扎龙湿地景观格局研究

运用景观生态学分析方法以及地理信息系统技术,从景观格局角度对扎龙湿地区域生态进行分析。通过对遥感照片判读,将各种景观镶嵌体类型加以分类,并勾绘出轮廓界限,然后运用地理信息系统(GIS)和监测信息系统(LMIS),将图表信息转换成数字信息。运用景观生态学的研究方法对研究区域多样性指数、优势度、破碎度、分维值等景观指标进行了计算分析。     

基于主成分分析的森林景观格局研究

【目的】为更好地了解洪田村森林景观结构,以2011年和2016年小班调查数据为基础,分析研究洪田村的森林景观格局。【方法】以永安市洪田村2011年实地调查小班数据及2016年二类调查数据为基础,将选取的19个景观指数从内部细化为三类,并采用主成分分析法选取了12个最能表征洪田村森林景观格局的景观指数;借助地理信息系统(Arc GIS),分析了洪田村的森林景观结构及功能。【结果】1)主成分分析筛选的12种景观指数在其所属类别上的因子载荷值均在90%以上,具有很好的代表性,可作为洪田村森林景观格局分析的指标。2)洪田村森林景观要素组成类型单一且分布不均,杉木和硬阔叶树种为主的景观格局占主导优势。3)斑块形状简单抗干扰能力差,景观整体异质性较高。4)灌木林和软阔类树种较低的边缘密度(ED)表明这两种森林景观与其他类型景观之间的能流、物流交换低。【结论】未来对洪田村进行森林景观规划与设计时应着重调整不同森林景观类型的空间布局,合理配置乡土树种(杉木、马尾松)、引进树种(桉树)、灌木林及其他树种的比例。     

湛江市区土地景观格局动态变化分析

利用遥感影像和地理信息系统技术,分析了湛江市区1991年、2000年和2007年3个时期土地景观格局的总体变化情况,结果表明,湛江市区具有景观破碎化程度先提高后降低,景观结构组成复杂化趋势先快后慢,城市发展影响了景观格局变化等特点。在类型水平上选择了景观类型面积(CA)、斑块数目(NP)、类型百分比(PLAND)、斑块密度(PD)、平均斑块面积(AREA-MN)共5个景观指数;在景观水平上选择了景观类型总面积(TA)、斑块数目、斑块密度、最大斑块指数(LPI)、平均斑块面积(AREA-MN)、香农多样性指数(即SHDI,为各斑块类别丰富度总和的负值)共6个景观指数。这些景观指数表明:近20 a来,湛江市区土地景观格局变化幅度大,人类活动对城市景观要素和整个景观格局的影响很深远。并进一步讨论该区景观格局动态变化的驱动力,提出了相应的对策。     

Relationship between landscape structure and burn severity at the landscape and class levels in Samchuck, South Korea

Fuel treatments for reducing fire risk are necessarily tied to the landscape structure including forest composition and configuration. Thus understanding the relationships between landscape structure and burn severity is important for developing guidelines and management strategies for fire-resilient forests. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between landscape structure as described by spatial pattern metrics and burn severity at the landscape and class levels. In 2000, a mostly severe fire burned 16,210 ha of dense forest located in Samchuck on the east coast of the Korean peninsula. Spatial pattern metrics including patch density, largest patch index, mean shape index, area-weighted mean shape index, Euclidean nearest neighborhood distance, and Shannon's diversity index, as well as topographic characteristics of slope and elevation, were correlated with burn severity based on delta Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) assessments. Regression tree analysis was also carried out with the same variables to avoid spatial autocorrelation and to reveal the relative importance of variables to burn severity. The results of this study strongly suggest that both composition and configuration of the forest cover patches are closely tied to burn severity. In particular, both the correlation analysis and regression tree analysis indicated that the area of red pine tree forest cover was the most significant factor in explaining the variance of burn severity. Topography and spatial configuration of forest cover patches were also significantly related to burn severity. The heterogeneity of forests also had a significant influence on burn severity. To reduce fire risk and increase the fire resilience of forests, forest managers and agencies need to consider enhancing the heterogeneity of forests when implementing fuel treatment schemes. However, such fuel treatments for landscape structure may only be effective under moderate weather conditions.     

