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《农机化研究》2021,(5)
为解决目前山地果园灌溉成本高、肥效低、浪费严重等问题,构建了一套果园水肥一体化滴灌系统,主要包括数据采集系统、控制中心、灌溉施肥系统,可自动完成母液配制、水肥循环、水肥灌溉及清水灌溉等过程。该系统以PLC为主控制器,以人机交互界面协同的方式控制作业,各传感器与PLC建立MODBUS协议并进行数据交换,保证作业过程中数据的实时监控。在水肥灌溉试验中,3个区域同一支管上不同滴头的平均水量为1.253、1.297、1.172L,同一滴头每5min出水量的平均值分别为0.626、0.659、0.616L,施肥过程中的水肥配比与目标值相比误差不超过5%,能够满足精准施肥要求。 相似文献
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在农业经济发展进程中,果园水肥由于受到相关因素的影响及限制,水肥合理利用仍存在较大问题。这就需要在原有灌溉技术上进行优化改善,从节省人力、物力及提升肥料利用率来看,水肥一体化滴灌技术的效果较好。该技术不仅能对果园温度和湿度进行控制,还能减少环境污染问题。因此,在水肥一体化滴灌技术实际应用阶段,应当重点掌控以下几个技术要点,使其能效发挥至最大,为果园中作物的正常生长奠定基础。本文就水肥一体化在果园中的应用进行了阐述和分析。 相似文献
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针对山地特色果园的生长环境,为更深入地了解果园果树的生长状况,确定什么时候需要水肥,需要对农作物的生长参数进行监控。为此,本文采用Lab VIEW软件,开发设计了一款基于LabVIEW的山地果园农业灌溉控制系统,该系统硬件由NI-6008数据采集卡、温度传感器、湿度传感器、变送器、固态继电器、电磁阀、滴灌装置等构成。软件上通过进行PID和PWM算法系统改进,形成了完整的监测控制系统。实验结果表明,该系统能够很好地实现对土壤温度、湿度的监测,对进水电磁阀进行控制,从而进行山地特色农作物的智能化灌溉,精度高、效果好。 相似文献
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基于管道的自动喷雾技术及设施可以解决山地果园植保作业中喷雾作业效率低、劳动强度大、移动式喷雾机械难以进入的问题。本研究设计了适用于山地果园的管道自动喷雾系统,主要包括喷雾首部、喷雾管道、自动喷雾控制器及喷雾小组等结构,计算了山地果园管道药液压力损失,研制了自动喷雾控制器,并开发了控制程序。喷雾作业时,喷雾首部将药液经管道引入果园,利用自动喷雾控制器控制电磁阀,逐次打开或关闭喷雾小组,实现手动控制或自动控制喷雾。为确定电磁阀持续开通时间,进行了喷雾有效性试验。结果表明,控制喷雾小组的电磁阀持续开通8 s即可保证喷雾的有效性;采用这种管道自动喷雾设施的喷雾作业效率为2.61 hm2/h,与人工喷雾相比,提高了喷雾作业的效率。本研究可为山地果园的喷雾技术及智能施药设施的研发提供参考和思路。 相似文献
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根区滴灌是将雨水促渗管与传统滴灌相结合而组装集成的一项节水灌溉新技术。为了探讨根区滴灌在山地果园的应用效果,为山地果园的栽培管理提供依据,本文以陕北米脂县6 a生山地红富士苹果树为研究对象,以世界公认的最佳苹果优生区洛川县的降雨量和土壤贮水量为灌水依据,分析了不同灌溉方式对苹果树萌芽、坐果、枝叶生长、果实发育和水分利用效率的影响,以及山地果园土壤水分达到优生区标准后与优生区苹果树生长结果的差异。结果表明,采用根区滴灌能有效提高苹果树的萌芽率和坐果率,萌芽率比传统滴灌提高了2.14%~2.76%,坐果率比传统滴灌提高了0.80%~1.42%;能有效促进苹果树新稍和叶片的生长,新稍长度比传统滴灌提高了1.44%~4.94%,百叶鲜质量比传统滴灌提高了2.13%~4.16%;能显著促进苹果树果实的生长,单果重比传统滴灌增大了7.05~14.99 g,优果率比传统滴灌提高了9.4%~14.7%;能显著提高水分利用效率,灌水量比传统滴灌节约了8.09%,水分利用效率比传统滴灌提高了10.62%~15.30%。可见,根区滴灌技术在陕北黄土丘陵区山地苹果生产中具有广阔的应用效果,但是,单纯依靠人为限量补水,山地苹果还不能达到优生区的生产水平。 相似文献
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介绍了水肥一体滴灌技术是国内外公认的一项节水灌溉技术。以小麦为例在假设忽略了滴灌施肥系统滞后、滴灌规格和滴头压力的差别下,从首部枢纽位置对小麦水肥一体滴灌均匀性施肥方面的影响进行了探讨,对目前滴灌施肥存在的问题进行了与实践相结合形式的理论研究,提出了一些改进措施和办法,为实现精准灌溉水肥一体化技术提供了有力支撑。 相似文献
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就地面节水灌溉技术进行详细的研究和分析,对地面节水灌溉技术的特点做了详细论述,在此基础上从温室滴灌、果园滴灌、大田滴灌三个方面详细探讨了滴灌节水技术的方法和技术要求、系统配套设备以及应用. 相似文献
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Part of a mature apple orchard, previously flood irrigated, was converted to drip irrigation in August 1971 and maintained until May 1975. The remainder of the orchard was irrigated as before.Annual estimates were made of moisture, total soluble salts and chloride content of soil samples and of growth, leaf chloride and yield of trees from the two irrigation treatments. Soil moisture was also monitored with a neutron moisture meter.Very high salt concentrations were observed in the various soil layers in the drip irrigation treatment. The flood irrigation treatment had lower and less variable concentrations of salts.Yields and chloride content of leaves sampled each January did not differ significantly between treatments. Tree girths were smaller under drip irrigation.The drip system, using a low pressure head, filtered water and outlets wrapped in fibreglass, operated satisfactorily for the period of the trial. 相似文献
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小农户滴灌系统的应用是节水灌溉农业措施之一,该系统造价低廉、安装操作方便且可自由选择。介绍该滴灌系统的特点,在对小农户地块和水源特点进行细化分析的基础上,将小农户滴灌系统分成几种典型形式,以满足不同地块条件的需求,提高农业水资源的利用率。 相似文献
