Crystal structure of a carbon monoxide dehydrogenase reveals a [Ni-4Fe-5S] cluster

The homodimeric nickel-containing CO dehydrogenase from the anaerobic bacterium Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans catalyzes the oxidation of CO to CO2. A crystal structure of the reduced enzyme has been solved at 1.6 angstrom resolution. This structure represents the prototype for Ni-containing CO dehydrogenases from anaerobic bacteria and archaea. It contains five metal clusters of which clusters B, B', and a subunit-bridging, surface-exposed cluster D are cubane-type [4Fe-4S] clusters. The active-site clusters C and C' are novel, asymmetric [Ni-4Fe-5S] clusters. Their integral Ni ion, which is the likely site of CO oxidation, is coordinated by four sulfur ligands with square planar geometry.     

A Ni-Fe-Cu center in a bifunctional carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase

A metallocofactor containing iron, sulfur, copper, and nickel has been discovered in the enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA (coenzyme A) synthase from Moorella thermoacetica (f. Clostridium thermoaceticum). Our structure at 2.2 angstrom resolution reveals that the cofactor responsible for the assembly of acetyl-CoA contains a [Fe4S4] cubane bridged to a copper-nickel binuclear site. The presence of these three metals together in one cluster was unanticipated and suggests a newly discovered role for copper in biology. The different active sites of this bifunctional enzyme complex are connected via a channel, 138 angstroms long, that provides a conduit for carbon monoxide generated at the C-cluster on one subunit to be incorporated into acetyl-CoA at the A-cluster on the other subunit.     

Structural basis for methyl transfer by a radical SAM enzyme

The radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) enzymes RlmN and Cfr methylate 23S ribosomal RNA, modifying the C2 or C8 position of adenosine 2503. The methyl groups are installed by a two-step sequence involving initial methylation of a conserved Cys residue (RlmN Cys(355)) by SAM. Methyl transfer to the substrate requires reductive cleavage of a second equivalent of SAM. Crystal structures of RlmN and RlmN with SAM show that a single molecule of SAM coordinates the [4Fe-4S] cluster. Residue Cys(355) is S-methylated and located proximal to the SAM methyl group, suggesting the SAM that is involved in the initial methyl transfer binds at the same site. Thus, RlmN accomplishes its complex reaction with structural economy, harnessing the two most important reactivities of SAM within a single site.     

Synthesis and Structure of an Iron(III) Sulfide-Ferritin Bioinorganic Nanocomposite

Amorphous iron sulfide minerals containing either 500 or 3000 iron atoms in each cluster have been synthesized in situ within the nanodimensional cavity of horse spleen ferritin. Iron-57 M?ssbauer spectroscopy indicated that most of the iron atoms in the 3000-iron atom cores are trivalent, whereas in the 500-iron atom clusters, approximately 50 percent of the iron atoms are Fe(III), with the remaining atoms having an effective oxidation state of about +2.5. Iron K-edge extended x-ray absorption fine structure data for the 500-iron atom nanocomposite are consistent with a disordered array of edge-shared FeS(4) tetrahedra, connected by Fe(S)(2)Fe bridges with bond lengths similar to those of the cubane-type motif of iron-sulfur clusters. The approach used here for the controlled synthesis of bioinorganic nanocomposites could be useful for the nanoscale engineering of dispersed materials with biocompatible and bioactive properties.     

A "Double-Diamond Superlattice" Built Up of Cd17S4(SCH2CH2OH)26 Clusters

A simple preparation of Cd(17)S(4)(SCH(2)CH(2)OH)(26) clusters in aqueous solution leads to the formation of colorless blocky crystals. X-ray structure determinations revealed a superlattice framework built up of covalently linked clusters. This superlattice is best described as two enlarged and interlaced diamond or zinc blende lattices. Because both the superlattice and the clusters display the same structural features, the crystal structure resembles the self-similarities known from fractal geometry. The optical spectrum of the cluster solution displays a sharp transition around 290 nanometers with a large absorption coefficient ( approximately 84,000 per molar per centimeter).     

