氮磷对珊瑚过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

为研究不同浓度硝酸盐、铵盐和磷酸盐对斯氏角孔珊瑚、二异角孔珊瑚和澄黄滨珊瑚CAT和SOD活性的影响,设置硝酸盐、铵盐和磷酸盐高、中、低3种试验浓度对斯氏角孔珊瑚、二异角孔珊瑚和澄黄滨珊瑚分别进行8周的养殖观察。结果表明：斯氏角孔珊瑚以中等硝酸盐和铵盐浓度组CAT活性最高,高浓度磷酸盐组CAT活性高,以高浓度硝酸盐和磷酸盐组SOD活性最高,中等浓度铵盐组SOD活性最高;二异角孔珊瑚以中等浓度硝酸盐、铵盐和磷酸盐CAT活性最高,以中等浓度硝酸盐、铵盐组SOD活性最高,以高浓度磷酸盐组SOD活性最高;澄黄滨珊瑚以对照组CAT和SOD活性最高,说明澄黄滨珊瑚对营养盐的耐受性差;珊瑚CAT和SOD活性均出现峰值,与其他时间点比较差异显著(P<0.05),是珊瑚在营养盐胁迫下从适应到中毒反应的临界值,说明珊瑚是可以间接评价海洋环境营养盐富集程度的指示生物。     

Phytoplankton biomass and potential nutrient limitation of phytoplankton development in the southeastern North Sea in spring 1985 and 1986

The vernal phytoplankton bloom was observed during cruises to the southeastern part of the North Sea (east of 6°20' E, south of 56°50'N) in 1985 and 1986. Maximum phytoplankton biomass expressed as phytoplankton carbon was similar in both years (14.5 and 17 g PPCm⁻² respectively). In 1985 the bloom was located in the less saline coastal water close to the North Frisian coast. Phytoplankton was dominated by Coscinodiscus concinnus and Thalassiosira nordenskiöldii. In 1986, highest phytoplankton biomass was observed northwest of the island of Sylt, where Thalassiosira nordenskiöldii was the dominant phytoplankton species. Within the areas of high phytoplankton standing stock, concentrations of the inorganic dissolved nutrients phosphate and silicate had dropped to nearly undetectable concentrations, whereas both in 1985 and 1986 the water was still rich (10 – 20 μM.dm⁻³) in inorganic nitrogen (DIN). This, as well as the high ratios of DIN:PO₄ and DIN:Si(OH)₄ (> 50) point to phosphate and silicate as potential limiting nutrients during the spring phytoplankton bloom. The ratios of total nitrogen (TN) to total phosphorous (TP) (> 30) indicate also that phosphorous might then be in short supply. Phosphate and silicate have to be considered as potentially limiting nutrients during the vernal plankton bloom in the coastal waters of the southeastern North Sea, with nitrogen being present in surplus at that time of the year. However, in the more offshore areas nitrogen may be considered the potentially limiting element at the same time.     

The winter distribution of nutrients in the Southern Bight of the North Sea (1961–1978) and in the estuaries of the scheldt and the rhine/meuse

In many years the winter distribution of nutrients in the eastern part of the Southern Bight is influenced by phytoplankton growth, always in February, sometimes in January but not in January 1961 and 1978, months with a relatively low insolation and high wind strength. The Scheldt river has higher nutrient concentrations than the rivers Rhine and Seine. The waters of the Scheldt river plume are distinguished from those of the Seine and the Rhine/Meuse with dissolved silica as a tracer. The extension of the Scheldt river plume is related to wind direction.The increase of inorganic nutrients from January 1961 to January 1978 in the northern part of the Southern Bight is related to the increase in the river Rhine. The increase in the Strait of Dover is related to discharges from the river Seine and the English coast. Only data outside the Scheldt river plume were selected for the comparison. An increase of nutrient concentrations is measurable over the entire salinity range and is largest for phosphate (up to 3 times at low salinities), less for nitrate (about 1.5 times for all salinities) and hardly noticeable for silicic acid. Nitrate extrapolation to low salinity agrees with upstream river values, but phosphate extrapolation gives higher concentrations, probably due to discharges of phosphogypsum in estuaries.     

