桂东丘陵地区人工林小气候效应对比

为探讨桂东丘陵区森林小气候效应,选择苍梧县具代表性的几种人工林作为研究对象,对其林内外的小气候进行观测。结果表明,荷木湿地松（Schima superba×Pinus elliotti）混交林内的气温、大气相对湿度与林外的差值较大;湿地松大叶栎（Pinus elliotti×Castanopsis fissa）混交林光合有效辐射最大,达1663．8μmol／（m^2·s）,与光合有效辐射最低的竹林相差97．4％。初步认为,林分类型和结构对林分小气候及森林防火、防虫等生态效应有着重要影响。     

宜昌市不同城市森林类型生态效益研究

本文通过对组成宜昌市城市森林生态系统的五个主要森林类型的环境生态效益进行初步研究、对比分析和评价，得出以下结论：１、不同的城市森林类型都有明显的减少地表径流、林冠截留、涵养水源及减少土地侵蚀量等水文效益。２、城市森林对环境小气候有明显改善作用，森林对小气候的改善作用与林分郁闭度、平均树高、林冠层厚度等林分因子密切相关。３、不同森林类型对环烷的生态效益具有显著的差异性，乔、灌、草立体结构的混交林优于树种、结构单一的森林类型。     

鄂西三峡库区端坊溪小流域优良林分小气候效益研究

长江中上游防护林体系初建以来,为定量化反映出不同林分在保护环境中的作用,以端坊溪小流域为试验点,针对鄂西三峡库区6种优良林分,从林地的小气候观测及影响森林小气候的主要林分因子等方面进行了小气候效益研究。研究表明:1.森林对林内光照、地温、空气温度、湿度及林地水汽蒸发具有明显的影响作用;2.林分因子中,影响森林小气候的主要是郁闭度,平均林分高及林冠层厚度等;3.林分结构不同,对小气候的影响程度较大。     

杉木拟赤杨混交林水源涵养功能研究

分别从林冠层、灌木层、草本层、凋落物层及土壤层５个层次对不同混交比例的杉木拟赤杨混交林涵养水源功能的研究结果表明：混交林涵养水源功能主要体现在调节降雨分配和增加林地蓄水能力上。不同比例混交林持水量大小排序为：１：１行间混交林＞３：１带状混交林＞１：１株间混交林＞杉木纯林。林分不同层次的持水量表现为土壤层＞林冠层＞灌木层＞凋落物层＞草本层。杉木拟赤杨混交林具有比杉木纯林更好的涵养水源功能。     

酸雨区亚热带针阔混交林的冠层淋溶特征

2001年1月至2002年6月在湖南韶山对亚热带针阔混交林4个采样区进行酸雨监测,分析林内穿透水中主要离子的淋溶特征.结果表明:大气降水经过森林冠层后pH值明显升高,亚热带针阔混交林对SO2-4、NO3-、Mg2 、NH4 和Na 具有吸收作用,SO2-4、Ca2 和Mg2 的冠层淋溶百分率随降雨量的增加明显减少.Ca2 、K 和Cl-的冠层淋溶百分率随着pH值增加而增加.韶山地区在常年酸沉降作用下,森林冠层对酸性离子SO2-4、NO3-的吸收作用最强.根据18个月离子浓度平均值来计算,韶山地区森林冠层离子的淋溶序列为:K ＞Ca2 ＞Cl-＞Mg2 ＞SO2-4＞NO3-＞NH4 ＞Na .     

柠檬桉与乡土树种复层混交林效果分析

对22a生柠檬桉×木荷×杉木复层混交林、木荷×杉木单层混交林及杉木纯林调查分析表明：柠檬桉×木荷×杉木复层混交林能合理利用营养空间,提高林分生产力,林分蓄积量比木荷×杉木单层混交林提高了30．6％,比杉木纯林提高了119．3％。柠檬桉由于树体高大,与木荷、杉木混交,其密度的增加并不会影响乡土树种的树高、胸径、材积生长。柠檬桉×木荷×杉木复层混交林林下植被丰富,生物多样性高于荷×杉单层混交林和杉木纯林。     

美国的森林植被模型

从1973年以来, 森林植被模型在美国就被作为森林生长模拟模型来使用, 广泛用于评价林分目前的生长状况和预测不同经营管理措施下林分未来的动态变化。其能够模拟各种不同的森林类型和林分结构, 包括同龄林、异龄林、纯林和混交林, 以及单层混交林和复层混交林等。同时, 森林植被模型能够模拟大多数主要森林树种、森林类型和林分条件在不同森林培育措施(包括疏伐、施肥等)下的变化状况。森林植被模拟体系还能够评价和预测病虫害和火灾等干扰因子对林分状况的影响。目前这个模型已经成为一个高度综合的分析工具体系。     

