三种害螨对螺螨酯的抗药性研究进展

螺螨酯是一种高效的螺环季酮酸类杀螨剂。研究表明,田间害螨对其敏感性差异较大,现已有多种害螨对其产生了抗药性。就三种田间常见害螨对螺螨酯的抗药性现状及发展趋势、抗药性机理研究现状及抗性治理策略进行综述。     

微粒体多功能氧化酶及其与昆虫抗药性的关系

经常使用同一农药防治同一害虫,由于害虫或害螨产生了抗药性,使得杀虫剂的防治效果降低,造成一些害虫,害螨再猖獗,次要害虫暴发为害。昆虫产生抗药性的原因是多方面的,其中以一种解毒酶,即多功能氧化酶的活性增高最为重要。近年来,害虫或害螨抗药性日趋严重,抗性种类增加很多,     

苹果全爪螨抗药性研究进展

苹果全爪螨是重要的蔷薇科果树害虫之一, 具有体型小、繁殖快、世代周期短等生物学特点。该螨以若螨和成螨取食苹果叶片和嫩芽, 影响果树生长发育, 造成果实品质和产量下降, 自20世纪60年代开始其在我国果园的发生逐年加重。国内外对苹果全爪螨的防治主要采用化学杀螨剂, 由于化学杀螨剂长期不规范的使用, 致使该螨对多种类型的化学杀螨剂产生了抗药性。本文总结了苹果全爪螨的发生、为害、抗药性现状及其抗性机理, 同时结合国内外苹果全爪螨抗药性和防治相关研究, 提出该螨抗药性治理策略, 以期为其防治提供参考。     

棉叶螨的抗药性现状与治理策略

棉叶螨也称为棉红蜘蛛,属蛛形纲叶螨科,其种类繁多,分布范围广,世代周期短,是为害棉花的一类重要害螨。目前,用于防治棉叶螨的化学药剂主要是神经毒剂及呼吸抑制剂2大类,且棉叶螨对多数药剂产生了不同程度的抗性,以二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为首的植食性害螨已成为世界上抗药性最严重的节肢动物之一。美国路易斯安那州棉田二斑叶螨种群对阿维菌素产生了1 415倍抗性,而国内棉花上棉叶螨主要对有机磷类药剂产生了较强抗性,最高为467倍。棉叶螨产生抗药性的机制主要涉及靶标突变及解毒代谢增强,其中靶标突变主要涉及乙酰胆碱酯酶、电压门控钠离子通道和谷氨酸门控氯离子通道等;细胞色素P450单加氧酶、羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶等一种或多种解毒酶共同参与害螨对化学药剂的解毒代谢。该文主要从棉叶螨的种类及分布、用于防治棉叶螨的化学药剂、棉叶螨的抗药性现状、抗药性机制解析和抗药性治理策略5个方面进行阐述,提出因地制宜的抗药性治理策略,旨在为棉叶螨的田间防治提供指导。     

褐飞虱抗药性机理及其治理研究进展

褐飞虱是一种重要的农业害虫,其对许多杀虫剂都产生了抗药性。化学药剂的大量不合理使用是导致褐飞虱产生抗药性的主要原因。褐飞虱的抗药性机理主要包括代谢抗性和靶标抗性。本文对褐飞虱的抗药性机理进行了综述,并对该虫的抗性治理进行了探讨。褐飞虱的抗性治理策略应包括抗性监测、使用新型药剂、合理使用杀虫剂及抗虫品种等。     

小菜蛾抗药性研究现状及防治措施

小菜蛾是十字花科蔬菜上最主要的害虫之一,其危害严重。随着杀虫剂的广泛使用,小菜蛾已对许多药剂产生了抗药性。本文就小菜蛾抗药性研究现状、抗性机理和抗性治理等方面的研究概况做了介绍。     

