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以免耕和翻耕稻田为研究对象,通过大田试验与室内分析,研究了不同耕作方式下稻田田面水和渗漏水的淋溶损失及其对环境的影响。试验共设4个处理,分别是免耕+不施肥(NT0)、翻耕+不施肥(CT0)、免耕+复合肥(NTC)和翻耕+复合肥(CTC)。结果表明,施磷肥显著提高稻田田面水以及渗漏水各形态磷浓度。施磷肥2d后田面水总磷(TP)浓度、颗粒态磷(PP)浓度和溶解磷(DP)浓度即达到最大值,此后由于水中颗粒或表土对田面水磷素的固定,磷素的淋失,水稻生长吸收及前期的稻田排水和灌水稀释,1周后迅速降低并趋于稳定;渗漏水TP浓度和溶解磷(RP)浓度在施磷肥2d后达到最大值,渗漏水TP浓度在施肥后一个半月达到最低值,而渗漏水RP浓度在施肥4d后就降低到最低值。处理NTC田面水TP、DP与PP显著高于处理CTC,而处理NT0与处理CT0之间无差异;与翻耕相比,免耕不影响渗漏水TP与RP浓度及磷下渗淋失。对田面水磷素及渗漏水磷素变化动态分析表明,施磷肥后的1周左右是控制磷素流失的关键时期。 相似文献
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江汉平原地区潮土水稻田面水磷素流失风险研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
通过监测田面水磷素含量和形态的动态变化来研究稻田磷素流失风险.结果表明:从环境角度、经济效益和水稻生长出发,用线性 平台施肥模型得到该地区水稻的最佳施磷量为66 kg P2O5/hm2;施磷后田面水各形态磷浓度呈现急剧下降-缓慢下降-平稳的过程,但在施磷后7天内田面水磷素浓度仍然较高,是磷素流失的高危险期;用对数模型模拟田面水中各形态磷素含量与施肥时间的关系(可溶性有机磷SOP除外),其相关系数r为0.715 1~0.963 9,在P<0.05水平下达到极显著水平,应用模型预测常规施肥下田面水的安全排放期时为施肥后24天;除P0处理外,其余各处理中田面水磷的形态以可溶性无机磷SIP为主,随着施磷量的增加,颗粒态磷PP在田面水中的浓度呈现增大的趋势,因此,在评价田面水排放或者稻田径流对水体富营养化的贡献时,颗粒态磷PP的影响也不容忽视. 相似文献
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不同施磷量下稻田土壤磷素平衡及其潜在环境风险评估 总被引:14,自引:3,他引:11
【目的】对南方赤红壤区不同施磷量下稻田土壤的磷素平衡及其潜在环境风险进行评估,为该地区合理施磷、 减轻农业面源污染提供依据。【方法】采用大田定位监测试验,3个不同年份(2011~2013年)早、 晚稻分别设置4个施磷水平(施磷范围为P2O5 0、 63~81、 126~162、 252~324 kg/hm2,分别用P0、 P1、P2、P3表示),连续3年测定早、 晚稻的稻谷和稻秆产量,分析其磷养分含量,以施磷水平与水稻地上部磷素累积量间的差值表示土壤磷素表观盈余量。同时,采集施基肥和穗肥后1、 2、 3、 5、 7和9 d的田面水,测定总磷含量,利用Split-line模型对2011~2012年每造水稻收获后小区耕层土壤Olsen-P含量和所有监测时间点的田面水总磷平均浓度进行分段回归,并对二者之间的相关关系进行分段回归拟合。【结果】 施磷量P2O5 63~81 kg/hm2的处理稻谷产量显著提高,但磷肥施用量增至2倍时,稻谷产量无明显增加,继续增至4倍时,前3造水稻稻谷的产量增加也不明显。施磷可不同程度地提高水稻地上部的磷素累积量、 土壤表观磷素盈余量和Olsen-P含量,且三者均随施磷量的增加而增加。在施肥后1~3 d内无磷处理田面水总磷浓度较高,是磷素流失的高危险期; 施磷量P2O5 63~81 kg/hm2的处理显著提高了施肥后2 d内田面水的总磷浓度,而P2O5 252~324 kg/hm2的处理在监测期间田面水总磷浓度均显著高于无磷处理。 Split-line模型模拟土壤Olsen-P与田面水总磷的关系,得出在本试验区土壤环境条件下,可能导致田面水中磷激增的土壤Olsen-P临界含量为19.0 mg/kg,对应的施磷量为P2O5 63 kg/hm2,与土壤磷素持平的施磷量一致。【结论】综合考虑水稻产量效应、 土壤磷素表观平衡和磷素环境风险,在本研究区域目前的土壤环境条件下,P2O5 63 kg/hm2为水稻产量较高、 环境风险较小的推荐施磷量。 相似文献
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施用常规磷水平的80%可实现玉米高产、磷素高效利用和土壤磷平衡 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5
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双季稻最佳磷肥和钾肥用量与密度组合研究 总被引:9,自引:5,他引:4
