围垦年限和土壤容重对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响

为探讨围垦年限和土壤容重双因素对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响,在室内试验的基础上结合理论计算,对海涂4个年限围垦区土壤2个不同容重下土壤导水率、水分特征曲线和扩散率的变化进行了研究。结果表明:围垦年限对土壤颗粒组成、结构及钠盐含量等影响显著,土壤饱和导水率随围垦年限的增长而减小;持水能力、土壤水分扩散率随围垦年限的增长而增大。土壤饱和导水率、吸渗率、土壤水分扩散率及相同土壤吸力下的含水率均随容重的增大而减小,随着围垦年限的增长,土壤容重对水分运动参数的影响更明显。     

利用盘式负压仪测定土壤导水率的计算方法对比

土壤导水率作为重要的水力特征参数之一,准确测量和计算不仅有助于促进土壤非饱和带的水分运动过程理论研究,同时可为合理确定农田灌排技术参数提供科学依据.为了比较分析在盘式入渗仪下不同导水率计算方法的适用性,针对2种土地类型(菜地、茶园)进行了4个负压水头(-9,-6,-3,0 cm)、2个盘径(10,20 cm)的入渗试验,并通过不同计算方法计算导水率.结果表明:盘径对导水率影响不具有统计学意义,且不同计算方法结果趋于一致,因此在野外缺水条件下,可考虑选用小圆盘进行试验;对于不同的土地类型,建议选择不同的方法测量,作为耕作地的菜地,计算导水率时建议使用稳态流方法,而茶园导水率的测定则推荐使用瞬态流方法;在相同负压下,不同土地利用方式对导水率的影响具有统计学意义,且对于不同的计算方法,2种土地类型在4个负压下表现的导水率变化规律一致.     

振动深松耕作对不同类型土壤水分特征曲线影响研究

为了探讨振动深松耕作措施对不同类型土壤的水分特征曲线的影响,利用吸力平板仪和压力膜仪对黑龙江省5种典型土壤,即黑土、黑钙土、水稻土、苏打盐碱土、沙土进行了测定。得到振动深松区和对照区的原状土壤在脱湿过程中不同吸力下的土壤含水率,并利用van Genuchten数学模型对5种土壤的水分特征曲线的实测值进行数值拟合,对比研究了5种土壤水分特征曲线及模型拟合参数、土壤当量孔径、土壤水分有效性及比水容量的变化。结果表明,振动深松前后土壤水分特征曲线差异显著。同一吸力下,深松区土壤含水率高于对照区,振动深松显著提高了土壤的有效供水能力,其中效果最佳的是苏打盐碱土和黑土。振动深松通过改善土壤结构,调整了孔隙孔径的比例,进而提高了土体的有效供水能力。     

Soil matric potential-based irrigation scheduling to rice (Oryza sativa)

About half of the total fresh water used for irrigation in Asia is used for rice production. Decreasing water resources and increasing water costs necessitates increasing water use efficiency for rice. The most common method of irrigation in northwestern India is through alternate wetting and drying with a fixed irrigation interval, irrespective of soil type and climatic demand resulting in over-irrigation or under-irrigation under different soil and weather situations. Soil matric potential may be an ideal criterion for irrigation, since variable atmospheric evaporativity, soil texture, cultural practices and water management affect rice irrigation water requirements. A 4-year field study was conducted to assess the feasibility of rice irrigation scheduling on the basis of soil matric potential and to determine the optimum matric potential so as to optimize irrigation water without any adverse effect on the yield. The treatments included scheduling irrigation to rice with tensiometers installed at 15–20 cm soil depth at five levels of soil matric suction viz. 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240±20 cm, in addition to the recommended practice of alternate wetting and drying with an interval of 2 days after complete infiltration of ponded water. The grain yield of rice remained unaffected up to soil moisture suction of 160±20 cm each year. Increasing soil matric suction to 200 and 240±20 cm decreased rice grain yield non-significantly by 0–7% and 2–15%, respectively, over different years compared to the recommended practice of the 2-day interval for scheduling irrigation. Irrigation at 160±20 cm soil matric suction helped save 30–35% irrigation water compared to that used with the 2-day interval irrigation. With a soil matric potential irrigation criterion the total amount of irrigation water used was a function of the number of rainy days and evaporation during the rice season.     