农业害虫抗药性及其治理

对农业害虫抗药性的定义、害虫抗药性现状、抗药性的发展因素、抗性产生的机理等方面进行了阐述,并介绍几种害虫抗药性治理方案。     

菜缢管蚜对12种杀虫剂的交互抗药性测定

长期大量使用化学农药导致了害虫抗性问题。而抗性谱调查和抗性监测是合理选择替换农药、延缓害虫抗药性所不可缺少的工作。本文作者以对氰戊菊酯抗药性达613.6倍的菜缢管蚜(Lipaphis erysimi Kalt)种群为基础,研究了其对4种类型杀虫剂的交互抗性谱,以便为该害虫的抗性治理提供依据。     

桃树桔始叶螨抗药性测定

桔始叶螨可为害多种果树,以刺吸式口器吸食叶片汁液,对桃树等果树的生长、结果影响很大.近年来,由于不合理的使用化学药剂,致使该螨产生严重抗性,为了解西昌地区桃树桔始叶螨的抗药性问题,有效地抑制其抗性发展和升级,我们于去年4月对桃树桔始叶螨进行了室内抗药性测定,为果园合理使用化学药剂防治害螨提供依据 .     

从抗药性植绥螨的选育看天敌的遗传改良

选育抗药性植绥螨西后绥伦螨Metaseiulus occidentalis Nesbitt)是北美西部落叶果园和葡萄园螨类(特别是叶螨Tetranychus)的最重要的捕食天敌,对它的遗传改良已获成功。选中它作遗传改良主要是因为它的经济重要性以及基于它已获得了有机磷抗性。在用有机磷防治其它害虫时,它仍能控制梨苹果园中的害螨。由于靶子害虫已对有机磷产生了抗性不难推断它也有了抗性,从而发现     

昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性机制研究进展

双酰胺类杀虫剂是以昆虫鱼尼丁受体为作用靶标的新型杀虫剂,由于其作用机制独特,对多种鳞翅目害虫具有良好的防治效果而得到广泛应用。但已经有多种害虫的田间种群对该类药剂产生了抗性,甚至导致田间防治失败。本文在综述昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性现状的基础上,重点总结了抗性机制方面的最新研究进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为进一步深入研究双酰胺类杀虫剂的抗性机制提供借鉴。     

捕食螨的抗药性研究进展

抗药性捕食螨的应用是IPM中生防和化防相结合的重要措施之一。本文综述了农药对捕食螨的影响、捕食螨抗药性现状、抗药性机制、抗药性监测方法、交互抗性及遗传改良等,并介绍了抗药性捕食螨的应用现状及前景,旨在充分保护和利用捕食螨,使生物防治与化学防治有机结合。     

Monitoring of spirodiclofen susceptibility in field populations of European red mites, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and the cross-resistance pattern of a laboratory-selected strain

BACKGROUND: Phytophagous mites such as the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), are serious pests in European fruit tree orchards, and a number of acaricides are frequently used to control them. Spirodiclofen (Envidor^®) has been a commonly used acaricide for several years. In the present study, European field populations collected in 2009 and 2010 were checked for their susceptibility to spirodiclofen by using discriminating dose and full dose response bioassays. RESULTS: In 2009 and 2010, a total of 63 field populations (including winter eggs) of European red mites were collected in different European countries, and in several populations from south‐western Germany a shifting in susceptibility against spirodiclofen was observed. Full dose response bioassays on different developmental stages of field‐collected strains suggested an age‐dependent expression of resistance because eggs remain fully susceptible to spirodiclofen. Artificial selection with spirodiclofen of one of the field strains resulted in resistance ratios of > 7000. Synergism studies suggest a possible role of cytochrome‐P450‐dependent monooxygenases in spirodiclofen detoxification. Most of the other acaricides from different chemical classes displayed no or low cross‐resistance in a spirodiclofen‐selected strain. CONCLUSION: In order to preserve spirodiclofen as an important tool in spider mite resistance management, the efficacy situation should be continuously monitored, and it is suggested that spirodiclofen be alternated with acaricides coming from different mode‐of‐action classes. An observed age‐specific expression of resistance revealed full susceptibility of eggs, so targeting spirodiclofen particularly against eggs is likely to reduce the selection pressures imposed on other life stages. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