【目的】为明确磷肥、钾肥用量和移栽密度对双季稻的施用效果,在田间试验条件下研究了不同磷肥用量、钾肥用量和移栽密度组合对江西双季稻产量、产量构成要素及磷肥和钾肥利用率的影响。【方法】本研究采用裂区试验设计研究了不同施磷量和移栽密度、不同施钾量和移栽密度对双季稻产量、磷肥和钾肥利用率的影响。磷肥用量和移栽密度试验中,设4个施磷水平(P2O5 0、60、90、120 kg/hm2,以P0、P60、P90和P120表示)和4种移栽密度(21×104、27×104、33×104、39×104 穴/hm2,以D21、D27、D33和D39表示)组合。钾肥用量和移栽密度试验中,设4个施钾水平(K2O 0、90、120、150 kg/hm2,以K0、K90、K120和K150表示),密度设置同磷肥试验。在水稻成熟期对产量以及产量构成要素进行测定,并分析其磷素和钾素的吸收量和利用率等指标。【结果】磷肥与密度试验中,同一施磷水平下,早稻产量和地上部磷素吸收量随着移栽密度的增加而增加,当施磷量超过60 kg/hm2时,产量和磷素吸收量不再随密度增加而显著增加,磷素吸收利用率(REP)、磷素农学效率(AEP)和磷素偏生产力(PFPP)逐步降低,以P60D39处理组合的产量和磷素吸收利用率最高,分别为5303.9 kg/hm2和24.4%,AEP为29.4 kg/kg; 晚稻则以施磷量在60 kg/hm2和33×104 穴/hm2密度组合的产量和磷素吸收利用率最高,分别为7246.9 kg/hm2和42.4%,AEP为36.2 kg/kg。钾肥与密度试验中,早稻的钾素吸收量随着施钾量的增加而增加,施钾量在120 kg/hm2和39×104 穴/hm2密度组合的处理产量和钾素吸收利用率(REK)最高,分别为6376.3 kg/hm2和67.2%,此时钾素农学效率(AEK)为15.6 kg/kg; 晚稻则以施钾量在90 kg/hm2和33×104 穴/hm2密度组合的处理产量和REK最佳,分别为7025.6 kg/hm2和74.0%,AEK为21.7 kg/kg。【结论】合理的磷肥、钾肥用量和移栽密度可以显著增加水稻单位面积有效穗数和养分累积量,进而增加水稻产量和肥料利用率,但过高的磷肥和钾肥施用会抑制产量的进一步增加。建议本研究区域的早稻采用施磷量在60 kg/hm2、施钾量120 kg/hm2和39×104穴/hm2的密度组合,而晚稻采用施磷量60 kg/hm2、施钾量90 kg/hm2和33×104 穴/hm2的密度组合。 相似文献
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有机无机外源磷素长期协同使用对潮土磷素有效性的影响 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
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紫色土稻田磷素流失潜能及其水分管理研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过对紫色土稻田田面水和土壤样品磷素的分析,研究了水稻不同生育期田面水磷素含量和土壤磷素的含量特征。结果表明:田面水磷浓度随着施磷水平的提高而提高,水稻移栽后的2周内应禁止排水,这期间水稻的水分管理应采取浅水灌溉栽秧、浅水返青。田面水TP和DP浓度随时间(x)的变化呈极显著的对数(y=a.ln(x)+b)下降规律,可通过对数方程推算对环境影响小的排水时间。在水稻移栽后第36天和第86天总磷流失负荷分别为124~501g/hm2和40~211g/hm2。稻季施磷肥会造成对地下水体的污染,且田面水中磷浓度较高一直持续40天左右,稻田磷肥大量径流流失也主要发生在这一时期,要加强这期间的田间管理,并收集稻田的排水用于后期灌溉稻田。 相似文献
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紫色土减磷配施有机肥的磷肥效应与磷素动态变化 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为探索长江上游稻油轮作系统减少农田磷素流失和有效提高磷肥利用率的最佳施肥模式,降低磷对水体富营养化的影响,采用长期田间定点试验并结合室内试验分析,研究了化肥配施猪粪和水稻秸秆还田对紫色土磷肥效应及磷素迁移的影响。结果表明:在常规作物施肥基础上配合施用有机肥,适当减少化学磷肥施用量,对作物产量没有显著的减产效应,且能在一定程度上减少农田磷素损失,提高磷肥利用率。水稻磷肥利用率总体表现为常规施磷量减20%+猪粪有机肥(MDP)常规施磷量减20%+秸秆还田(SDP)常规施肥+猪粪有机肥(MP)常规施肥+秸秆还田(SP)≈优化施肥(P),各处理利用率在20%~25%之间。油菜磷肥利用率总体表现为SDPMDPMPSPP,各处理利用率在17%~29%之间。在水稻生长前一个月内,田面水总磷含量随着施磷水平的增加而增加,其中常规施肥(P)比不施磷肥(P0)处理总磷含量高4倍左右。各处理中磷含量大小表现为PMPSPMDPSDPP0,配施有机肥可以提高稻田土壤对磷的吸附,降低前期土壤磷向水体中释放,配施秸秆比配施猪粪对减少土壤磷素流失效果更好,磷肥施用后的7~10天内是控制稻田磷素流失的关键时期。油菜蕾苔期的土壤有效磷含量较苗期明显降低,但在油菜开花期和收获后期,土壤有效磷含量明显上升,油菜生长花期以后是土壤有效磷淋失的主要时期。有机无机肥配施可以显著提高土壤有效磷含量。化学磷肥减量并配施有机肥是应对农业面源污染"控源节流"的较好措施。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):717-729
Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the use of P vectors to predict the amount of P required on a yearly basis to maintain a constant solution‐solid phase P relationship in an irrigated calcareous and a dryland acid soil. Irrigated potato‐spring barley and dryland spring pea spring‐barley crop rotations established at the two locations. Mono‐calcium phosphate (0–45–0) was applied annually at five levels, ranging from 0–4 times estimated crop removal. Phosphorus vectors were determined on soil samples by equilibration with standard P solutions. Yields tended to increase with added P on the calcareous soil; however, significant responses were not recorded at either location. Consequently, critical P vectors were not established. A constant solution‐solid phase P relationship was maintained by addition of P equal to that removed by the crop on the calcareous soil. A constant solution‐solid phase P relationship was not maintained on the acid soil. 相似文献
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P. J. A. Withers H. Hartikainen E. Barberis N. J. Flynn G. P. Warren 《European Journal of Soil Science》2009,60(6):994-1004
Accumulation of surplus phosphorus (P) in the soil and the resulting increased transport of P in land runoff contribute to freshwater eutrophication. The effects of increasing soil P (19–194 mg Olsen‐P (OP) kg−1) on the concentrations of particulate P (PP), and sorption properties (Qmax, k and EPCo) of suspended solids (SS) in overland flow from 15 unreplicated field plots established on a dispersive arable soil were measured over three monitoring periods under natural rainfall. Concentrations of PP in plot runoff increased linearly at a rate of 2.6 μg litre−1 per mg OP kg−1 of soil, but this rate was approximately 50% of the rate of increase in dissolved P (< 0.45 μm). Concentrations of SS in runoff were similar across all plots and contained a greater P sorption capacity (mean + 57%) than the soil because of enrichment with fine silt and clay (0.45–20 μm). As soil P increased, the P enrichment ratio of the SS declined exponentially, and the values of P saturation (Psat; 15–42%) and equilibrium P concentration (EPCo; 0.7–5.5 mg litre−1) in the SS fell within narrower ranges compared with the soils (6–74% and 0.1–10 mg litre−1, respectively). When OP was < 100 mg kg−1, Psat and EPCo values in the SS were smaller than those in the soil and vice‐versa, suggesting that eroding particles from soils with both average and high P fertility would release P on entering the local (Rosemaund) stream. Increasing soil OP from average to high P fertility increased the P content of the SS by approximately 10%, but had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the Psat, or EPCo, of the SS. Management options to reduce soil P status as a means of reducing P losses in land runoff and minimizing eutrophication risk may therefore have more limited effect than is currently assumed in catchment management. 相似文献