土壤传递函数在计算土壤饱和导水率中的应用

以河南省封丘县为研究区域,应用7种土壤传递函数(Campbell、Cosby、Brakensiek、Wosten1997/1999、Saxton和Li的方法)分别对该地区不同深度土壤的饱和导水率值进行了模拟预测。通过与野外采样数据的统计分析比较,获得了适用于该地区各层次土壤饱和导水率的传递函数方程,分别选用Wosten1999和Li的方法建立了分层土壤饱和导水率分布图,为该地区的土壤水分运动模拟提供了基本土壤水文资料。     

Determining percolation losses of packed clay soil from tensiometer data

The measurement or prediction of percolation losses in field situations is of great practical significance for efficient irrigation and for determination of the leaching requirement, particularly of clayey soils where impeded percolation occurs. Hydraulic properties and water losses in packed Ashutia clay soil were determined under prevented-evaporation and free-evaporation conditions using lysimeter and tensiometric techniques. Hydraulic conductivity was determined as a function of soil moisture content using percolation flux computed. An exponential relationship between hydraulic conductivity and soil water content K = ae^bθ, was found. The percolation and evaporation-plus-percolation fluxes estimated from tensiometer readings under prevented-and free-evaporation conditions, respectively, matched with profile water losses from lysimeter measurements. The error ranged between 0.01 and 0.82 mm day⁻¹ with high correlation coefficient indicating that water loss from a soil profile can be estimated from tensiometer readings.     

基于土壤水力传导度自动测试系统的瞬时剖面法试验应用

水力传导度表征土壤对水分流动的传导能力,是计算土壤水分运动的一个重要参数,反映非饱和土壤的导水率随含水率或基质势的变化关系。该文采用TS-4型土壤水力传导度测试系统分别对两种土壤进行了3次试验,结果表明:自动测定系统具有方便快捷、精度较高的特性,为实验室模拟非饱和土壤水运动参数测定试验提供了一种有效的方法。      

宁夏黄灌区灌淤土水力参数研究

对宁夏黄灌区灌淤土水力参数进行了较为系统的研究.研究结果表明,原状土与扰动土饱和导水率变化范围分别为10～100 cm/d和3～50 cm/d.原状土饱和导水率随土壤剖面变化规律与扰动土一致:随着土壤深度的增加,饱和导水率呈现高低往复变化.原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率受粘粒含量、密度、孔隙度影响较大,受有机质含量影响较小...     

Developing a reliable strategy to infer the effective soil hydraulic properties from field evaporation experiments for agro-hydrological models

The Richards equation has been widely used for simulating soil water movement. However, the take-up of agro-hydrological models using the basic theory of soil water flow for optimizing irrigation, fertilizer and pesticide practices is still low. This is partly due to the difficulties in obtaining accurate values for soil hydraulic properties at a field scale. Here, we use an inverse technique to deduce the effective soil hydraulic properties, based on measuring the changes in the distribution of soil water with depth in a fallow field over a long period, subject to natural rainfall and evaporation using a robust micro Genetic Algorithm. A new optimized function was constructed from the soil water contents at different depths, and the soil water at field capacity. The deduced soil water retention curve was approximately parallel but higher than that derived from published pedo-tranfer functions for a given soil pressure head. The water contents calculated from the deduced soil hydraulic properties were in good agreement with the measured values. The reliability of the deduced soil hydraulic properties was tested in reproducing data measured from an independent experiment on the same soil cropped with leek. The calculation of root water uptake took account for both soil water potential and root density distribution. Results show that the predictions of soil water contents at various depths agree fairly well with the measurements, indicating that the inverse analysis is an effective and reliable approach to estimate soil hydraulic properties, and thus permits the simulation of soil water dynamics in both cropped and fallow soils in the field accurately.     