湖南黄桑国家级自然保护区植被景观格局探讨

①斑块特征指数分析表明:各景观类型的密度、分维数指数都较小,植被景观的深展指数都不高,扩散比较均匀,没有极端复杂的形状产生,植被景观在演替系列中还没有普遍达到演替的顶级,斑块之间自相似程度较高。②多样性指数分析表明:总体多样性程度高。景观多样性指数、优势度指数与均匀度指数的结果所包含的意义一致,这种一致性充分说明了各植被景观类型分布均匀,各景观类型地位相差较小。③空间构型指数分析表明:保护区的斑块密度为1.001,即1 km2上有1.001个斑块。这说明斑块数目较少。各景观类型分布也较均匀。保护区景观破碎度指数为0.007,这表明该区植被景观在研究期内所表现的生境破碎化程度是很低的。每一植被景观类型破碎度指数最高的是灌丛和灌草丛景观,其次为栲林景观,其余的破碎度都处于较低的水平。内部生境破碎化指数以灌丛和灌草丛景观、栲林景观为最低,它们的单独斑块面积较大,故破碎化指数较低。其它景观类型的破碎化指数相差不大,这与植被顺向演替是相关的。景观分离度指数的排序结果与斑块密度的排序基本一致。     

Population structure and distribution pattern of Taxus cuspidata in Muling region of Heilongjiang Province, China

An investigation was conducted on distribution pattern, site condition and population structure of yew Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. in Muling Forest Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, China in April, 2005. Results showed that yew is mainly distributed under the main storey of natural mixed forest of conifer and broadleaf, the soil moisture content of the yew site is high （40%-60%）, the pH value of soil is relatively lower （4.7-5.5）, and that the population structure of wild yew is not rational, belonging to the degeneration population, which is one of the reasons leading to the population decline. Although the site conditions of Muling area are suitable for the growth of wild yew, the population of wild yew shows a decline tendency, due to the fact that the middle-sized adult yew trees have been cut, young yews are often grazed by wildlife, and that the trunks of adult yew tend to be hollow.     

黑龙江省穆棱东北红豆杉种群结构与分布格局

2005年4月对黑龙江省穆棱东北红豆杉(Taxus cuspidata Sieb.etZucc.)天然林分的组成结构、立地条件、及种群年龄结构。进行了调查研究。结果表明,该地区东北红豆杉种群生存的林分结构以天然针阔混交林为主,土壤含水量较高(40%-60%),pH值偏酸(4.7~5.5);野生东北红豆杉的种群结构不合理,属于衰退种群,这也是导致野生东北红豆杉种群下降的原因之一。虽然穆棱地区的立地条件适合东北红豆杉野生种群的生长,但目前成年东北红豆杉树干中空、腐烂,中等胸径的健壮成年树被盗伐,而且幼树经常被野生动物啃食,该地区东北红豆杉的种群仍然是下降趋势,处于濒危状态。     

花山喀斯特风景林群落结构与林内景观质量的关系

全面和正确地认识群落结构特征与景观美学质量的关系,对揭示森林景观美学质量的形成机制和进行景观质量提升具有重要意义。采用美景度评价法(Scenic Beauty Estimation,SBE)和回归分析,从林分水平结构、垂直结构和物种组成等群落结构特征层面,分析群落结构特征与景观质量的关系。结果表明:群落结构要素对美景度贡献大小顺序依次为Pielou均匀度指数乔木层密度Shannon-Wiener多样性指数林层数乔木层平均高度;Pielou均匀度指数和乔木层密度与美景度呈负相关关系,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、林层数和乔木层平均高度与美景度呈正相关关系;物种丰富、乔木层密度较小、林层数多、乔木层平均高度较大的林分具有较高的美景度值。根据群落结构和林内景观质量关系得出群落结构优化策略,首先尽可能满足物种多样性和生态系统稳定性的需求,在此前提下从水平和垂直结构等空间配置上,综合运用林分抚育、林下层管理和美学规划等措施,构建出符合生态要求和具有较高美学价值的森林景观。     