Transport of anorganic pollutants in aquifers

As in The Netherlands intensive husbandry is strongly concentrated in relative small areas on low-fertile sandy soils, the amounts of manure spread often greatly exceed the amounts removed from the soil by plant uptake or by conversion processes of nitrate and phosphate. The remainder may accumulate in the soil until the storage capacity is filled. Eventually nutrients will break through into the groundwater.At the Utrecht State University behaviour of these nutrients in saturated groundwater flow is studied using large-scale column experiments. The columns are filled with undisturbed unpolluted field samples and are percolated with natural groundwater enriched with nutrients in concentrations that can be expected when these break through the unsaturated zone.The first experiments proved the reliability of the sampling technique and column design which were developed especially for this research and the reproducibility of the results.An important result is that phosphate can be highly mobile in the aquifers. This implies that the deeper groundwater (which in The Netherlands often is used for the production of drinking water) may well become polluted by phosphate as well as the already occurring nitrate contamination.     

培养液NO-3/NH+4比对甜菜幼苗NO-3、NH+4 吸收特性的影响

采用标准偏高糖型甜研7号与标准偏丰产型甜研8号2个二倍体纯系品种及水培方法，研究了子叶期（11d）甜菜对NO3^-和NH4^＋的吸收特性以及不同NO3^-／NH4^＋比对苗期（31d）甜菜吸收特性的影响。发现了子叶期甜研7号较甜研8号对NH4^＋有较大的Vmax,有利于NH4^＋的吸收。低NH4^＋浓度比促进甜菜对N03的吸收。而且甜研7号受到的影响相对大于甜研8号。不同NO3^-／NH4^＋也影响甜菜对NH4^＋的吸收速率，2品种所受的影响并不相同。2品种遗传特性不同导致了甜研7号对NH4^＋的吸收较甜研8号敏感。高浓度NH4^＋的存在促进了甜研7号与甜研8号对NH4^＋的吸收。说明可以通过调节甜菜对NO3^-与NH4^＋的吸收与同化关系来调控甜菜的氮代谢，以提高甜菜的产量与质量。     

营养液pH变化对刺梨苗吸收硝态氮和铵态氮的影响

研究介质pH变化条件下刺梨(Rosa roxburghii)对不同形态氮素吸收特性的影响,能为不同pH土壤上刺梨的合理施肥提供科学依据。本研究以‘贵农5号’刺梨实生苗为材料,采用营养液培养和离子耗竭法,在分别供给硝态氮和铵态氮的条件下,设置营养液分别为pH 4、5、6、7、8、9的6个处理,测定不同pH营养液培养的刺梨苗对NO₃^-、NH₄⁺的吸收动力学参数和刺梨苗的植株高度、干重生物量、氮含量及氮吸收量,分析营养液pH变化与NO₃^-、NH₄⁺的吸收动力学参数的相关性和营养液pH变化与刺梨苗植株高度、生物量、氮含量和氮素吸收量的相关性。研究结果表明,刺梨根系对硝态氮、铵态氮及总氮的吸收规律均符合Michaelis-Menten酶动力学方程。营养液的pH变化能够改变刺梨苗根系对NO₃^-和NH₄⁺的吸收特性。在营养液pH 4~9的范围内和供给硝态氮的条件下,刺梨实生苗的根系对NO₃^-的最大吸收速率(I_max)、根系与NO₃^-的亲和力、NO₃^-流入根系的速率(α)、植株高度、干重生物量、氮含量及氮的吸收量随营养液pH的增大而明显降低,营养液的pH变化与上述指标呈极显著负相关。在供给铵态氮的条件下,刺梨实生苗根系对NH₄⁺的上述指标随营养液pH的升高而明显增大,营养液的pH变化与上述指标呈极显著正相关。在酸性条件下有利于刺梨苗对硝态氮的吸收,升高营养液的pH不利于刺梨苗吸收硝态氮。碱性条件有利于刺梨苗对铵态氮的吸收,酸性条件对刺梨苗吸收铵态氮有不利影响。     