A method to predict changes in hydraulic conductivity caused by drainage plows and backfilling of trenches

A method was developed to predict the reduction in hydraulic conductivity around drainpipes due to the laying technique.For the trenchless technique the flow of soil around the body that is forced through the soil is assumed to be a sequence of steady state situations for which the stream lines are the sliding lines defined by Prandtl (1921). From the stream lines and an assumed displacement of the soil mass, a relation is derived between the deformation of the soil, the friction angle and the distance to the plow body.The relation between hydraulic conductivity and deformation was derived from cores placed in a triaxial apparatus. When the friction angle is known, the reduction in hydraulic conductivity can be determined.For the trenching technique, the change in dry bulk density due to settling of the backfill is derived from the relation between the change in density of loosened soils and the original density of the soil before loosening. Using a relation between density and hydraulic conductivity, the reduction in conductivity is obtained.The predicted hydraulic conductivity in the deformed zone caused by a drainage plow and that in backfilled trenches in a silt loam soil and a silty clay loam soil was compared with the hydraulic conductivity derived from measured drain discharges, heights of water table and known original hydraulic conductivities of the undisturbed soil.     

Nitrate leaching and soil nitrate content as affected by irrigation uniformity in a carrot field

High value crops such as carrot planted in coarse soils of the Southern San Joaquin Valley in California are prime candidates for nitrate leaching through irrigation nonuniformity. A 2-year study was carried out to explore the impact of irrigation uniformity on nitrate leaching. Irrigation uniformity was measured using catchcans. Soil nitrate (NO₃-N) and ammonium (NH₄-N) contents were measured from soil sampled at different depths and times during two growing seasons. Nitrate leaching was determined using ion-exchange resin bags at 1-m depth sampled three times during each season. Although, soil NO₃-N as well as seasonal irrigation was significantly higher along the lateral irrigation pipe than between the sprinklers, nitrate leaching was not significantly higher. As expected, soil nitrate content decreased as percolation increased for both years. Nitrate leaching, as estimated by anion-exchange resin bags, was positively correlated to soil NO₃-N content but was not correlated to irrigation depth, irrigation uniformity, or deep percolation. Field variation in saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s), soil organic matter (OM), and soil water retention at field capacity had limited effect on NO₃-N and NH₄-N distributions in the profile and on nitrate leaching. The results of this experiment suggest that irrigation nonuniformity has less impact on nitrate movement than suggested by earlier studies.     

Watercourse Pollution due to Surface Runoff following Slurry Spreading. Part I: Calibration of the Soil Water Simulation Model SOIL for Fields Prone to Surface Runoff

The Swedish soil water model SOIL has been calibrated for several drained fields in Scotland and Ireland. Drainage efficiency in these fields varies, with inefficient drainage systems leading to saturated profiles and large surface runoff flows. The model has been modified to represent drainflow in typical Scottish and Irish fields in which permeable backfill extending to the surface is present directly above plot drains. When the conductivity of the backfill material is low, surface runoff is shown to be enhanced in specific soil types. Overall, the predictions of the modified model are in reasonably good agreement (as shown by the efficiency factor values) with measured water table levels, drain and surface runoff flows in these fields. These calibrated fields are to be used in subsequent work on pollution from surface runoff following slurry spreading. A useful indicator of potential runoff risk in such systems is the total saturated hydraulic conductivity of the profile, defined here as arising from the combination of the saturated soil and drain conductivities. Fields are classified into high risk if the conductivity of the profile is lower than 6 mm/d, low risk if the conductivity is greater than 18 mm/d, and moderate risk for intermediate conductivities. A sensitivity analysis of the model with regard to drain and surface runoff flows, varying the drain spacing, a backfill resistance term, the soil matrix and macropore saturated hydraulic conductivities, soil porosity and the pore size distribution index, is also presented. This analysis shows that in order of increasing importance, backfill resistance, macropore saturated hydraulic conductivity and drain spacing, have the largest effect on the generation of surface runoff.     

