠(Calophyllum inophyllum)是3种森林类型的共有物种,其中在椰子林和人促更新次生林林型下占有较大优势;草本层中牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata)和地桃花(Urena lobata)是3种森林类型共有草本植物,但并非是优势种。次生林和人促更新次生林林下灌木层的多样性指数与均匀度指数都较高,林下物种组成相对复杂,共有树种有11种,相似系数高达45％。次生林林下植物多样性与土壤全氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾及铵态氮之间达极显著正相关关系;人促更新次生林植物多样性与土壤全钾、全氮、速效钾、无机氮及铵态氮之间达极显著正相关;椰子林林下植物多样性与土壤各养分含量之间的相关性不明显。经多元逐步回归分析证实：滨海台地热带林土壤pH、全磷、全钾、速效钾、有效磷、铵态氮及无机氮共7个土壤因子对林下植物多样性具有显著影响。     

马铃薯耕作方式对土壤微生物数量的影响

马铃薯生产中轮作、休耕和深耕有利于改善土壤质量,提高马铃薯产量。为明确马铃薯耕作方式对土壤微生物的影响,采用平板分离法对马铃薯不同种植方式下土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌数量进行测定。休耕模式下土层0～15,15～30和30～45 cm真菌数量分别为11.00×102,5.40×102和3.73×102CFU/g,高于相应土层中其他耕作模式。连作中0～15,15～30和30～45 cm土层的放线菌数分别为3.87×104,2.42×104和2.21×104CFU/g,细菌数量分别为77.68×104,33.13×104和18.92×104CFU/g,均高于轮作和休耕的相应土层。马铃薯-玉米-马铃薯、马铃薯-藜麦-马铃薯和马铃薯-马铃薯-马铃薯耕作方式下随着土层加深,真菌、放线菌及细菌的数量均逐渐减少。休耕中真菌和细菌数量随着土层加深而减少,但放线菌在15～30 cm中数量最多,达2.39×104CFU/g。该结果为制定合理的马铃薯耕作模式提供了依据。     

湘西州植烟土壤芽孢细菌区域分布特征及与土壤pH的相关性

为深入了解湘西植烟土壤芽孢细菌区域特征,对湘西州105个烤烟主产区植烟土壤样品进行化验分析研究。结果表明:湘西州植烟土壤芽孢细菌数量平均值为44.03(×104cfu/g),变幅为6.04~97.27(×104cfu/g),变异系数为51.07%,40%样本分布在30.1~50(×104cfu/g)范围内,30.48%样本分布10.1~30(×104cfu/g)范围内,总体上呈右偏态低阔单峰近似正态分布,分布相对靠前,主要分布区间在20.1~50(×104cfu/g)范围,累计分布频率为57.15%。方差分析表明,土壤芽孢细菌数量与土壤pH值呈近似极显著正相关近似直线关系。     

广西主要蔗区宿根蔗根际土壤微生物群落结构分析

探讨了广西主要蔗区宿根蔗根际土壤微生物的分布情况,结果表明：宿根蔗根际土壤微生物数量总体上表现为：细菌〉真菌〉放线菌。但宜州市和北海市土壤中真菌数量〉放线菌;崇左市土壤中真菌和放线菌相当。     

海南香蕉园土壤微生物与土壤因子的关系

调查海南23个香蕉园的土壤微生物数量,并分析18个土壤因子对可培养微生物数量的相关性。结果表明,蕉园土壤5～30cm土层可培养微生物的区系组成表现为细菌最多,放线菌次之,真菌最少。应用逐个选入自变数的回归方法,得到3个最优多元线性回归方程。再对入选的几个主要土壤因子进行通径分析,结果显示,影响蕉园土壤真菌数量的关键因子是有效Fe,影响蕉园土壤放线菌数量的关键因子是土壤有效P,而影响蕉园土壤微生物总数的关键因子是土壤pH值。     

施氮量对玉米根区土壤微生物区系的影响

采用稀释平板涂布法研究3个施氮量水平对不同栽培模式玉米根区土壤中可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌数量的差异性。结果表明,施氮能大大促进覆膜玉米根区土壤细菌、放线菌及覆草模式真菌数量的增加。玉米根区土壤微生物数量主要受玉米根系的影响,根外土壤微生物的数量主要受施氮量的影响。施氮能缩小常规模式玉米根区与根外土壤细菌和真菌数量的差异,增大常规模式玉米根区与根外土壤放线菌数量的差异,还能缩小覆盖模式玉米根区与根外土壤中3大类微生物数量的差异。玉米根区土壤微生物数量高于根外,但施氮量较高(240 kg/hm2)时,在覆膜和常规对照条件下土壤真菌数量及覆草模式下土壤细菌数量表现为根外高于根区。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.