四川白河自然保护区连香树的空间分布与种群特征

以四川白河自然保护区连香树为研究对象,采用访问法、样线法和样方法相结合,调查连香树的空间分布位点、种群特征和干扰因素。调查结果表明:保护区有连香树365株,适宜面积约1 995.46 hm2;海拔1 900～2 200 m区域的连香树株数占总株数的89.53%,尤其是海拔2 000～2 100 m分布最为密集(占43.01%);径级分布为纺锤形,自然更新差,种群呈不稳定状态,胸径在12～32 cm之间的有238株(占65.20%)。连香树主要分布区与传统耕作区和放牧区的重叠性高,林地转化成耕地及放牧践踏是连香树种群数量和栖息地下降的主要原因;减少人为干扰、就地保护与监测、建立天然母树园、种子繁殖和扦插是保护连香树种群的有效措施。     

广东廉江次生季雨林主要建群种空间分布(英文)

根据所调查样方的树种综合优势比值，对广东西部(粤西)廉江谢鞋山次生季雨林最重要的三个建群树种，进行了空间格局分析。分析方法采用了Poisson分布、负两项分布、Neyman分布的频次比较模型和聚合度指数测定以及Taylor指数和 Iwao's 方程模拟。结果表明这三个建群种均符合聚集分布。荔枝（Litchi chinensis ）和山杜英（Elaeocarpus sylvestris）两种群有基本型聚集分布的特点并表现出个体间的聚集现象。橄榄（Canarium album）有可能随着密度的增大而趋于均匀分布。树种的空间分布格局依赖于其繁殖特性之外，还受该次生季雨林保护的影响。这些主要建群种的空间格局表明进行该林区保护的迫切性。     

Age structure and spatial pattern of old-growth korean pine forest in Xiaoxing’anling Mountain

Spatial pattern of trees, basal stem increment and height were examined in a 5.0 ha mixed deciduous/Pinus koraiensis forest from October in 1984 to May in 1987. Conclusions are as following: 1. Analysis of the age-structure of the korcan pine forest shows that it is different from general steady-state forest type. The lack of saplings and individuals in small-diameter class clearly indicates that regeneration is not continuous. Continuous regeneration depends on thinning of the canopy to form a gap. Similar-aged korcan pine sccdings grow in these gaps. 2. The horizontal structure of the korcan pine is a mosaic of more or less even-aged groups of trees. The mosaic is a result of korcan pine by regeneration strategy. The aggregations of korcan pine of different ages overlaps to form a continuous population generation. As a results, the population is maintained in steady state.     

山西太岳山天然油松林主要木本植物种群结构及空间分布格局研究

油松是暖温带落叶阔叶林区的代表性树种之一,是我国北方地区重要的造林绿化树种。研究了太岳山林区天然油松林主要木本植物种群的径级结构和空间分布格局。结果表明:油松种群由于缺乏幼苗幼树,径级结构呈倒金字塔型,属衰退型种群;辽东栎、青楷槭等5种阔叶树种种群的径级结构呈纺锤形,属进展种群。油松、辽东栎、杨树、山杏、山楂在整个尺度范围内呈集群分布;白桦与茶条槭在小尺度范围呈明显的集群分布,在中、大尺度变成随机分布;青楷槭在中尺度范围呈随机分布,但是小尺度和大尺度呈集群分布;五角枫在整个尺度上呈随机分布的趋势;赤杨在尺度变化过程中由集群分布变成均匀分布。上层阔叶树和下层阔叶树呈集群分布的趋势,但下层阔叶树随尺度的变化由集群分布变成随机分布。种群的空间分布格局是物种的生物学、生态学特性及其自然环境长期作用的结果,是种群的一种生存策略或适应机制。     

Spatial structure of deciduous forest stands with contrasting human influence in northwest Spain

Five contrasting deciduous forest stands were studied to characterize the spatial structural variability in human-influenced forests. These stands are representative of cultural forest types widely represented in western Europe: one plantation, two coppices, one wood-pasture forest and one high forest stand. All stems with DBH > 5 cm were measured and mapped, and stem DBH distributions, spatial structure of DBH, spatial point patterns and spatial associations were analysed. Spatial autocorrelation for DBH was calculated with Moran’s I correlograms and semivariograms. Complete spatial randomness hypothesis for spatial point patterns, and both independence and random labelling hypotheses for spatial associations were analysed using Ripley’s K function. The results showed that tree sizes were conditioned by particular former management systems, which determined unimodal symmetric, positively skewed or compound DBH distributions. Spatial structure was more complex when human influence became reduced. Coppice stands showed clumped spatial patterns and independence among size classes, as a consequence of sexual and vegetative establishment of new stems in open areas. The largest clumping intensity was observed in the wood-pasture with an intermediate disturbance frequency and low inter-tree competition. The high forest stand displayed spatial traits consistent with the gap-dynamics paradigm, such as clumping of smaller trees, random arrangement of larger trees, negative association between juveniles and adults, and high structural heterogeneity. It can be expected that after cessation of human interference, coppices and wood-pastures would evolve to a more heterogeneous structure, probably with a higher habitat and species diversity.     