Relations between available and extractable soil water and evapotranspiration from a bean crop

The accuracy of ‘available’ and ‘extractable’ soil water estimates was investigated using irrigated and unirrigated beans (Vicia faba) grown in an alluvial silt loam in Canterbury, New Zealand. Available water capacity was defined as the difference between soil water contents in the root zone at the drained upper limit (DUL) and at the lower limit (LL) as estimated by laboratory procedures. Extractable water capacity was specified as the difference between field estimates of DUL and LL for the whole profile affected by roots. DUL was estimated in the laboratory by equilibrating soil cores at matric potentials at ?10, ?20 or ?30 kPa, and in the field by neutron moderation. Laboratory estimates of LL were made from soil samples equilibrated at ?1.5 MPa matric potential. In the field LL was measured by neutron moderation on plots where evaporation had apparently ceased due to drought stress.When compared at intervals down the profile laboratory estimates of DUL and LL showed poor agreement with field observations. However, the final estimates of available and extractable water capacities were similar because of compensatory inaccuracies in the laboratory estimates. Furthermore, field measurements of evapotranspiration, using neutron moderation and tensiometry, indicated that the accuracy of the available water estimates was much reduced by upward fluxes of water into the rooting zone. These fluxes resulted in water extraction to at least 1.0 m although the apparent maximum rooting depth (measured by counting roots washed from soil cores) was only 0.7 m.Particular attention was paid to the influence of subsoil textural variability, which is pronounced in such soils. Laboratory and field estimates of the LL had to be carefully matched texturally before relevant comparisons could be made. Problems associated with subsoil textural variability affected laboratory methods of DUL estimation more than field methods.     

氮肥溶液磁化灌溉下土壤入渗特征和水氮迁移规律研究

为探明不同浓度氮肥溶液磁化前后土壤入渗特征和水氮迁移规律,采用恒定磁场强度300 mT对质量浓度分别为0、0.4、0.7、1.1 g/L的硝酸钾溶液进行磁化处理,以未磁化处理为对照,测定各处理溶液的电导率、pH值、溶氧量、表面张力、累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离和入渗后不同土壤剖面水氮迁移分布。试验结果表明：磁化处理溶液溶氧量显著提高,电导率和表面张力显著减小,并随溶液浓度变化有显著影响,但对pH值无显著影响。氮肥溶液磁化入渗增大了相同入渗时间内的湿润锋运移距离和累积入渗量,Philip、Green-Ampt、一维代数入渗模型拟合所得参数土壤吸渗率S、饱和导水率K_s以及有效土壤水扩散率■均增大,湿润峰处的土壤水吸力S_f、土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率综合形状系数m均减小,增渗效果随氮肥溶液浓度增大而增大。磁化氮肥溶液可提高土壤持水能力,且随溶液浓度增大持水能力增强,一维代数入渗公式可较好描述不同磁场强度下各浓度溶液土壤入渗结束时的土壤含水率分布情况。氮肥溶液和磁化作用对土壤硝态氮含量的影响呈显著正相关关系,二者共同作用下,磁化高浓度溶液硝态氮含量...     

Use of soil physical characteristics from laboratory measurements or standard series for modelling unsaturated water flow

Soil physical characteristics are important input parameters for simulation modelling of unsaturated flow in soils and associated solute flow. The determination of soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves in the laboratory is laborious and expensive. For modelling studies that require characteristics for many soil horizons, such as regional studies or scenario studies, it may be impossible to measure all the necessary characteristics. An alternative would be to use characteristics inferred from readily available soil data by class-pedotransfer functions. In this study such a comparison was made for six sites on sandy soils in the Netherlands using the soil-water model SWACROP with soil physical characteristics from either laboratory measurements or from a standard series as input. For this the simulated pressure head values and moisture content values were compared with measured values at eight different depths using statistical criteria. Furthermore two functional criteria, i.e. the number of workable days and number of days with possible drought, were inferred from simulated pressure head values and again the different results were compared. It was found that simulation results were not significantly different, implying that standard series or class-pedotransfer functions could be used in studies like these for simulating the unsaturated water flow regime in sandy soils on field/farm level or regional level. Differences for specific criteria for individual sites were sometimes substantial and in such cases (at field level) it will make a difference which soil physical characteristics are used.     