天目山自然保护区典型森林植被乔木层生物量研究

对天目山自然保护区8种典型森林类型(杉木林、马尾松林、针阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、毛竹林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林、落叶矮林)进行样地调查并计算了各个森林类型乔木层林分密度、物种种类、优势树种、生物量.结果表明,生物量大小顺序为常绿落叶混交林＞落叶阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞杉木林＞常绿阔叶林＞马尾松林＞毛竹林＞落叶矮林;在海拔1 000 m以下的5种森林类型,生物量变化不大;而在海拔1000m以上的3种森林类型,随海拔升高生物量下降,物种则增加.     

杉木酸枣人工混交林生产力和林木生长规律的研究

本文分析比较了２０年生杉木与酸枣人工混交林以及杉木纯林、酸枣纯林生产力和林木生长规律。结果表明：杉木与酸枣人工混交林乔木层生物量为１６８．７４ｔ／ｈｍ２＞杉木纯林乔木层生物量１３５．９５ｔ／ｈｍ２＞酸枣纯林乔木层生物量１０７．０１ｔ／ｈｍ２;杉木与酸枣混交林林分蓄积量为３５５．１１３ｍ３／ｈｍ２＞杉木纯林蓄积量３０１．６７２ｍ３／ｈｍ２＞酸枣纯林蓄积量１７３．１５０ｍ３／ｈｍ２;杉木与酸枣混交可改变树种单调状况,防止地力衰退,提高林地生产力。     

南亚热带马尾松红椎人工林群落结构、物种多样性及基于自然的森林经营

研究广西凭祥伏波林场28年生马尾松纯林、红椎纯林及红椎×马尾松混交林的群落结构与物种多样性,根据培育人工大径材和满足生态服务功能的发展目标,提出基于自然的森林经营方向.结果表明:马尾松纯林可划分为2层(Ⅰ层13 ～24 m优势种为马尾松,Ⅱ层2～9m优势种为红椎),红椎纯林可划分为2层(Ⅰ层:12～17 m,优势种为红椎;Ⅱ层:2～8 m,优势种也为红椎),红椎×马尾松混交林可划分为3层(Ⅰ层:20～25 m,优势种为红椎;Ⅱ层:13～20 m,优势种为马尾松;Ⅲ层:4～7 m,优势种为红椎);胸径大于1 cm的乔木物种数表现为马尾松纯林(11种)＞红椎×马尾松混交林(7种)＞红椎纯林(4种);胸径大于1 cm的林木株数表现为马尾松纯林(1949株·hm-2)＞红椎纯林(825株·hm-2)＞红椎×马尾松混交林(383株·hm-2);胸高断面积表现为马尾松纯林(30.05 m2·hm-2)＞红椎×马尾松混交林(17.48 m2·hm-2)＞红椎纯林(12.35 m2·hm-2);平均胸径表现为红椎×马尾松混交林(21.7 cm)＞红椎纯林(9.9 cm)＞马尾松纯林(9.7 cm);除丰富度指数外,红椎×马尾松混交林灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数均显著低于2种纯林(P＜0.05);红椎纯林草本层多样性指数最低,但3种林分之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).对于该地区的马尾松纯林,通过林分结构调整,充分依靠林下天然更新,适当补植阔叶树种,最终形成以阔叶树为主的异龄、复层针阔混交林;对于红椎纯林,根据目标树经营体系,通过林分结构调整,补植部分阔叶树种,最终形成异龄、复层阔阔混交林;对于红椎×马尾松混交林,根据目标树经营要求对妨碍目标树生长的林木进行砍伐,促进林下马尾松和红椎更新,最终形成异龄、复层针阔混交林.     

