中国作物种质资源保护与种质创新利用

作为生物多样性重要组成部分的作物种质资源多样性,是地球上极为重要的财富,更是人类赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础。作物种质资源多样性不仅包括在任何地区、任何时间所栽培的植物种及其所有品种的全部基因遗产,还包括它们的半驯化种、野生种和亲缘种,     

贵州特色豆类种质资源分布特点及其多样性

2012—2014年对贵州21个县(市、区)开展农业生物资源系统调查,共获得特优、特有和特用的豆类作物种质资源609份,初步鉴定出124份豆类优异种质,且大多具有抗病、抗逆、优质、丰产等特点,在生产和育种中利用价值大。本文简要介绍了贵州生产上现存的豆类作物种质资源的分布特点及其多样性状况,侧重推介从中鉴定和筛选出的优异种质资源,旨在为进一步开展豆类资源有利基因的发掘,种质的创新和利用提供参考。     

贵州山地特色优势作物种质资源保护利用现状及对策

作物种质资源是重要的生物资源,是农业科学原始创新、种业振兴和生物技术及产业发展的源头,也是实现农业可持续发展,保障国家粮食安全、生态安全和能源安全的战略性资源。聚焦贵州省优势较强的山地特色粮油作物,厘清种质资源保护与利用现状,分析存在问题,提出对策与建议,以期探索出一条适合贵州发展山地特色优势种质资源保护和开发利用之路。     

我国作物种质资源保护利用现状及发展建议

作物种质资源是拥有实际价值和潜在价值的农作物遗传材料,包括农作物栽培种、野生种和濒危稀有种的繁殖材料,以及利用上述繁殖材料人工创造的各种遗传材料,其形态包括果实、籽粒、苗、根、茎、叶、芽、花、组织、细胞和DNA、DNA片段及基因等有生命的物质材料。     

贵州作物种质资源调查数据可视化研究

"贵州农业生物资源调查"项目产生了大量数据资料,采用有效的方法分析这些资料有利于全面了解当地生物资源的利用和保护情况,可为决策部门制定资源保护策略和进一步科学研究提供依据。分析了不同的可视化方法,针对以往调查数据研究结果呈现不直观等特点,本文采用Microsoft Excel、GIS和R多种手段对调查数据进行可视化研究,并分析了可视化的结果。试验结果表明,电子表格可做简单的统计分析;空间数据可视化方法可用于数据校验、显示种质资源富集程度;统计分析可视化方法整合了不同类型的数据,可用于挖掘出隐藏在数据中的信息。多种数据可视化手段可使数据及分析结果以更直观的形式呈现,有助于全面了解生物资源,促进资源充分利用。分析了作物种质资源调查过程中存在的问题,对进一步规范种质调查数据提出了建议。     

贵州茶树遗传资源的多样性和创新利用

贵州茶树遗传资源丰富，茶树品种地域特征明显。本文全面介绍了贵州茶树资源创新利用的现状，指出保护茶树遗传资源的多样性，积极开展茶树资源的创新与利用研究，实现贵州茶业可持续发展。     

绍兴市特色旱粮作物种质资源保护和利用工作探讨

旱粮作物种质资源是生物资源的重要组成部分,能培育出抗病虫害能力强、产量高、质量好的旱粮品种,可以促进特色产业经济发展。绍兴市特色旱粮作物主要是高粱和花生,产业化程度较高,其种质资源的保护和利用对于产业发展意义重大。文章阐述和分析了绍兴市主要特色旱粮作物概况、种质资源保护和产业化开发情况以及当前存在的问题,旨在探讨如何能更好地保护和利用现有的特色旱粮作物种质资源,助推特色旱粮作物产业经济不断发展。     

贵州山区玉米地方种质的改良创新对策及利用途径探讨

玉米种质资源是玉米优良基因的载体，种质基础狭窄已成为限制我国玉米育种水平的首要问题；切实保护现有地方种质资源的遗传多样性，努力推进地方种质改良创新是当前育种工作的一个重点。全面系统地改良创新地方种质是走出种质资源贫乏状态的出路之一，是实现玉米可持续发展战略的重要举措。本文概述了贵州山区玉米地方种质改良创新的情况等问题，对其改良创新的对策及利用途径进行探讨。     

贵州油菜种质资源搜集利用和研究

本文综述了贵州油菜种质资源的搜集利用和研究概况,并对其分布特点、生态类型、分类情况、性状特征和抗逆性等进行了较详细的介绍。通过鉴定,还发现了一批宝贵的特异资源,丰富了我省的油菜基因库。     

阜阳市农作物种质资源保护利用和品种选育推广研究

对当前阜阳市农作物种质资源保护利用和优良品种选育推广进展情况,分析指出面临种质资源保护和利用不成体系、种质资源利用率低,育种创新难、缺少规模化育繁推一体化企业、基础设施不完善、配套设施用地难度大等问题,并提出了相关建议,以期为我国种质资源保护利用和优良品种选育推广以及种业发展提供参考。     