Yield and water relations of wheat as influenced by irrigation and depth of tillage

Summary Development of a ploughpan has been reported in Bangladesh for almost all ploughed soils which are puddled for transplanted rice cultivation. Field information on the water requirement of dryland crops such as wheat and the effects of loosening the dense layer on crop yield and water use efficiency are very limited. Field experiments were, therefore, conducted in the grey floodplain soil of Sonatala series (Aeric Haplaquept) to study the irrigation and tillage effects on the yield and water relations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sonalika). The split plot design experiment comprised four irrigation treatments in the mainplots viz. W₀ = no irrigation, W₁ = irrigation of 5 cm at 4 weeks after planting, W₂-W₁ + irrigation(s) of 5 cm each at irrigation water to cummulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE) ratio of 0.75 and W₃- W₁ + irrigation(s) of 5 cm eacht at IW/CPE ratio of 0.50. The sub-plot tillage depth treatments were: A-7.5 cm (traditional), B-15 cm, C-22.5 cm, D-22.5 cm practised in alternate wheat seasons. Measurements were made of grain and straw yield, soil water depletion and water expense efficiency.Irrigation had no effect on grain or straw yield. Tillage to 15 cm increased wheat yield by about 15% over traditional depth to ploughing. In general, deep tillage coupled with one irrigation at four weeks after planting produced the largest wheat yield.Soil water depletion (SWD) in the 0–90 cm profile was greatest in the treatment receiving two irrigations, one at 4 weeks and again at IW/CPE ratio of 0.50. The average SWD in this treatment was 113 in 1982–83 and 82 mm in 1983–84. Plots receiving traditional tillage (7.5 cm) had the greatest SWD. Total water expense were the greatest in treatments receiving three irrigations. The maximum water expense efficiency (WEE) of wheat was observed in the non-irrigated plots in 1982–83 and 1983–84, respectively. Deep tillage treatments, in general, had significantly greater WEE than those under traditional ploughing. Intensive irrigation and efficient soil and water management are important factors in enhancing crop productivity. The former not only permits judicious water use but also better utilization of other production factors thereby leading to increased crop yield which, in turn, helps stabilize the farming economy. The best way to meet increasing demand for water is to adopt efficient water management practices to increase water use efficiency.Irrigation should aim at restoring the soil water in the root zone to a level at which the crop can fully meet its evapo-transpiration (ET) requirement. The amount of water to be applied at each irrigation and how often a soil should be irrigated depend, however, on several factors such as the degree of soil water deficit before irrigation, soil types, crops, and climatic conditions (Chaudhury and Gupta 1980).Knowledge of movement of water through the soil is imperative to efficient water management and utilization. The presence of a dense pan impedes water movement into the sub-soil. As a result, the top soil becomes saturated by irrigation and sensitive dryland crops can fail as this plough layer impedes the penetration of roots into deeper soil layers and decreases water extraction. Crops growing in these soils often undergo severe water stress within 5–8 days after rainfall or irrigation (Lowry et al. 1970). Due to decrease rates of water flow, the lower soil layer may remain unsaturated and as a result, the recharge and soil water storage in the profile are considerably decreased (Sur et al. 1981).In Bangladesh, ploughpans develop to varying degree in almost all ploughed soils (Brammer 1980). They are particularly marked in soils which are puddled for transplanted rice cultivation where the pan is usually only 8–10 cm below the soil surface and 3–5 cm thick. Its presence is generally regarded as advantageous for cultivation of transplanted rice in that it prevents excessive deep percolation losses of water. But in the same soil this cultivation for a subsequent dryland crop would adversely affect yield. A slight modification of the plough layer could enable good yields of both rice and a dryland crop to be obtained in the same soil in different seasons (Brammer 1980). The sub soils have a good bearing capacity, both when wet and dry and the pan can easily be reformed, if desired, for cultivating transplanted rice after a dryland crop like wheat.Professor of Soil Science, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh     

Modelling of Soil Water Dynamics in an Irrigated Corn Field using Direct and Pedotransfer Functions for Hydraulic Properties

