农田节肢动物食物网结构与天敌控害功能

传统的节肢动物群落多样性研究主要关注物种的丰富度、群落结构及其动态变化,难于深入解析多物种间的复杂作用关系及生态功能的内在驱动机制。节肢动物食物网组建及结构分析,可以评价不同营养层级物种间的相互作用,进而阐明天敌生物控害作用等食物网功能的调控机制。该文系统梳理了农田节肢动物食物网的组成和评价方式,介绍其结构与功能关系,并结合食物网理论在害虫生物防治中的应用实践,总结物种内部作用和外界环境变化对食物网结构及功能的影响,深化了对食物网结构介导的天敌控害功能的认识,为优化农田害虫生物控制理论提供了参考。     

新疆棉花蚜虫-寄生蜂食物网结构的分子检测体系

为明确新疆棉花蚜虫-寄生蜂的食物网结构,通过设计新疆棉花蚜虫和寄生蜂的特异性引物,建立并优化可以在物种水平上开展棉花蚜虫-寄生蜂食物网结构分析的分子检测方法,该方法包括3个多重PCR检测体系（cMP1、cPriMP2和cHypMP3）和1个单一PCR（cSP1）检测体系,并应用建立的方法对采自库尔勒、阿克苏、昌吉的2 383头僵蚜样品进行分子检测。结果表明,4个体系的灵敏度均较高,其中蚜虫cMP1体系的检出限为500 DNA拷贝数,初级寄生蜂cPriMP2体系的检出限为5 000 DNA拷贝数,重寄生蜂cHypMP3和cSP1体系的DNA检出限分别为500拷贝数和100拷贝数。该方法能够快速且准确地鉴定4种棉花蚜虫、4种初级寄生蜂和7种重寄生蜂,特异性良好。使用该方法对供试僵蚜样品进行检测并成功绘制出新疆棉花蚜虫-初级寄生蜂-重寄生蜂食物网,定量分析了不同初级寄生蜂对蚜虫的寄生作用及重寄生蜂与初级寄生蜂之间形成的食物网络关系。表明所建立的分子检测方法可以用于评估不同种类寄生蜂在新疆棉花蚜虫种群控制中的生态功能,解析物种间的食物网关系。     

玉米田节肢动物群落研究进展

玉米是世界上种植最广泛的粮食作物之一,播种面积仅次于小麦和水稻居第三位。中国的玉米播种面积大,分布广,是全球第二大玉米生产国和消费国。节肢动物是包括玉米田在内的农田生态系统重要组成部分,也是维持农田生态系统正常生态功能的重要因素。目前玉米田节肢动物群落的研究主要集中在两个方向:常规玉米田节肢动物群落和转基因玉米田节肢动物群落。现有的研究大多集中于常规玉米田。随着转基因玉米种植规模及商业化进程的快速推进,国内外许多学者开始关注转基因玉米田节肢动物群落结构、动态及其食物网。研究者认为转基因玉米作物的大面积种植对昆虫群落生态功能的影响研究将会成为新的热点与方向。     

昆虫分子标记基因和序列及应用

本文综述了昆虫分子系统学中应用较广的核糖体DNA(rDNA)、线粒体DNA(mtDNA)、核蛋白编码基因和卫星、微卫星DNA等几类核酸分子标记基因和序列及其研究进展。检疫性害虫的分子检测可选择其中一种或多种分子标记基因。     

黑河中游沙质荒漠地面节肢动物群落组成及多样性季节变异

地面节肢动物是荒漠生态系统的重要组分之一,在维持荒漠生态系统的结构与功能方面起着关键作用.但至今尚缺乏对黑河中游沙质荒漠地面节肢动物群落组成及多样性季节变异规律的研究.文中以黑河中游沙质荒漠生态系统为研究对象,在5月上旬、7月和9月中旬三个典型时期采用陷阱法对地面节肢动物群落进行了系统调查,并利用多元方差分析和群落排序等方法定量研究了沙质荒漠地面节肢动物群落的季节变异规律.主要结果如下:(1)黑河中游沙质荒漠生态系统主要的地面节肢动物群落存在明显的季节变异,7月和9月地面节肢动物群落较为相似.(2)从5月到9月,地面节忮动物群落活动密度逐渐降低,而均匀度指数逐渐增加;地面节肢动物类群丰富度和多样性指数变化规律接近,7月和9月显著高于5月,优势度指数变化规律刚好相反.(3)不同地面节肢动物类群的季节变异规律不同.如从5月到9月拟步甲科活动密度逐渐降低,蚁科活动密度在7月显著高于9月,而9月蚁科的活动密度又显著高于5月.     