植酸酶基因PhyA对陆地棉产量性状的影响

在人工控制(培养基、水培、沙培)条件下,植酸酶基因PhyA具有分解利用培养基质植酸磷、提高磷素利用效率的功能,但在田间的表现目前尚未明确。在前期完成的PhyA转基因陆地棉新材料盆栽试验基础上,将其种植在田间条件下,研究PhyA基因对棉花产量性状的影响。结果表明,部分转基因棉花新材料的单株结铃数、铃重、衣分、籽棉产量、皮棉产量与野生型对照存在显著差异,PhyA在田间条件下具有改良转基因棉花部分产量性状的能力。在此基础上,遴选出2个转PhyA棉花优良新品系G3、G2,可用作今后转植酸酶基因棉花新品种培育的基础材料。     

Availability of phosphorus sources for blooms of phaeocystis pouchetii (haptophyceae) in the north sea: Impact of the river rhine

The distribution and uptake of various phosphorus fractions such as soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), enzymatically hydrolysable phosphorus (EHP) and soluble unhydrolysable phosphorus (SUP) were studied in coastal waters of the North Sea with special emphasis on those areas inhabited by dense blooms of Phaeocystis pouchetii (Hariot) Lagerheim. A comparison was made between the uptake rates of SRP and the capacity of the phytoplankton to utilize the EHP fraction as a phosphorus source. In areas not directly influenced by the discharge of the river Rhine the phytoplankton depleted the SRP down to the detection level of 0.02 μmol·dm⁻³, while the concentration of EHP was always higher. Inorganic phosphate (SRP) was rapidly assimilated by the microplankton (algae and bacteria) as measured by the uptake of ³²P-orthophosphate. Concurrently, the alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) was high and appeared to be associated with the phytoplankton mainly. The various measurements indicated that the plankton was P-limited. The calculated rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of EHP was highly variable, but could provide the cells with orthophosphate at a rate comparable with that eeasured for the direct uptake of inorganic phosphate.The diversity and availability of phosphate sources in the area near the river Rhine varied strongly. The abundant supply of phosphorus by the river to the coastal waters can cause further growth of the phytoplankton, unrestricted by nutrient limitation. Here it seemed that EHP and APA played only an insignificant role. The dominance of Phaeocystis in these coastal waters is discussed in view of its capacities to exploit transient phosphate supply.     

水稻磷酸盐转运蛋白Pht1家族研究进展

磷是高等植物生长发育所必需的大量元素之一,现有的研究表明植物磷酸盐转运蛋白介导了植物体内磷的吸收及转运。在低磷胁迫下,植物主要利用高亲和力磷吸收系统通过表皮细胞质膜从根围吸收磷元素。目前绝大部分克隆出来的磷酸盐转运蛋白基因都属于高亲和力的Pht1家族。概述了近年来水稻磷酸盐转运蛋白Pht1家族基因的表达调控机理和生物学特征,并对进一步研究做了展望。     

Root System Size Influences Water‐Nutrient Uptake and Nitrate Leaching Potential in Wheat

Environmental and economic considerations require the effective use of water and nutrients to elevate grain production in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with concomitant reduction in nitrate leaching to minimize contamination of underground water. We determined the effect of the root system on leaching fraction, leachate N concentration, and N, P and K uptake using bread wheat ‘Pavon 76’ and its three near‐isogenic translocation lines: Pavon 1RS.1AL, Pavon 1RS.1BL and Pavon 1RS.1DL. These genotypes were grown in sand‐tube experiments under optimum and low level of nutrients for 2 years. Root, stem and leaves, and grain N, P, and K content, and agronomic characters were measured. Leaching fraction and leachate nitrate concentration were measured at early tillering, booting and early grain filling. Significant main effects for year, nutrient level and genotype were found for the characters. Genotype × N interaction was significant only for root P content. Genotype × year interaction was significant only for plant N content, root P content and plant P content. Genotype × year × N interaction was significant only for root N uptake efficiency. Thus, genotypic means averaged across years and nutrient levels are reported. Low levels of nutrients (1330, 235 and 793 mg vs. 1915, 375 and 1268 mg N, P and K, respectively) reduced mean root biomass, plant biomass and grain yield by 27 %, 25 %, and 19 %, respectively. The translocation lines produced 31–46 % more root biomass, 11–14 % heavier grains and 6–8 % greater grain yield than Pavon 76. Leaching fraction was higher under low level of nutrient at booting and grain filling. Leaching fraction at tillering, booting, and grain filling was 67%, 42% and 25%, respectively. Leaching fraction at early tillering was lower for Pavon 1RS.1AL (39 %) and Pavon 1RS.1DL (40.5 %) than for Pavon 76 (45.3 %). Leachate nitrate concentration was lower for two translocation lines at all three stages of plant growth compared to Pavon 76. The correlation coefficient between plant N content and root biomass, between plant N content and plant biomass, and between grain yield and root biomass was positive and significant. Significant positive correlation was found between root biomass and P and K uptake. Multiple small applications of N fertilizer during early plant growth with adequate irrigation water are recommended. Wheat genotypes with superior root characteristics for efficient nutrient uptake, especially during tillering and booting, should be developed in breeding programmes to increase grain yield and to minimize the nitrate leaching.     