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低压滴灌条件下提高系统灌水均匀度的途径探讨 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
低压滴灌是一种高效节能型灌水技术,采用低压滴灌不仅可以减少灌溉系统建设成本,而且可以降低系统运行成本,因此低压滴灌将是今后滴灌技术发展的一个重要方向。然而在灌水器工作压力小于5 m的低压条件下,采用现有的滴灌设备将会由于水力环境的变化引起毛管输水量和滴灌管(带)的有效铺设长度减小,降低滴灌系统的灌水均匀度和灌水质量等问题,为了不以牺牲灌水质量换取成本降低,通过分析低压滴灌的工作特点,提出了改进和提高低压滴灌灌水均匀度的方法和途径。 相似文献
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Development of small tanks lined with low-density polyethylene film has provided irrigation facilities on the upland areas of hills on a limited scale. To utilise the scarcely available water, a gravity drip irrigation system was designed for the hilly terraces. The system had the capability to provide uniform emitter discharge throughout the command area spread on several terraces with varying elevations and irregular shapes. The design includes the estimation of the command area of the tank (runoff or low discharge spring-fed) using data on rainfall, evaporation and crop water requirement, and the hydraulics of the drip irrigation system. A useful and more pertinent star configuration of microtube layout with one lateral line feeding four rows was devised which had some advantages over the traditional layouts in terms of achieving the desired discharge rate, better handling of the system, appropriate water delivery, adjustment in spatial head variation due to friction loss in pipes as well as field slopes, and economic factors. Pilot testing of the system showed that the system worked efficiently, with field emission uniformity above 90%. Although the design criteria were developed for the topographical and climatic conditions of the mid-hills of the north-west Himalayas, they can easily be adapted for other locations. 相似文献
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为了提高农业用水的利用率,解决农业用水紧张问题,提出了一种基于分布式ZigBee和GPRS无线通信技术的大范围远程控制节水灌溉系统,实现了节水灌溉装置的远程监控和自动化调节。该系统以单片机作为控制器,将土壤湿度测试数据进行传输和保存,通过设定阈值来控制零压启动电磁阀实施灌溉操作,并采用无线传感网络和GPRS将采集的数据进行远程传输,实现了定时定量和精确化灌溉。对精细化滴灌系统的过滤器和湿度测试装置的智能监测性能进行了测试,结果表明:该系统可以有效地将过滤器压力和湿度随时间变化曲线传送到远程监控端,且实现了自动化过滤装置的反冲洗功能、滴灌喷头的自动化调节及滴灌的精细化作业。 相似文献
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基于非饱和土壤水动力学理论及根系吸水模型,建立地面滴灌土壤水分运动数学模型,应用HYDRUS-2D模型模拟全生育期不同灌水处理条件下设施茄子滴灌土壤水分动态变化,结果表明:土壤含水量模拟值与实测值之间具有较好的一致性,所建地面滴灌土壤水分运动数学模型能较好地反映滴灌条件下茄子土壤水分运动规律。 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》2001,47(3):243-264
A 3-year project compared the operation of a subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) and a furrow irrigation system in the presence of shallow saline ground water. We evaluated five types of drip irrigation tubing installed at a depth of 0.4 m with lateral spacings of 1.6 and 2 m on 2.4 ha plots of both cotton and tomato. Approximately 40% of the cotton water requirement and 10% of the tomato water requirement were obtained from shallow (<2 m) saline (5 dS/m) ground water. Yields of the drip-irrigated cotton improved during the 3-year study, while that of the furrow-irrigated cotton remained constant. Tomato yields were greater under drip than under furrow in both the years in which tomatoes were grown. Salt accumulation in the soil profile was managed through rainfall and pre-plant irrigation. Both drip tape and hard hose drip tubing are suitable for use in our subsurface drip system. Maximum shallow ground water use for cotton was obtained when the crop was irrigated only after a leaf water potential (LWP) of −1.4 MPa was reached. Drip irrigation was controlled automatically with a maximum application frequency of twice daily. Furrow irrigation was controlled by the calendar. 相似文献