Forest biomass and root–shoot allocation in northeast China

Temperate and boreal forests act as major sinks for atmospheric CO₂. To assess the magnitude and distribution of the sinks more precisely, an accurate estimation of forest biomass is required. However, the determinants of large-scale biomass pattern (especially root biomass) are still poorly understood for these forests in China. In this study, we used 515 field measurements of biomass across the northeast part of China, to examine factors affecting large-scale biomass pattern and root–shoot biomass allocation. Our results showed that, Picea & Abies forest and coniferous & broadleaf mixed forest had the highest mean biomass (178–202 Mg/ha), while Pinus sylvestris forest the lowest (78 Mg/ha). The root:shoot (R/S) biomass ratio ranged between 0.09 and 0.67 in northeast China, with an average of 0.27. Forest origin (primary/secondary/planted forest) explained 31–37% of variation in biomass (total, shoot and root), while climate explained only 8–15%, reflecting the strong effect of disturbance on forest biomass. Compared with shoot biomass, root biomass was less limited by precipitation as a result of biomass allocation change. R/S ratio was negatively related to water availability, shoot biomass, stand age, height and volume, suggesting significant effects of climate and ontogeny on biomass allocation. Root–shoot biomass relationships also differed significantly between natural and planted forests, and between broadleaf and coniferous forests. Shoot biomass, climate and forest origin were the most important predictors for root biomass, and together explained 83% of the variation. This model provided a better way for estimating root biomass than the R/S ratio method, which predicted root biomass with a R² of 0.71.     

森林的价值观

本文讨论了森林价值观的意义、现代科学对森林价值的研究水平、森林价值观的历史发展,论述了单纯经济价值观和分工价值观的后果及其局限性。森林的多重价值观以森林的多重价值具有紧密联系为基础。没有一个健康的生态系统,就没有生物多样性和良好的环境,也就谈不到林产品的持续生产。当前,以多重价值观为基本出发点的林业经营体系正在形成。     

全球气候变化及森林生态系统的适应性管理

人类活动所引起的温室效应及由此造成的全球气候变化对全球生态环境的影响正越来越引起人们的关注。森林作为全球陆地生态系统的一个重要组分, 对全球气候变化的响应较为敏感。文中系统总结了全球气候变化对物种和森林类型分布、森林生态系统结构和物种组成、森林生产力、森林土壤碳氮循环和森林灾害等几个方面的影响, 以及森林生态系统管理面临的挑战, 在此基础上提出了适应未来气候变化的森林生态系统管理策略。     

我国森林生态系统枯落物现存量研究进展

在参考大量相关文献的基础上,对我国森林生态系统枯落物现存量研究进展进行了归纳总结。我国枯落物现存量的研究主要集中在亚热带和温带,热带相对较少;枯落物现存量的研究主要采用收获法,但取样样方的布设、面积、数量及取样时间等尚没有统一的规定;在大区域尺度上,气候是影响森林枯落物现存量变化的主导因子,不同气候带森林枯落物现存量的大小顺序为温带>亚热带>热带;森林枯落物现存量还受林分起源、群落组成和结构、群落发育阶段、土壤、地形条件及干扰的影响。文中还针对全球变化背景下我国森林枯落物现存量研究中存在的问题及今后的研究方向进行了探讨。     

Willingness of Private Forest Owners to Supply Woody Biomass in Croatia

Renewable energy sources have received significant attention in European countries as a result of increasing dependence on energy imports and concerns over high prices of fuels and climate change. Although private forests in Croatia account for less than one quarter of all forests, they may play an important role in woody biomass energy production, due to their underutilized exploitation. The objective of this paper is to identify the willingness of private forest owners to supply woody biomass and to understand how this willingness is affected by certain owner, management and forest property characteristics. A survey conducted in Croatia in 2012 of a random sample of 350 private forest owners shows that almost half of them were willing to supply woody biomass. A random utility model was used to determine the factors influencing private forest owners’ willingness to supply woody biomass. The results showed that willingness to supply woody biomass was influenced by property size, management objectives (production of fuel wood for personal needs and using the forest for outdoor recreation), cooperation with other forest owners and owner age. In order to enhance woody biomass mobilization from private forests it is important to identify the owners who are willing to supply it and to provide them with financial and administrative support using a mix of developed forest policy instruments.     

近自然森林经营在德国的应用成效分析

[目的]分析德国推行近自然森林经营20年来的经营效果,总结德国推行近自然森林经营的经验。[方法]在明晰近自然森林经营原则的基础上,基于两期(间隔期10年)资源清查数据对比,对德国大面积推行近自然森林经营20年的经营效果进行分析。[结果]两期资源清查数据表明,德国采用近自然经营20年后,针叶林如挪威云杉和欧洲赤松的面积显著减少,阔叶林和针阔混交林面积持续增加;阔叶树种蓄积平均增长量约为15 m~3·hm~(-2),针叶树种蓄积平均增长4 m~3·hm~(-2),挪威云杉是唯一蓄积下降的树种,下降了5 m~3·hm~(-2);近自然度等级变化表明,人工林面积在减少,而近自然森林的面积在增加,甚至符合原始林等级的森林面积也在增加。[结论]实现近自然森林经营的目标是一个长期的过程,联邦政府促进和保护森林的政策以及林场主所采用的先进的森林经营技术也是德国森林每公顷蓄积达到336 m~3的重要原因;在近自然森林经营的原则下,德国森林中针阔混交林比例显著增加;将近自然程度不高的人工林经营转化为近自然的森林生态系统是德国森林经营所面临的主要问题。     