Covalent Group IV Atomic Clusters

Atomic clusters containing from two to several hundred atoms offer the possibility of studying the transition from molecules to crystalline solids. The covalent group IV elements carbon, silicon, and germanium are now being examined with this long-range objective. These elements are particularly interesting because of the very different character of their crystalline solids and because they are intermediate between metals and insulators in the nature of their bonding. Small mass-selected atom cluster ions are formed by pulsed laser techniques and identified by time-of-flight methods. Laser photoexcitation is used to study the relative stability of these clusters and their modes of fragmentation. These modes for C(n)(+) clusters, which tend to fragment with a characteristic loss of a neutral C(3), are found to be different from the modes for Si(n)(+) and Ge(n)(+) clusters, which tend to fragment to "magic" clusters such as Si(4)(+), Si(6)(+) and Si(10)(+). These experimental results can be accounted for by recent theoretical calculations of the ground-state structure and stability of small silicon and carbon clusters. Several theoretical approaches give consistent results, showing that small silicon clusters are compact and different from small fragments of the bulk crystal. Calculations show that carbon clusters change from linear structures toward cyclic structures as the cluster size increases, but with significant odd-even differences.     

不同类型冬小麦氮、硫积累分配及利用效率的差异

【目的】揭示不同类型冬小麦氮、硫积累、分配与利用规律及对氮、硫肥反应的差异。【方法】在田间条件下,连续3年先后选用13个高产品种,采用聚类分析方法进行冬小麦氮、硫利用效率类型的划分,并在0—20cm土层土壤水解氮含量92.2mg·kg-1、有效硫含量42.4mg·kg-1的地力条件下,研究不同类型冬小麦在不同氮、硫施用量下,氮素和硫素含量、积累量、收获指数、籽粒产量的差异及其与氮素利用效率和硫素利用效率的关系。【结果】结果表明,冬小麦的氮素利用效率与硫素利用效率呈极显著正相关关系,依据品种间氮素利用效率和硫素利用效率的差异,将供试品种划分为氮低效硫低效组、氮中效硫中效组和氮高效硫高效组。氮低效硫低效组小麦品种植株含氮量和含硫量一般高于氮中效硫中效组和氮高效硫高效组品种,氮素收获指数和硫素收获指数则小于氮中效硫中效组和氮高效硫高效组品种。在24kg·hm-2施氮水平下施硫,氮高效硫高效组和氮中效硫中效组品种植株含氮量显著提高,氮素积累量、硫素积累量和产量显著增加;氮低效硫低效组品种与氮高效硫高效组和氮中效硫中效组品种相比,施硫处理氮素积累量的增加量较小,而氮素收获指数降低的幅度较大,产量显著降低。在240kg·hm-2施氮水平下施硫,氮高效硫高效组品种植株含氮量和含硫量仍显著提高,氮素和硫素积累量显著增加,但氮素和硫素收获指数及产量无显著变化,氮硫利用效率显著降低;氮中效硫中效组和氮低效硫低效组品种氮素和硫素积累量无显著变化,多数品种的氮素和硫素收获指数亦无显著变化,产量和氮硫利用效率降低。【结论】冬小麦产量形成需硫量的相对高低与需氮量一致,氮素利用效率与硫素利用效率可以协同提高。在保持植株一定氮素和硫素积累量的基础上,通过提高氮素和硫素收获指数促进籽粒产量的增加,是实现冬小麦对氮素和硫素高效利用的一个重要途径。     

Interstellar sulfur hydride: a search for the 111-megahertz lines

Similarities in the energy-level structure of the sulfur hydride radical and the hydroxyl radical suggest that sulfur hydride in the interstellar medium might be detectable because of a population inversion or anti-inversion similar to that of the hydroxyl radical. We have searched for the 111.54-megahertz transition [F (total angular momentum quantum number) = 2 --> 2] and for the 111.22-megahertz transition (F = 1 --> 1) in the galactic radio source W49, one of the brightest hydroxyl emission sources. No sulfur hydride emission lines with half-power widths of 130 hertz or greater were detected with the 1000-foot Arecibo antenna. The upper limits established with 100-hertz filters were 50 and 60 flux units (1 flux unit= 10(26) watt meter(-2) hertz(-1)), respectively, for the two lines.     