Diversity of potato genetic resources

A considerable number of highly diverse species exist in genus Solanum. Because they can adapt to a broad range of habitats, potato wild relatives are promising sources of desirable agricultural traits. Potato taxonomy is quite complex because of introgression, interspecific hybridization, auto- and allopolyploidy, sexual compatibility among many species, a mixture of sexual and asexual reproduction, possible recent species divergence, phenotypic plasticity, and the consequent high morphological similarity among species. Recent researchers using molecular tools have contributed to the identification of genes controlling several types of resistance as well as to the revision of taxonomical relationships among potato species. Historically, primitive forms of cultivated potato and its wild relatives have been used in breeding programs and there is still an enormous and unimaginable potential for discovering desirable characteristics, particularly in wild species Different methods have been developed to incorporate useful alleles from these wild species into the improved cultivars. Potato germplasm comprising of useful alleles for different breeding objectives is preserved in various gene banks worldwide. These materials, with their invaluable information, are accessible for research and breeding purposes. Precise identification of species base on the new taxonomy is essential for effective use of the germplasm collection.     

Wild emmer: genetic resources,gene mapping and potential for wheat improvement

Wild emmer, Triticum dicoccoides, the progenitor of cultivated wheat, harbors rich genetic resources for wheat improvement. They include many agronomic traits such as abiotic stress tolerances (salt, drought and heat), biotic stress tolerances (powdery mildew, rusts, and Fusarium head blight), grain protein quality and quantity, and micronutrient concentrations (Zn, Fe, and Mn). In this review, we summarize (1) traits and controlling genes identified and mapped in T. dicoccoides; and (2) the genes transferred to cultivated wheat from T. dicoccoides. These genes, controlling important agronomic traits such as disease resistance, high protein and micronutrient content, should contribute to wheat production and food nutrition. However, most of the rich genetic reservoir in wild emmer remains untapped, highlighting the need for further exploration and utilization for long-term wheat breeding programs.     

Native fruit tree genetic resources in Japan

The diversity of climate, from subarctic to subtropical, and the complex geological history of Japan have produced a rich biodiversity. The flora includes several hundred species of native woody plants with edible fleshy fruits or nuts. People have eaten them from prehistoric times until about a half century ago. In Hokkaidō and the Ryūkyū Islands nut species had an important role in the diet, but fleshy fruits were also eaten until recently. Only Castanea crenata and a few minor species became domesticated as edible fruit trees in pre-modern times. Recently, Vitis coignetiae, Lonicera caerulea, Akebia quinata, Akebia trifoliata, Stauntonia hexaphylla, and Actinidia arguta have entered small-scale cultivation. The conservation of the germplasm of many of these native species, both in situ and ex situ, is precarious.     

Cryopreservation for preservation of potato genetic resources

Cryopreservation is becoming a very important tool for the long-term storage of plant genetic resources and efficient cryopreservation protocols have been developed for a large number of plant species. Practical procedures, developed using in vitro tissue culture, can be a simple and reliable preservation option of potato genetic resources rather than maintaining by vegetative propagation in genebanks due their allogamous nature. Cryopreserved materials insure a long-term backup of field collections against loss of plant germplasm. Occurrence of genetic variation, in tissue culture cells during prolonged subcultures, can be avoided with suitable cryopreservation protocols that provide high regrowth, leading and facilitating a systematic and strategic cryo-banking of plant genetic resources. Cryopreservation protocols for potato reviewed here, can efficiently complement field and in vitro conservation, providing for preservation of genotypes difficult to preserve by other methods, wild types and other species decided as priority collections.     

In situ and on-farm management of plant genetic resources

For establishing an effective maintaining programme for plant genetic resources (PGR), an integrated system is necessary considering the three principal ways of germplasm management—ex situ, in situ and on-farm. The scientific concept for on-farm conservation is relatively new and desires a special discussion. Differences in conservation and management strategies are defined here with respect to three countries. Germany is used as an example for an industrialized country, relatively poor in landraces. Italy may suit as example for an industrialized country with high diversity in agricultural products and production techniques, and Cuba is an example for a tropical country, scarcely industrialized and extremely rich in PGR. The following categories of countries are defined here: (a) Category 1: country e.g. Cuba; (b) Category 2: country e.g. Italy; (c) Category 3: country e.g. Germany. The definition of specific categories with respect to the different situations of these countries is extremely helpful in valuation of ex situ, in situ and on-farm measures regarding their effectiveness and necessary finances in the context of realization of the requests of the Convention on Biological Diversity to protect the diversity in countries and regions. First of all, management of germplasm including breeding and selection in the hands of the farmers has to be secured. On-farm management is a dynamic approach and the present expectations to this are high and tend to overload this concept. More realistic is an integrated approach considering the respective country and local conditions including farmers’ preferences and application of all conservation systems.     