Forest structure in space: a case study of an old growth spruce-fir forest in Changbaishan Natural Reserve, PR China

Ecologists and foresters are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of spatial information in ecosystem analysis and resource management. An across-scale analysis of forest structure was conducted to characterize the spatial characteristics of a 2 ha spruce-fir forest located inside Changbaishan Natural Reserve (CNR), PR China. The study was designed to develop an approach for assessment of within-stand heterogeneity to increase understanding of the effects of heterogeneity on pattern–process relationships in forests. Univariate and bivariate Ripley's K functions were employed to capture stand heterogeneity in terms of intra- and inter-specific point patterns of tree distributions. Stem-mapped crowns were generated and analyzed as canopy patches within a geographic information system (GIS) to quantify patterns within the strata of the forest canopy. The dominant spruces were randomly distributed within each height class but aggregated when all height classes were analyzed. In addition, spruces had repulsive patterns to other species which exhibited clear aggregation. Canopy heterogeneity, both in terms of composition and spatial patterning, were complex – as expressed within canopy layers and among individual forest species. This across-scale complexity supports a multivariate spatial and across-scale approach to characterizing forest structure, and argues for linked pattern-process experiments. We suggest that joint field and simulation studies be conducted which relate changes in forest stand dynamics to changes in stand heterogeneity. These linked studies are needed to provide a measure of ecological significance relative to statistical significance of patterns.     

银白杨×马氏杨杂交子代及亲本的AFLP分析

为了探讨银白杨、马氏杨及银白杨×马氏杨杂交子代间的遗传多样性参数及个体聚类关系,利用8对引物对银白杨、马氏杨及银白杨×马氏杨杂交子代4个样本进行了AFLP分析。结果表明,8对引物共扩增出780条扩增谱带,其中多态性条带数为715条,多态性比例为91.65%,平均有效等位基因数为1.5017,Nei’s平均遗传多样性指数为0.3065,Shannon平均信息指数为0.4679。不同杂交子代在E-AAC/M-CAG引物对上均有特异性位点,这些特异位点可用于品种鉴定。聚类研究发现,在相似系数为0.76时,试验样品分成2个AFLP群,其中马氏杨为1个AFLP群,银白杨及2个杂交子代为1个AFLP群;当相似系数为0.78时,银白杨和2个杂交子代的AFLP群又划分为2个亚群,其中杂交子代1和杂交子代2聚合为亚群1,银白杨为亚群2。本研究的结果多态性比例很高,对样品的区分率达到100%,为杨树AFLP分析检测提供了指导借鉴价值。     

Comparative analysis of multi-criteria probabilistic FR and AHP models for forest fire risk(FFR) mapping in Melghat Tiger Reserve(MTR) forest

A comparative study of Frequency Ratio(FR)and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)models are performed for forest fire risk(FFR)mapping in Melghat Tiger Reserve forest,central India.Identification of FFR depends on various hydrometeorological parameters altitude,slope,aspect,topographic position index,normalized differential vegetation index,rainfall,air temperature,land surface temperature,wind speed,distance to settlements,and distance by road are integrated using a GIS platform.The results from FR and AHP show similar trends.The FR model was significantly higher accurate(overall accuracy of 81.3%,kappa statistic 0.78)than the AHP model(overall accuracy 79.3%,kappa statistic 0.75).The FR model total forest fire risk areas were classified into five classes:very low(7.1%),low(22.2%),moderate(32.3%),high(26.9%),and very high(11.5%).The AHP fire risk classes were very low(6.7%),low(21.7%),moderate(34.0%),high(26.7%),and very high(10.9%).Sensitivity analyses were performed for AHP and FR models.The results of the two different models are compared and justified concerning the forest fire sample points(Forest Survey of India)and burn images(2010-2016).These results help in designing more effective fire management plans to improve the allocation of resources across a landscape framework.     