Forest dynamics after selective timber harvesting in Papua New Guinea

Forest dynamics after timber harvesting is a major issue for tropical forest managers and communities. Timber harvesting provides income to communities and governments and resources to industry but it has also been identified as a potential contributor to deforestation and degradation of tropical forests. In Papua New Guinea (PNG) harvesting is primarily occurring in accessible primary forests however, the fate of these forests under current harvesting practices is poorly understood.In this study we investigated the impacts of selective harvesting on stand structure, growth and dynamics, recovery and degradation, and species diversity. We also assessed the impacts of forest fire after the 1997-98 El Nino on basal area (BA) growth and mortality rates of natural tropical forests in PNG. For this study we used data from 118 (105 in selectively harvested and 13 in un-harvested forest), one-hectare permanent sample plots distributed across the country and measured for over 15 years by the PNG Forest Research Institute (PNGFRI). We analysed data from 84 of these plots in harvested forest to examine temporal trends in stand condition following harvesting. Mortality rates were investigated in 10 of the 21 plots in harvested forest that were burned during the 1997-98 El Nino drought with sufficient data for analyses. We tested a model developed in Queensland tropical forests to determine whether or not a critical threshold residual BA existed for the recovery of harvested tropical forests in PNG. Results from a logarithmic regression analysis of the relationship between starting BA (BA at first census) and stand BA increment after selective harvesting showed a positive increase in BA growth (r² = 0.74, p < 0.05). However, there was no critical threshold in residual BA that determined whether a harvested forest was likely to degrade or recover BA growth after harvesting. Our analyses suggested that the response to harvesting was variable, with the majority of un-burned plots (75%) showing an increase in BA and remainder a decrease. Average BA of selectively-harvested tropical forests was about 17 m² ha⁻¹ ± 4.17 (SD). Average annual increment in BA across the 84 un-burned plots was 0.17 m² ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ ± 0.62 (SD). Thus these forests generally show capacity to recover after selective harvesting even when the residual BA is low. A proportion of the BA increment is made up of non-commercial pioneer species that originate in significant gaps after harvesting. On burned plots, BA is affected by high mortality rates. The fate of these forests will depend on the degree of future harvesting, potential conversion to agriculture and the impact of fire and other disturbances.     

森林扰动遥感影像检测方法研究进展

将碳达峰、碳中和纳入我国生态文明建设整体布局是中共中央作出的重大战略选择。森林是陆地生态系统最重要的贮碳库,对实现碳中和具有重要作用。森林的扰动与碳储量和碳汇关系密切,目前由于森林扰动资料的缺乏,导致区域森林碳汇与碳源的估算精度不准确,建立和完善适用于中国森林的扰动检测方法具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。文中在分析国内外森林扰动遥感检测文献的基础上对分类后比较法、直接分析法、时间序列分析法与深度学习法进行对比,分析每一类方法的技术特点和应用效果,指出森林扰动检测方法存在的问题,展望今后发展方向,以期能够为森林扰动检测相关研究提供参考。     

基于ICESat-GLAS数据和回波仿真原理识别森林类型

[目的]利用星载激光雷达波形数据对森林类型识别时,受地形、噪声和林层结构等因素影响,针叶林、阔叶林和混交林森林类型识别精度较低,为提高森林类型识别精度,需提取与森林类型相关的波形特征参数.[方法]结合回波仿真原理与林分冠层特征对GLAS回波波形进行理论分析,提出了与森林类型相关的波形特征参数147R-cafit-、K1...     

ITTO对原始林、退化原始林、次生林和其他热带森林类别的界定

ITTO在2002提出的《热带退化与次生森林恢复、经营和重建指南》中将热带森林类别划分为原始林、修正天然林和人工林。修正天然林可分为经营原始林和退化与次生森林2个类型, 其中的退化与次生森林包括退化原始林、次生林和退化林地。不同森林类别之间存在动态变化的过程, 在一定条件下可以相互转化。在详细阐述ITTO对原始林、退化原始林、次生林和其他热带森林类别界定的同时, 综述了ITTO热带森林类别分类体系的发展和其他组织与国际进程对不同森林类别的相关定义。