河北省玉米大斑病菌生理小种组成研究

采用鉴别寄主鉴定技术,对2009～ 2010年采自河北省的120份玉米大斑病菌菌株进行生理小种组成及毒性分析.结果表明,共鉴定出15个生理小种致病类型,即0、1、3、N、12、13、1N、23、2N、3N、123、12N、13N、23N和123N,其中,0号和1号生理小种为优势小种,分别占总分离数的24.2％和20.8％;其次为1N和N号生理小种,分别占总分离数的10.0％和9.2％.春玉米区大斑病菌生理小种的结构较复杂,出现多个生理小种类型,夏玉米区大斑病菌生理小种的结构相对较简单.将各菌株进行毒性分析发现,河北省玉米大斑病菌对Htl和HtN基因的毒性较高,毒性频率分别为57.5％和37.5％;对Ht2和Ht3基因毒性较低.     

香蕉枯萎病菌的致病性测定及其RAPD分析

以分离自海南、广东的18个香蕉枯萎菌菌株为试验材料,进行致病性测定及RAPD分析.结果表明,分离自粉蕉的12个菌株为1号生理小种,而分离自巴西蕉的6个菌株为4号生理小种;1号生理小种菌株侵染粉蕉的发病率与4号生理小种菌株侵染粉蕉、巴西蕉的发病率都是100%;采自海南三亚市荔枝沟镇的15号菌株为强致病性的菌株,与其它5个4号小种菌株相比,差异显著;RAPD分析能区分1号4号生理小种,菌株的地理来源,致病力;引物OPM-15能用来鉴定1号和4号生理小种.     

黑龙江省玉米大斑病菌生理小种组成及变化动态分析

为明确黑龙江省不同生态区玉米大斑病菌生理小种组成及变化动态,采用Ht单基因常规鉴别寄主技术,对2018、2019年采自黑龙江省39个市县的138株玉米大斑病菌菌株进行生理小种鉴定,共鉴定出0、1、2、3、N、12、13、1N、2N、12N和13N号11个生理小种。所鉴定的138个菌株对Ht1、Ht2、Ht3和HtN抗性基因的毒性频率分别为46.1%、15.3%、9.3%和21.5%。分析2005～2019年间黑龙江省玉米大斑病菌生理小种组成结构及变化动态规律,发现近15年黑龙江省大斑病菌生理小种分化呈现日趋复杂化,不断有新的小种出现,从2005年的10个小种到现在16个小种均已被监测到。不同时期各小种组成及出现频率均在不断变化中,0和1号小种始终是该地区的优势小种。     

2009年黑龙江省大豆新品系抗疫霉根腐病鉴定与评价

通过对21个大豆疫霉根腐病菌株进行鉴定,共鉴定出6个生理小种,即1、3、9、11、17、21号生理小种,其中54%的菌株为1号生理小种,表明1号生理小种仍是黑龙江省的优势生理小种.同时对346份黑龙江省大豆种质进行了大豆疫霉根腐病的抗病性鉴定与评价,鉴定出抗疫霉根腐病的资源15份,占供试材料的4.3%;中抗材料12份,占供试材料的3.5%;其它材料均为感病,占供试材料的92.2%.结果表明黑龙江省大豆疫霉根腐病抗性资源较少.     

大豆疫霉病菌致病性分化研究

对采用黑龙江省和内蒙古地区的15株大豆疫霉病菌（P.sojae)进行了生理小种鉴定，只有4株表现稳定的抗感反应，其中3株为38号小种，能克服所有8个鉴别寄主所携带的抗菌基因，表现出较强的致病性；9个菌株（占60％）能克服4个以上Rps基因，包括多抗基因Rps1k,Rps1c和Rps1a，说明黑龙江省P.sojae群体毒性构成复杂，且存在一定比例强毒性菌株，对大豆生产构成潜在威胁，长期保存的P.sojae菌株致病性发生变化，表现为能克服的抗病基因数量增加。     

黑龙江省大豆灰斑病菌(Cercospora sojina Hara)生理小种的研究

几年来采用自行筛选出的一套鉴别品种进行了大豆灰斑病菌生理小种的测定。在黑龙江省各地共采集分离了100个菌株,此外还有吉林及辽宁省6个菌株,共鉴定出11个生理小种。黑龙江省发现的10个小种中,以1号及7号小种出现频率高,分布广,为我省的优势小种,出现频率较高的还有10号小种。 用已知的主要小种,对一批合丰、合交系统大豆推广品种和新品系进行了小种接种鉴定,明确了其对主要小种的抗性谱。其中新选育的合丰27、28、29和30号对优势小种均表现抗病。     

西南地区玉米大斑病菌生理小种鉴定

2008～2010年对采自西南地区的玉米大斑病标样经过单孢分离、纯化,共获得146个菌株。通过Ht单基因鉴别寄主进行生理小种鉴定,共鉴定出9个生理小种,分别为0、1、2、3、12、1N、2N、3N、N。0号小种占鉴定菌株的62.33%,为优势小种,其次为1号小种,占鉴定菌株15.07%。毒性频率分析表明,所有供试菌株对Ht1抗性基因的毒性频率最高,为20.99%;对Ht3抗性基因的毒性频率最低,为1.36%;对Ht2和HtN抗性基因的毒性频率分别为13.01%和9.57%。目前,西南地区玉米大斑病生理小种分化明显,并且产生了新的生理小种,对玉米生产存在潜在威胁。     

2008～2009年黑龙江省大豆灰斑病生理小种的监测

为明确近年黑龙江省主要大豆产区灰斑病生理小种的消长情况,在黑龙江省6个大豆生态区收集鉴定出灰斑病菌样43份,采用自行筛选出的鉴别寄主进行鉴定.共鉴定出18个生理小种,其中1号生理小种仍然为黑龙江省的优势小种,2008年出现频率为27.8%,2009年为40%.15号生理小种有逐年增加的趋势.     

黑龙江玉米大斑病菌生理分化研究

用常规鉴别寄主鉴定方法对2005年和2006年采自黑龙江省玉米主产区的48个大斑病菌菌株进行生理分化鉴定。结果表明,在黑龙江玉米产区鉴定出0、1、12、13、23N、123共6个生理小种。黑龙江玉米大斑病菌以0号生理小种为主,所占比例为52.08%;但其他小种有上升为优势小种的趋势,如1、12、13号小种所占比例分别为22.92%、10.42%和8.33%。说明黑龙江玉米产区玉米大斑病菌生理分化组成已发生变化,并且出现了克服多个抗性基因的生理小种,小种毒性组成呈复杂化。     

黑龙江省大豆灰斑病菌生理小种鉴定

２００６～２００７年在黑龙江省各主要大豆产区采集并分离大豆灰斑病菌菌株２１０个,采用一套鉴别寄主对 采集的大豆灰斑病菌进行鉴定,结果表明：黑龙江省大豆灰斑病菌共有１６个生理小种,除以往报道的１～４号、６～ １１号生理小种外,又增加了５号、１２～１６号等６个新的生理小种。从主要生理小种在黑龙江省内各地的出现频率 来看,以１号小种出现频率最高,为４１．４３％,其次是７号小种,为１３．３３％,１０号小种出现频率为６．６７％,占第三 位。黑龙江省内大豆种植区主要以１号小种占优势,各地小种的组成和比例均有所不同。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.