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为阐明施磷对不同质地棉田土壤磷素有效性及磷肥利用率的影响,以盆栽试验为基础,在不同质地(粘土、壤土、砂土)上设计5个磷素水平(P0、P150、P300、P600、P1200)研究棉田磷素状况和棉花磷素积累及磷肥利用率。结果表明:不同质地棉田土壤有效磷含量在苗期和蕾期均随施磷量的增加而增加,苗期时粘土、壤土、砂土的土壤有效磷含量在P1200处理下与对照相比分别增加了80.94%、85.78%、94.41%,蕾期则分别增加了76.82%、85.10%、94.20%。苗期时,土壤全磷含量分别在粘土P600、壤土P1200、砂土P600处理下达到最大值;蕾期时粘土、壤土和砂土的全磷含量均在P1200处理达到最大值,土壤磷素活化系数在苗期时表现为粘土砂土壤土,蕾期磷素活化系数在粘土和砂土基本呈持续递增状态,最大值与对照(P0)相比分别增加了34.22%、85.71%。植物整株干物质积累在不同土壤质地表现为粘土砂土壤土。植物全磷含量则是壤土略低于粘土,砂土最低。棉花整株磷素积累量在不同土质上表现为粘土最高,壤土次之,砂土最低,且分别在P600、P300、P600处理时达到最大值。不同磷水平下,磷肥表观利用率在3种土壤质地上表现不同,粘土、壤土、砂土分别在P150、P300、P600时达到最大值,与P0相比分别提高了16.84%、29.19%、10.68%。同一磷水平下不同土壤质地磷素生理利用率表现为砂土壤土粘土。因此,在生产中应针对土壤质地合理施磷,粘土土质下棉田施磷量应控制在约150 kg/hm~2,壤土土质应控制在150~300 kg/hm~2,砂土土质施磷量总体应控制在300~600 kg/hm~2,才能促进土壤中磷的有效性和棉花磷素吸收,从而提高磷肥利用率。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2659-2673
Abstract In an attempt to search for a cheaper source of phosphorus (P), both for direct application and industrial use, three P fertilizers were evaluated in incubation and greenhouse studies. Indigenous Sokoto rock phosphate (SRP) imported, Togo rock phosphate (TRP), and conventional single superphosphate (SSP) were applied on three soil types namely Oxisol, Ultisol, and Alfisol at rates ranging from 0–800 mg P kg‐1 soil. Evaluation of the P sources was conducted for 12 weeks in incubation study, and five weeks in the greenhouse using maize as test crop. Evaluation of direct application of SSP and SRP on an oxic paleudult was carried out in the field for three years. The results of incubation studies revealed in general, that P availability increased as fertilizer rates increased. The P availability was, however, greater when SSP was applied on the Alfisol than on the Oxisol and Ultisol. The rock phosphates on the other hand were more efficient on acid soils than on soils neutral in pH. Optimum P availability from the fertilizers was observed to occur predominantly between four and eight weeks of incubation. In the greenhouse study, SSP gave the highest cumulative P uptake and optimum rate of application was 200 mg P kg‐1 soil, while optimum rate for rock