有机肥、硫磺和木质素铁对碱性土壤上桑树

【目的】为解决碱性土壤上桑树缺铁黄化问题提供理论依据。【方法】以桑树品种特优2号为试验材料,通过盆栽试验研究施用鸡粪有机肥、硫磺、木质素铁肥对碱性土壤pH值、铁活性及桑树生长、铁素营养的影响。【结果】施用0.670 g/kg硫磺后能明显降低土壤pH值,比对照降低约2个单位。单施硫磺（S2）和硫磺与有机肥混施（S+OF）对桑树生长有明显的促进作用,叶片和茎总重分别比对照增加28.7%和35.9%。施用硫磺（S2）、硫磺与有机肥混施（S+OF）及铁肥与有机肥混施（Fe+OF）均能提高桑树叶片中的活性铁含量。【结论】在碱性土壤中施用硫磺和有机肥能降低土壤pH值,提高土壤中活性铁的含量,促进桑树植株生长,可以作为改善和防治广西地区桑树缺铁黄化的一种较为可行的措施。     

有机肥、硫磺和木质素铁对碱性土壤上桑树生长和铁素营养的影响

【目的】为解决碱性土壤上桑树缺铁黄化问题提供理论依据。【方法】以桑树品种特优2号为试验材料,通过盆栽试验研究施用鸡粪有机肥、硫磺、木质素铁肥对碱性土壤pH值、铁活性及桑树生长、铁素营养的影响。【结果】施用0.670g/kg硫磺后能明显降低土壤pH值,比对照降低约2个单位。单施硫磺（S2）和硫磺与有机肥混施（S＋OF）对桑树生长有明显的促进作用,叶片和茎总重分别比对照增加28.7%和35.9%。施用硫磺（S2）、硫磺与有机肥混施（S＋OF）及铁肥与有机肥混施（Fe＋OF）均能提高桑树叶片中的活性铁含量。【结论】在碱性土壤中施用硫磺和有机肥能降低土壤pH值,提高土壤中活性铁的含量,促进桑树植株生长,可以作为改善和防治广西地区桑树缺铁黄化的一种较为可行的措施。     

降水污染的簇分析

运用簇分析区分不同时间段降水的化学变化,将单个降水事件作为变量来分析,每次降水测量的9项主要离子指定为簇分析的观察值,簇分析完成后,保留6类簇作为描述对象.根据簇中各离子浓度的高低,将各簇概括为:氢离子簇(簇1);无特征离子簇(簇2);氯离子、钠离子簇(簇3);硫酸根、铵根离子簇(簇4);钙、镁离子簇(簇5);硝酸根、钾离子簇(簇6).显然,簇1属酸性降水簇,簇3是海洋型降水簇,簇2、5为中间过渡型,簇4、6为高离子浓度簇,强酸性降水与高离子浓度降水并不属于同一类,降水的酸性与降水中的碱性组分密切相关,降水的酸度仅当NH4+、Ca2+离子浓度尤其是NH4+离子浓度较低时才表现为强酸性.由东北季风气流和锋面系统控制的降水(簇1、2、3)是污染物经较长距离迁移造成的强酸性降水,簇4、簇5、簇6的降水受局地污染源影响,所含的离子浓度较高.     

丛生竹叶提取物的成分与清除自由基的能力

测定了23种丛生竹叶提取物得率、黄酮、多糖含量和提取物清除DPPH自由基的能力(IC50) 提取物各指标经聚类分析23种丛生竹可分为5簇,其中桂单竹、粉单竹、鼓节竹、大眼竹和凤尾竹的竹叶黄酮和多糖得率较高,IC50值较大,可成为提取竹叶黄酮的优良原料,分别经分离纯化得竹叶黄酮     

Size-Specific Infrared Spectra of Benzene-(H2O)n Clusters (n = 1 through 7): Evidence for Noncyclic (H2O)n Structures

Resonant ion-dip infrared spectroscopy has been used to record size-specific infrared spectra of C(6)H(6)-(H(2)O)n clusters with n = 1 through 7 in the O-H stretch region. The O-H stretch spectra show a dramatic dependence on cluster size. For the n = 3 to 5 clusters, the transitions can be divided into three types-attributable to free, pi hydrogen-bonded, and single donor water-water O-H stretches-consistent with a C(6)H(6)-(H(2)O)n structure in which benzene is on the surface of a cyclic (H(2)O)n cluster. In n = 6 and 7 clusters, the spectra show distinct new transitions in the 3500 to 3600 wave number region. After comparison of these results with the predictions of ab initio calculations on (H(2)O)n clusters, these new transitions have been assigned to double donor O-H stretches associated with the formation of a more compact, noncyclic structure beginning with (H(2)O)(6). This is the same size cluster for which ab initio calculations predict that a changeover to noncyclic (H(2)O)n structures will occur.     