Challenges and opportunities for conservation of forest genetic resources

Increased use of forest resources and a shrinking forestland base threaten the sustainability of forest genetic resources and highlight the importance of conservation and sustainable management of these resources. As forest trees are normally the keystone species of forest ecosystems, their continued existence is essential for many floral and faunal associations of these ecosystems. Major concepts, challenges and opportunities for conservation of forest genetic resources are briefly discussed in this paper. The major challenges include population decline and population structure changes due to forest removal and conversion of forest land to other uses,forest fragmentation, forestry practices, climate change, disease conditions,introduced pests, atmospheric pollution, and introgressive hybridization. Developing scientifically sound conservation strategies, maintaining minimum viable population sizes, and deployment of genetically engineered organisms represent other important challenges in conservation. The usefulness of various biochemical and molecular genetic markers, adaptive traits, and genetic diversity measures for developing conservation strategies for in situ and ex situ genetic resource conservation are also discussed. Major opportunities for conservation of forest genetic resources include: use of molecular genetic markers and adaptive traits for developing conservation strategies; in situ conservation through natural reserves,protected areas, and sustainable forest management practices; ex situ conservation through germplasm banks, common garden archives, seed banks, DNA banks, and tissue culture and cryopreservation; incorporation of disease, pest, and stress tolerance traits through genetic transformation;plantation forestry; and ecological restoration of rare or declining tree species and populations. Forest genetic resource conservation and resource use should be considered complementary rather than contradictory to each other. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘肃河西灌溉农业区制种资源的利用和可持续发展

甘肃河西走廊中西部 ,因其独特的地理位置和气候特点 ,1 0年来成为国内外种子客商云集之地 ,从事玉米、瓜菜、棉花、油菜、花卉、马铃薯、牧草等 2 0多种作物的制 (繁 )种。到 2 0 0 1年 ,总制种面积约 3 .6 7万 hm2 ,其中玉米制种占九成 ,约3 .3 3万 hm2 ,占全国玉米制种面积     

Legume genetic resources: management, diversity assessment, and utilization in crop improvement

Grain legumes contribute significantly to total world food production. Legumes are the primary source of dietary proteins in many developing countries, where protein hunger and malnutrition are widespread. Grain legumes germplasm constitute ~15% of the 7.4 M accessions preserved globally. Nearly, 78% of the CGIAR??s, 0.217 M accessions, have been characterized, compared to 34% of national genebank collections. Interestingly, limited data on grain quality are available as the primary focus has been on morpho-agronomic traits. Clearly, more resources should be targeted on biochemical evaluation to identify nutritionally rich and genetically diverse germplasm. The formation of core and mini core collections has provided crop breeders with a systematic yet manageable entry point into global germplasm resources. These subsets have been reported for most legumes and have proved useful in identifying new sources of variation. They may however not eliminate the need to evaluate entire collections, particularly for very rare traits. Molecular characterization and association mapping will further aid to insights into the structure of legume diversity and facilitate greater use of collections. The use of high resolution elevational climate models has greatly improved our capacity to characterize plant habitats and species?? adaptive responses to stresses. Evidence suggests that there has been increased use of wild relatives as well as new resources resulting from mutagenesis to enhance the genetic base of legume cultigens.     

A diversity analysis of genetic resources in rice

Summary A total of 1407 japonica and 488 indica accessions representing nine countries were randomly drawn from the International Rice Research Institute catalog of germ plasm resources for an analysis of diversity. The qualitative gene frequencies as well as means and coefficients of variation for quantitative traits for each race and country in general confirmed the widely recognized pattern of indica-japonica differentiation but suggested more overlap than often realized. Use of a diversity index showed indica to be more variable than japonica, but with different countries having similar levels of diversity. A multivariate analysis based on 39 characters showed divergence among countries within each race but with a great amount of overlap in the scatter of individual entries. This study was carried out simply to illustrate some genetic resource analyses and it is therefore discussed in relation to the documentation aspects.     

Impact of plant genetic resources on wheat breeding

This article describes the impact of plant genetic resources on wheat breeding. It defines the important contribution of N.I. Vavilov Institute (St. Petersburg, Russia) to broadening the genetic diversity of new wheat cultivars. Special attention is given to conducting a comprehensive evaluation of intraspecific variability for valuable characters, including: 1) formation of special subcollections, consisting of accessions with useful characters and accessions representing intraspecies diversity for a given character; 2) revealing genetic differences among phenotypically superior accessions; 3) determining a genetic system of intraspecific variability for a given character; 4) formation of a genetic collection; 5) revealing and developing the donors of useful characters. An example using plant height shows that the proposed research approach adequately determines the genetic potential of species and reveals the most effective genes for practical uses. It is assumed that the main sources of genes for breeding Triticum aestivum L. in order of importance will remain: 1) intraspecific diversity of T. aestivum itself; 2) other Triticum species; 3) other genera of the Triticeae Dum. tribe (particularly Aegilops L.); 4) more remote genera of the Poaceae Barnh. botanical family. It is stressed that existing diversity of T. aestivum has been poorly investigated genetically and only partially used by breeders. Properly evaluated, it can provide multiple solutions for traditional and new problems of wheat improvement. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.