Importance of forest structure versus floristics to composition of avian assemblages in tropical deciduous forests of Central Highlands,India

We investigated how much forest structure and floristics independently contributed to the composition of avian assemblages at multiple scales and for individual foraging guilds in tropical deciduous forests of Central Highlands, India. We derived dissimilarity matrices between all pairs of the 36 sampling sites with respect to forest structure, floristics, and bird species composition and ran Mantel's randomization tests to detect significant associations among the matrices after partialling out the effect of geographic distance between sites. Bird species composition was found to be significantly related to forest structure across habitats, and floristics within the moist-deciduous forests. This finding is consistent with earlier observations that birds respond, in their species composition, to vegetation structure across habitats and to vegetation composition within a habitat. As predicted, the composition of insectivorous birds was influenced by forest structure, but the phytophagous guild did not show any relation to vegetation composition in contrast to patterns observed elsewhere. We explain this anomaly as a result of availability of a wide choice of food plants for phytophagous birds in central Indian tropical forests and weak species–environment relationships on account of their nomadism. Extraction of non-timber forest products remains a key economic activity in central India and our results imply that it can potentially influence the composition of forest bird communities through alteration of forest structure and floristics.     

阔叶红松林主要种群及林隙形成木的空间格局分析

[目的]分析小兴安岭阔叶红松林固定样地内主要种群及掘根林隙形成木的空间格局,为本地区阔叶红松林的长期经营管理和保护提供依据。[方法]基于野外调查和数据统计,利用点格局分析方法揭示了2.55 hm2样地内重要值排在前4位的种群在不同空间尺度上的空间格局和空间关联性及掘根林隙形成木的空间格局。[结果]表明:样地内胸径(DBH)≥1 cm的乔木共有8种,种群密度差异大。种群的径级结构大体上呈非对称的单峰型曲线。重要值排在前4位的是红松、红皮云杉、白桦和榆树。红松和白桦在整个研究尺度上均为聚集分布,红皮云杉随空间尺度的变化趋势为聚集-随机-均匀分布,榆树在≤16 m尺度上为随机分布,其余尺度上为聚集分布。除红松与红皮云杉、白桦、榆树之间在小尺度呈显著负相关,以及红皮云杉与榆树在小尺度上呈显著正相关外,其余种群的空间关联性均不显著。样地内红松和红皮云杉是掘根林隙形成木的主要组成树种,掘根形成的林隙形成木空间分布格局除在3 6 m尺度上呈均匀分布外,其余研究尺度均呈随机分布。[结论]小兴安岭阔叶红松林不同种群在不同的研究尺度上空间分布格局及空间关联性存在差异,红松和红皮云杉易形成掘根倒木且整体上呈随机分布。     

石栎、青冈栎和杉木混交林分的空间结构

为了弄清优质林分的结构特征,应用传统林分结构因子分析方法,配合混交度、角尺度、大小比数3个林分空间结构参数,分析了位于江苏宜兴近郊的自然保护区内宜兴小黑沟石栎、青冈栎、杉木混交林的空间结构特征。结果表明:石栎、青冈栎、杉木混交林物种丰富度较高,乔木层共出现9个树种,径级结构分布连续,群落垂直结构特征明显,可分为3个林层;林分平均混交度为0.516,处于强度混交状态;林分平均角尺度为0.482,属于随机分布;林分平均大小比数为0.482,有超过40%的林木处于优势状态;石栎、青冈栎和杉木种群优势度明显,群落暂时处于相对稳定状态。     

Safety of the tram car for slopes examined by stress analysis of the ground structure

For monorail systems, it is very important to ensure the safety of the ground structure. We developed a tram car for slopes that utilizes the mechanism of the monorail and analyzed the stress of the ground structure that had double rails. First, we divided the ground structure into seven components, and formulated a procedure for calculating the stress of the ground structure. As a result, the stress that acts upon the main rail and the main rail connecting part was near the allowable stress, and each calculated value was within the allowable stress. We measured the stress by running the vehicle, and compared the measured values with the calculated values. As a result, some measured values were larger than the calculated values. However, the ratio of measured value to allowable stress was 90% or less. Finally, we calculated the static loading coefficient for each part, results of which were as follows: main and subrail: 1.1; rail connection part and prop foundation part: 1.0; rail installation part: 1.3. In the recalculations, it became clear that the recalculated values exceeded the allowable stresses. These results suggest that we need to review the ground structure materials.