稻田节肢动物群落多样性指数与植食类、捕食类亚群落发生量的相关性分析

为明确群落多样性指数在增强稻田生态系统抗性中的作用,运用线性相关性分析法,采用扫网、吸虫器和目测3种调查方法,对有机稻田和化学防治稻田中节肢动物群落多样性指数与植食类、捕食类亚群落的发生量进行了分析比较。结果表明：3种调查方法中有机稻田节肢动物群落多样性指数与植食类害虫发生量均呈负相关,2010年扫网法和2011年目测法的结果呈显著负相关,相关系数r分别为-0.77和-0.79;化学防治稻田中二者无显著相关性。有机稻田和化学防治稻田中节肢动物群落多样性指数与捕食类亚群落发生量均没有显著相关性。表明农业措施对节肢动物群落多样性与植食类亚群落发生量之间的相关性会产生直接效应制约,而对其与捕食类亚群落之间的相关性无直接效应制约。     

区分松材线虫和拟松材线虫的生化及分子鉴别方法

本文从蛋白质，激素，脂类及核酸等不同的角度，概述了松材线虫和拟松材线虫的一些生化和分子鉴别方法及其优缺点。其中以DNA为基础的分子诊断技术（如对rDNA中ITS区的PCR-RFLP等）系目前较稳定可靠的鉴别方法；而以蛋白质为基础的单克隆抗体技术对于正确，快速地鉴别两种线虫也有极大的潜力。     

书虱及其分子生物学研究进展

书虱（book lice）是目昆虫中有重要经济意义的一个类群,也是世界储粮保护中的常见害虫。本文在概述书虱的危害及其主要种类的基础上,从书虱近似种分子鉴定、分子系统发育、共生菌分子检测与协同进化、种群遗传结构与多态性以及书虱抗性分子机制等几个方面对国内外书虱分子生物学研究现状进行了分析,并就分子生物学技术在书虱领域的进一步研究和应用进行了初步展望。     

沙芥田节肢动物群落多样性分析

为了解沙芥田节肢动物群落的结构组成及其多样性,于2013年5月至2013年8月采用目测法和网捕法对沙芥田节肢动物群落进行了系统研究。记录了该田节肢动物共10目44科74种,共计4 080号。其中半翅目和鳞翅目个体数量较多,占个体总数的70%以上,膜翅目和双翅目的丰富度较高。沙芥田节肢动物季节动态变化和多样性指数的变化说明,6月节肢动物个体数量和物种数最多,8月多样性指数和均匀度最大。将沙芥田节肢动物划分为不同的功能集团,并对其进行了多样性分析,结果表明,天敌集团在时间上的多样性指数较高,而害虫集团的个体数量在沙芥生长期各阶段均比其他集团高。其中,小菜蛾、黄曲条跳甲、桃蚜、萝卜蚜和甘蓝蚜为沙芥田的主要害虫,并在不同时期分别成为该田的优势种。本研究对了解沙芥田生态系统以及沙芥田害虫的综合治理具有重要作用。     

荒漠化对区域土地生态系统和社会经济的影响分析--以宁夏回族自治区为例

本文根据１９９４年宁夏回族自治区２０个县荒漠化状况,土地生态系统和社会经济资料,对荒漠化与土地生态系统结构和功能以及社会经济的相关关系进行了分析,并较详细地讨论了荒漠化对土地生态系统结构和功能以及社会经济的影响及其原因。     

An arthropod community beyond the dry limit of plant life

Water availability, which enables plant growth and animal activity, regulates dryland ecosystem function. In hyper-arid ecosystems, rain cannot support vascular plant growth. Therefore, hyper-arid vegetation is restricted to the lower topography, where runoff accumulates. Typically, food resources originating from areas of dense vegetation are dispersed across the desert floor, enabling animal life in areas lacking vascular plant growth. However, certain regions, such as the hyper-arid upper topography, may be devoid of plant-derived food resources. The present study examined arthropod activity in the upper topography of a hyper-arid desert, in comparison with arthropod activity in the lower topography. Pitfall traps were utilized to compare arthropod activity along unvegetated ridges with activity in parallel, vegetated riverbeds. Surprisingly, the study revealed dense arthropod communities in the barren upper topography. Arthropods collected in the upper topography represented 26% of total arthropod abundance. In addition, the overlap between arthropod identity in the ridges and wadis(i.e., riverbeds) was low, and certain arthropods were strongly affiliated with the ridges. The upper topographic communities included high numbers of silverfish(Zygentoma: Lepismatidae), malachite beetles(Psiloderes), and predatory mites(Acari: Anystidae), and these arthropods were present at various life stages. It remains unclear how arthropod communities can persist in the unvegetated upper topography of the hyper-arid study area. These results raise the possibility that other food sources, independent from vascular plants, may play a significant role in the life history of hyper-arid arthropods.     