phosphate was 400 mg P kg‐1 soil. The agronomic effectiveness (EA) of the rock phosphates was about 40% relative to SSP on the Alfisol. The EA, however, for TRP and SRP was 120% and 160%, respectively, on the Oxisol, while on the Ultisol, SRP was equally effective as SSP and TRP had 65% effectiveness. The results of the field trial indicated that the SRP had 54%, 83%, and 107% agronomic effectiveness of SSP, respectively, in the first, second, and third year of cropping. Optimum rate for SSP and SRP application was considered to be 50 and 75 kg P2O5 ha‐1, respectively. 相似文献
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通过田间试验,研究不同磷肥对滴灌棉田土壤有效磷及棉花产量和磷肥利用效率的影响。试验选取5种滴灌用磷肥:磷酸一铵(MAP)、聚磷酸铵(APP)以及大量元素水溶肥固体型(SF)、悬液型(LSF)、清液型(LCF),并以不施磷肥为对照(CK),共6个处理。测定土壤有效磷含量以及棉花生长、磷素吸收和产量。结果表明:在一个灌溉施肥周期内,施用清液型水溶肥(LCF)和聚磷酸铵(APP)较其它处理显著增加了土壤有效磷含量;在棉花各生育期,聚磷酸铵(APP)0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量较其它处理显著增加,清液型水溶肥(LCF)20~40 cm土层土壤有效磷含量最高,在盛铃期时较聚磷酸铵(APP)显著增加了21.41%;聚磷酸铵(APP)较磷酸一铵(MAP)显著促进了吐絮期棉花茎、叶的干物质及磷素积累量,而清液型水溶肥(LCF)干物质和磷素吸收在棉铃的分配比例最高,分别为64.89%、69.28%;清液型水溶肥(LCF)产量最高,聚磷酸铵(APP)次之,分别较磷酸一铵(MAP)提高了8.97%、2.87%;施用清液型水溶肥(LCF)较其它处理显著提高了棉花的磷肥偏生产力和磷肥农学效率,而聚磷酸铵(APP)的磷肥表观利用率最高。综上,施用聚磷酸铵(APP)和清液型水溶肥(LCF)能使土壤有效磷含量保持在较高水平,但清液型水溶肥有更强的磷素迁移能力。两种肥料(聚磷酸铵、清液型水溶肥)均能促进棉花干物质积累和磷素吸收,但聚磷酸铵的磷肥表观利用率最高,而清液型水溶肥则是增加了磷肥偏生产力和磷肥农学效率,增产效果最为显著。 相似文献
17.
Muhammad Abbas Javaid Ahmed Shah Muhammad Irfan Muhammad Yousuf Memon 《Journal of plant nutrition》2018,41(12):1522-1533
A solution culture study was conducted to compare the phosphorus (P) remobilization efficiency of four wheat cultivars under induced P deficiency. Wheat cultivars, i.e. Sarsabz, NIA-Sunder, NIA-Amber and NIA-Saarang were initially grown on adequate P nutrition for 30 days and then exposed to P-free nutrient solution for next 15 days to study P remobilization. Completely randomized design (CRD) with ten replicates per cultivar was employed. Cultivars varied for biomass production, P concentration, P uptake, and P utilization efficiency at both harvests. Overall, more than 75% of absorbed P was mobilized from older leaves to younger leaves as well as roots of all cultivars during P-omission period. However, cultivars could not produce significant variations (P < 0.05) in P remobilization, which implied that P remobilization was only a stress response to P deficiency in wheat cultivars and it could not be related to P utilization efficiency of these cultivars. 相似文献
18.