一株嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌的分离及其氧化活性的研究

本研究从铜陵新桥矿区的高硫矿堆废水中分离一株嗜酸菌S t1,经生理生化特征及16S rDNA分子鉴定,确定其为嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌。该菌株分别在含有FeSO4·7H2O、S0、黄铁矿石颗粒（FeS2）的9K无机盐液体培养基中获得生长所需要的能量。结果嗜酸菌S t1对Fe2＋氧化速率最快,培养到36h时溶液中44.1g·L-1 FeSO4·7H2O有95%被氧化;S0为能量底物的培养体系中,培养到26d时培养液中SO42-浓度达到2.2412 mg· mL-1,pH值降至1.18;黄铁矿石颗粒（FeS2）为能量底物的培养体系中,SO42-平均生成速率为1.3602 mmol·L-1·d-1,黄铁矿石颗粒氧化速率达到0.068mmol·d-1·g-1。     

蔷薇品种的数量分类学研究

本文将数量分类方法应用于蔷薇品种的分类,共选取了37个形态性状,采用SAS聚类方法,对20个蔷薇品种进行了数量分类学研究。结果表明,枝型为蔷薇品种分类的主要标准,是稳定的,作为一个比较高级的分类标准是适宜的;按照“二元分类法”原则,Q型聚类分析可以比较理想地将供试品种在Lq1=1.3948水平上分为两个系:典型藤本系、藤本系;在Lq2=1.2489水平上分为三个类:单瓣类、复瓣类和重瓣类。     

绿竹笋用林林分结构与经济性状关系研究

以绿竹笋用林优质高效培育为目标,林分结构因子组合处理为手段,研究表明:丛出笋数与立竹度呈抛物线形关系,与立竹胸径无相关;笋个体质量随丛立竹度增加而递减,立竹胸径则相反;丛竹笋经济产量与立竹度、立竹胸径符合四阶趋势面模型,与N/S比呈抛物线形;建立了丛立竹度7114～8694株/hm2,立竹胸径4～5cm,N/S比4.5～5.5,1～2龄立竹各占50%的丰产林分结构模式,模式增产效果显著,调控后第2年竹笋增产134.4%。提出了丛生竹散生状培育的研究方向。     

尖峰岭热带雨林土壤中可培养芽胞杆菌多样性分析

采用热处理法从海南省尖峰岭热带雨林土壤中分离出164株芽胞杆菌,运用16S rDNA PCR-RFLP与序列分析技术对所得菌株进行遗传多样性分析。根据16S rDNA PCR-RFLP酶切图谱的UPGMA聚类分析,在相似性为100%的水平上,分离到的164株芽胞杆菌分属于23个酶切类型,显示出丰富的遗传多样性。16S rDNA序列分析结果表明,这些菌株主要分布于Bacillus(52%)、Paenibacillus(36%)、Lysinibacillus(4%)、Brevibacillus(4%)和Psychrobacillus(4%)5个属,其中优势属为Bacillus;有6株芽胞杆菌的16S rDNA序列与数据库中相应模式菌株的最大相似性为98.3%~99.0%,可能为潜在的芽胞杆菌新种资源。     

Stormy weather in galaxy clusters

Recent x-ray, optical, and radio observations coupled with particle and gas dynamics numerical simulations reveal an unexpectedly complex environment within clusters of galaxies, driven by ongoing accretion of matter from large-scale supercluster filaments. Mergers between clusters and continuous infall of dark matter and baryons from the cluster periphery produce long-lived "stormy weather" within the gaseous cluster atmosphere-shocks, turbulence, and winds of more than 1000 kilometers per second. This weather may be responsible for shaping a rich variety of extended radio sources, which in turn act as "barometers" and "anemometers" of cluster weather.     

Infrared signature of structures associated with the H+(H2O)n (n = 6 to 27) clusters

We report the OH stretching vibrational spectra of size-selected H+(H2O)n clusters through the region of the pronounced "magic number" at n = 21 in the cluster distribution. Sharp features are observed in the spectra and assigned to excitation of the dangling OH groups throughout the size range 6 相似文献   

海蒿子多糖的抗氧化活性研究

[目的]探讨海蒿子多糖（SPPS）体外抗氧化作用。[方法]利用H2O2/Fe2＋体系、邻苯三酚自氧化体系及卵黄脂蛋白LPO体系,研究SPPS对羟基自由基（.OH）、超氧阴离子自由基（O2-·）的清除作用及对卵黄蛋白（LPO）的抑制作用。[结果]SPPS具有明显的抗氧化作用,其浓度为200μg/m l时,对·OH清除率为26%,对O2-·的清除率为80%,对LPO的抑制率为40%。[结论]SPPS具有抗氧化方面的应用开发前景。