A simulation study of the soil waterdynamics in a corn field was carried out inan area of Northern Greece during the 1996growing period. The soil water dynamicswere evaluated using a one-dimensionalmodel based on the Galerkin finite elementmethod. The simulations were carried out ontwo plots in the field which differed as tothe amount and timing of nitrogenfertilizer application. The irrigationwater was applied to the field ininadequate quantities, which resulted inlow water availability. Two procedures forobtaining soil hydraulic properties weretested with regard to the application inthe simulations. The pedotransfer functionsdeveloped by Vereecken et al. (1989,1990) were used to determine the parametersof the soil hydraulic functions, which werethen used in the model to simulate the soilwater dynamics. The simulated results werecompared with available measurements ofwater content at different depths in thesoil during the growing period. Thequalitative and quantitative procedures formodel evaluation showed that there was goodagreement between the simulated and themeasured values of water content atdifferent depths of soil. Results show thatsimulations based on pedotransfer functionspredict the water content reasonably wellcompared to results with the directedestimated hydraulic functions.     

红壤地区典型农田土壤饱和导水率及其影响因素研究

研究了湖南祁阳红壤地区旱地、水田的原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率,并分析了土壤的有机质含量、土壤质地、土壤容重等土壤基本性质对土壤饱和导水率的影响状况。结果表明:原状土的饱和导水率变化于44.8×10-4~1.94×10-4cm/s之间,扰动土的饱和导水率变化于2.59×10-4~1.09×10-4cm/s之间;同一水稻土剖面上的饱和导水率基本呈现由上向下逐渐减小的趋势,且原状土的饱和导水率普遍大于扰动土的饱和导水率。原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率与土壤的主要物理性质之间存在着一定的相关性。通过SPSS统计软件分析显示,土壤容重是影响饱和导水率的最主要因素,而其它如有机质含量和粘粒含量等因素也有着一定的影响。     

Use of sub-hourly soil water content measured with a frequency-domain reflectometer to schedule irrigation of cabbages

Laboratory and field measurements of soil water content were obtained using gravimetric and Theta-Probe methods, the latter a frequency-domain reflectometry method. We obtained real-time in situ measurements of soil water content at depths of 30, 80, 160, 240 and 350 mm to evaluate irrigation practice. A datalogger recording the change in soil water content (and cumulative irrigation) at 20-min intervals was used, with appropriate calculations and graphical presentation, to predict the time and amount of irrigation water required for soil water content to reach field capacity. Measurements at three instead of five depths yielded a different depth-averaged soil water content under relatively dry conditions (less than 0.273 m³ m⁻³), and predicted a later start for irrigation and early crop water stress. Investing in additional sensores for scheduling irrigation would be compensated by financial resources saved through avoiding excess or deficit irrigation, and the associated application cost, loss of nutrients and soil due to deep percolation and erosion, and loss of crop production.     

沙质河漫滩地土壤质量提升技术研究

【目的】研究沙质河漫滩地土壤质量提升技术,探索覆土改良措施对该地区土壤地力提升效益。【方法】通过对沙质河漫滩进行覆土,研究覆土材料的理化性质,进一步分析了其对土壤速效养分的影响。【结果】①覆土土壤田间持水率沙土高于黄土,黄土是沙土的1.88倍,表明黄土的保水特性远高于沙土。②通过水分特征曲线分析,黄土体积含水率高于沙土,黄土体积含水率在下降至14%以后趋于稳定,沙土饱和导水率在下降至5%以后趋于稳定,表明黄土持水性能高于沙土。③在水稻抽穗期和成熟期,表层土壤有效磷量显著高于底层,且差异显著。水稻成熟期土壤速效钾除表层量较高外,其余各土层量均较低,其中20～30 cm土层速效钾量较水稻抽穗期的量显著降低。④土壤有效磷与土壤有机质显著相关,与土壤黏粒量显著相关;有机质与土壤有效磷和速效钾著正相关。【结论】沙地覆盖黄土后土壤质量得到改善,土壤保水保肥能力显著提升。