施磷对玉米吸磷量、产量和土壤磷含量的影响及其相关性 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
为了给玉米磷高效利用提供理论依据, 在低磷土壤(Olsen-P 4.9 mg·kg-1)上, 通过田间试验, 研究了施磷0(T0)、50 kg(P2O5)·hm-2(T1)、100 kg(P2O5)·hm-2(T2)、200 kg(P2O5)·hm-2(T3)、1 000 kg(P2O5)·hm-2(T4)对两个玉米品种"鲁单9002" (LD9002)、"先玉335"(XY335)的产量、磷素吸收利用及根际磷动态变化的影响。结果表明: 两玉米品种根际土、非根际土速效磷含量在不同生育时期都表现为T12O5)·hm-2的T3处理非根际土转化为根际土土壤磷的量最大, 同时玉米生物量、产量、磷转移量也达到最高, 而施磷1 000 kg(P2O5)·hm-2处理玉米生物量、产量与中磷水平相比没有显著增加, 但植株吸磷量较高。XY335的花后磷转移量小于LD9002。相关分析表明, LD9002根际土、非根际土速效磷含量与茎、叶吸磷量之间显著相关, 以播种后79 d与茎、叶磷浓度、吸磷量、生物量、产量之间的相关系数最高; 而XY335根际土、非根际土速效磷含量与茎、叶磷浓度之间显著相关, 在播种后47 d期间与茎、叶磷浓度、吸磷量、生物量、产量之间的相关性最好。因此, 在低磷土壤上, LD9002和XY335分别在播种后79 d和47 d时是植株对磷的敏感期, 可以通过测试根际土、非根际土速效磷含量来反映土壤的供磷状况; LD9002在79 d时最大吸磷量需要的根际土、非根际土速效磷含量分别为54.95 mg·kg-1、32.99 mg·kg-1, XY335品种在47 d时最大吸磷量需要的根际土、非根际土速效磷含量分别为51.24 mg·kg-1、35.35 mg·kg-1; 施磷量1 000 kg(P2O5)·hm-2处理两品种玉米产量、生物量、磷积累量与施磷量100~200 kg(P2O5)·hm-2处理没有显著差异。 相似文献
19.
Gross phosphorus (P) fluxes measured in isotopic dilution studies with 33P labeled soils include the biological processes of microbial P immobilization, remineralization of immobilized P and mineralization of non-microbial soil organic P. In this approach, isotopic dilution due to physicochemical processes is taken into account. Our objectives were to assess the effect of inorganic P availability on gross P mineralization and immobilization in soil under permanent grassland, and to relate these fluxes to soil respiration, phosphatase activity and substrate availability as assessed by an enzyme addition method. We used soils from an 18-year-old grassland fertilization experiment near Zurich, Switzerland, that were collected in two treatments which differed only in the amount of mineral P applied (0 and 17 kg P ha−1 yr−1 in NK and NPK, respectively). Water-extractable phosphate was low (0.1 and 0.4 mg P kg−1 soil in NK and NPK, while hexanol-labile (microbial) P was high (36 and 54 mg P kg−1 soil in NK and NPK). Extremely fast microbial P uptake under P-limited conditions in NK necessitated the use of a microbial inhibitor when determining isotopic dilution due to physicochemical processes. At the higher inorganic P availability in NPK, however, isotopic exchange parameters were similar in the presence and absence of a microbial inhibitor. Phosphatase activity was higher in NK than in NPK, while soil respiration, water-extractable organic P and its enzyme-labile fraction were not affected by P status. Together, the results showed that inorganic P availability primarily affected microbial P immobilization which was the main component of gross P fluxes in both treatments. Gross P mineralization rates (8.2 and 3.1 mg P kg−1 d−1 for NK and NPK) during the first week were higher than reported in other studies on arable and forest soils and at least equal to isotopically exchangeable P due to physicochemical processes, confirming the importance of microbial processes in grassland soils. 相似文献
20.
通过盆栽模拟试验,探讨不同施磷量对玉米 -大豆间作作物生长及磷吸收的影响,并分析根际红壤中各无机磷形态的变化。结果表明:与单作相比,玉米 -大豆间作显著提高了作物地上部生物量及磷素吸收量,并具有明显的产量优势。与常规施磷水平(P100)下的单作相比,玉米 -大豆间作条件下,磷肥减施 1/2(P50)并未降低作物籽粒产量与玉米的磷吸收量。间作种植显著降低了玉米、大豆根际红壤总无机磷含量,并且无机磷减少量主要以O-P、Fe-P和 Ca-P为主。玉米、大豆根际土壤Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P与 O-P占土壤总无机磷含量的比例主要受磷水平的调控,而种植模式对玉米和大豆根际土壤中各无机磷形态的比例(除 Fe-P外)均没有影响。在本试验条件下,玉米 -大豆间作通过根系交互作用主要促进土壤中 Fe-P、Ca-P和 O-P的活化来增加玉米与大豆的磷吸收,并具有节约磷肥、维持作物产量和磷吸收的潜力。 相似文献