MYC 8005, an antibiotic against spider mites. 2. Growth inhibition and pseudo-sterilization in insects and mites

The antibiotic MYC 8005, known as an acaricide, appeared to possess strong growth inhibiting properties, not only in immature stages of spider mites but also in larvae of several insect species. Adult mites and insects seemed not to be affected. However, the fecundity of femaleTetranychus cinnabarinus was strongly reduced by deposits of MYC 8005 on the leaves of bean plants. The feeding of adult houseflies and Colorado potato beetles with MYC 8005 resulted in complete or almost complete sterilization of the insects. The sterilizing effect appeared to be caused by inhibition of maturing processes, in particular of yolk formation in the eggs, whereas follicles looked normal. These facts, and the strong reduction of the fat body in treated insects, suggest that the lipid and protein metabolism are disturbed by MYC 8005.     

荔枝瘿螨生物学及其防控研究进展

荔枝瘿螨是为害荔枝的一类重要害虫,体型小、种类多、分布广。随着荔枝种植面积的扩大、荔枝果实和荔枝苗木的远距离运输,给荔枝瘿螨的传播创造了条件。本文主要总结了国内荔枝瘿螨的研究结果,阐明了荔枝瘿螨的种类及其分布特点;以荔枝瘤瘿螨Aceria litchii和荔枝分位瘿螨Disella litchii为例,阐述了荔枝瘿螨的生物学特性及种群动态、天敌、寄主(荔枝品种)的抗虫(瘿螨)性、种群监测技术、防治措施等方面的研究进展。结合产业发展,指出生产中亟待解决的问题和研究方向,并提出建立“以农业防治为基础、生物防治相结合、化学防控为辅助”的荔枝瘿螨综合防控技术体系的具体措施。     

m6A RNA甲基化修饰在昆虫生长发育、免疫和抗药性中的作用

N6-腺苷酸甲基化(N6-methyladenosine, m6A)修饰是真核生物中含量最丰富的RNA修饰, 通过参与RNA的选择性剪接、稳定性、出核、翻译和降解等分子过程从而调控动物、植物和微生物的多项重要生物学功能。本文总结归纳了m6A 修饰在果蝇Drosophila、家蚕Bombyx mori、意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera和烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci等昆虫生长发育、免疫和抗药性中的作用, 并分析了当前研究中的不足与空白, 为进一步研究m6A修饰在昆虫中的生理功能提供参考。     

Synergistic effect of Beauveria bassiana and spirodiclofen on the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae)

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pests in agriculture. Due to its short life cycle and high reproductive rate, this pest has become resistant to most acaricides. Therefore, finding alternative control strategies for this damaging pest is necessary. Application of microbiological agents with minimum concentrations of acaricides is a very suitable tactic in integrated pest management. In the present study, lethal effects of a chemical acaricide – spirodiclofen, and an Iranian strain of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, were evaluated on different life stages of the two-spotted spider mite on two host plants, bean and cucumber. In the next step, compatibility of acaricide with the fungus was studied regarding conidial germination and vegetative growth of the fungus in the presence of different concentrations of the acaricide. Finally, the acaricide at rates of LC₂₅ with the fungus at LC₅₀ were sprayed on adult female mites. The results showed that immature stages of T. urticae were more susceptible to the acaricide whereas the adults were more susceptible to the fungus. Also, mites reared on cucumber were significantly more susceptible to the acaricide and fungus than those reared on bean. Spirodiclofen and the fungus had a synergistic effect; percentage of mortality for fungus infection was 48.6% and 53.5% on bean and cucumber, respectively, while it was 80.6% on bean and 84.5% on cucumber when the mite was sprayed with both the fungus and the acaricide.