分子印迹技术在食品安全检测领域中的研究进展

分子印迹技术近年来有了迅速地发展,出现了新的分子印迹聚合物制备技术,通过介绍分子印迹新技术的产生、发展、基本原理、制备方法及在食品安全领域中的研究进展,对该技术应用前景进行了展望。     

食物链网络DNA跟踪技术研究进展

近年来,DNA分子跟踪食物链技术发展迅速并逐渐成为脊椎动物与无脊椎动物食物链研究的新型模式。该技术通过对捕食者肠道或粪便中DNA的鉴定,判别所取食的猎物种类,其主要流程包括PCR引物设计、交叉特异性验证、室内测试、田间样本采集与保存、野外标本测试与结果分析等。该文介绍了食物链DNA跟踪技术的发展历程,对捕食者猎物结构、被捕食者天敌种类与猎物可检测时间等三个主要问题进行综述,并提出该技术的局限性与未来发展的方向。     

Ligand-based computer-aided pesticide design. A review of applications of the CoMFA and CoMSIA methodologies

An overview is given of the CoMFA (comparative molecular field analysis) and CoMSIA (comparative molecular similarity indices analysis) methodologies that are established ligand-based molecular design tools widely used by medicinal and pesticide chemists. In the absence of a three-dimensional structure of the target biopolymer, CoMFA and CoMSIA often provide a practical solution to an otherwise intractable problem of proper characterization of ligand-receptor interactions. These techniques are especially important in agrochemistry, where the number of known molecular structures of pesticide targets is limited. The use of CoMFA and CoMSIA in the agrochemical field for modelling the interactions of insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and herbicide safeners with their target binding sites is illustrated by using some selected published work. The CoMFA and CoMSIA models developed have been used successfully to map the properties of unknown receptors, construct hypotheses for ligand-receptor interactions, optimize lead structures, design novel active compounds, and predict biological activities. The application of CoMFA by the present authors for deriving a binding site hypothesis for dichloroacetamide-type herbicide safeners is described in somewhat more detail.     

Detection of resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors in weeds with emphasis on DNA-based techniques: a review

Resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate synthase (ALS) has been increasing at a faster rate than in any other herbicide group. The great majority of these cases are due to various single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the ALS gene endowing target site resistance. Many diagnostic techniques have been devised in order to confirm resistance and help producers to adopt the best management strategies. Recent advances in DNA technologies coupled with the knowledge of sequence information have allowed the development of accurate and rapid diagnostic tests. While whole plant-based diagnostic techniques such as seedling bioassays or enzyme-based in vitro bioassays provide accurate results, they tend to be labour- and/or space-intensive and will only respond to the particular herbicides tested, making resolution of cross-resistance patterns more difficult. Successful DNA-based diagnosis of ALS inhibitor resistance has been achieved with three main techniques, (1) restriction fragment length polymorphism, (2) polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific alleles and (3) denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. All DNA-based techniques are relatively rapid and provide clear identification of the mutations causing resistance. Resistance based on non-target mechanisms is not identified by these DNA-based methods; however, given the prevalence of target site-based ALS inhibitor resistance, this is a minor inconvenience.     

Ground-active arthropod responses to rainfall-induced dune microhabitats in a desertified steppe ecosystem,China

Different microhabitats along dune slope were found to affect the distribution of plant performances and soil properties in desertified ecosystems.However,the ground-active arthropod responses to rainfall-induced dune microhabitats were largely unknown in desertified regions.At dune top,midslope and bottom,ground-active arthropods were sampled by the method of pitfall traps in addition to the herbaceous and soil measurements during spring,summer and autumn from 2012 to 2013.Ground-active arthropod had a strong dynamics in time,seasonally and yearly in responses to rainfall-induced dune microhabitats and the variations were significant higher than those of soil and herbaceous properties.The abundance distribution of dominant taxa(i.e.Melolonthidae,Carabidae,Glaphyridae,Tenebrionidae and Formicidae families)among dune microhabitats was similar between seasons within the same year,whereas they differed markedly between two sampling years with varying rainfall patterns.A significant(P<0.05)difference in total abundance,taxa richness and Shannon index among dune microhabitats was found only in certain season time,particularly in 2013;however,no significant(P>0.05)differences were found among dune microhabitats when averaged on three sampling seasons within the year of either 2012 or 2013.In all,the taxonomical structure differed considerably from the community structure in ground-active arthropod response to rainfall-induced dune microhabitats.The spatial distribution of taxonomical groups among dune microhabitats was significantly affected by inter-annual rainfall changes,whereas that of community structure was affected by both intra-and inter-annual rainfall changes in desertified ecosystems.     

现代分子生物学技术在木霉鉴定及多样性分析中的应用

木霉是一类重要的生防真菌,具有很大的农业应用潜力。对分离培养的木霉准确鉴定,对其在农业生产中的应用至关重要。近年来,分子生物学技术在木霉鉴定方面得到了广泛应用,本文综述了rDNA-ITS序列分析、通用引物PCR(UP-PCR)、随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)、扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)等分子技术在木霉鉴定与多样性分析中的应用。