Effects of Foliar Nitrogen Applications on the Absorption of Nitrate Nitrogen by Cotton Roots

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of foliar nitrogen application on nitrate nitrogen uptake and cotton growth. [Method] The experiment was carried out using the ¹⁵N isotopic tracer technique in a greenhouse hydroponic culture experiment. Four foliar treatments were applied; ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, amide nitrogen treatments (all with the same concentration of nitrogen applied), and a water control treatment. [Result] Compared to the water control treatment, the nitrogen contents of the cotton shoots and the whole plant were significantly higher in plants with foliar nitrogen treatments 6 d after application. The nitrogen accumulation in the shoots, roots, and total plants was higher with the ammonium nitrogen treatment, but there was no significant difference among treatments. The isotopic tracer results showed that ¹⁵N accumulation in the shoot and root was 0.794 mg·plant^－1 and 0.318 mg·plant^－1 with the ammonium nitrogen treatment, respectively. These values were higher than the ¹⁵N accumulation with the water control treatment and the amide nitrogen treatment and significantly higher than the nitrate treatment. After foliar application, the plant accumulation of nitrogen via root uptake was approximately 11.35 mg with the ammonium nitrogen treatment. Compared with the water control treatment, the nitrogen uptake efficiency increased by 28.0% with the ammonium nitrogen treatment and reduced by 9.5% and 20.5% with the amide nitrogentreatment and the nitrate treatment, respectively. The proportion of nitrogen from root uptake was about 7:3 between the shoots and the roots with each treatment, indicating that the form of foliar-applied nitrogen did not affect the distribution of nitrate nitrogen via root uptake. [Conclusion] Foliar application of ammonium nitrogen could, therefore, promote nitrate nitrogen uptake by cotton seedling roots.     

酶解油菜蜂花粉抑制超氧阴离子自由基的研究

【研究目的】探讨油菜蜂花粉中水溶性有效组分的抗氧化能力及其在黄嘌呤氧化酶体系中抑制O2-.的机理。【方法】采用酶解技术和膜分离技术提取分离油菜蜂花粉中水溶性抗氧化有效组分,用黄嘌呤氧化酶体系测定酶解物的不同相对分子质量级分淬灭超氧阴离子自由基（O2-.）的能力。【结果】实验结果表明,经酶解和超滤后得到的相对分子质量大于1000的组分抑制O2-.的效果非常显著【结论】酶解和膜分离技术是提高花粉抗氧化功效成分含量的有效途径     

Nutrient depletion studies in offshore North Sea areas

Nanomolar nitrate and nitrite concentrations are reported for offshore areas of the North Sea during a research cruise in July 1987. The detection system employed was a sea-going chemiluminescence analyser. Surface concentrations during a period of nutrient depletion are reported, not previously described for this sea area.Very low values for the N/P ratio are reported (<0.1), which suggested that phytoplankton primary production was potentially nitrogen limited during the study period for large areas of the North Sea. Some coastal and river influenced regions exhibited a N/P Redfield ratio of >16, suggesting potential phosphate limitation. As well as the horizontal structure for nitrate and nitrite, vertical profiles are reported showing some structure in the nitrate profile above the thermocline. Nitrate levels generally increased towards the surface, from a minimum at the thermocline, and this may represent an important source of nitrogen to the system during nutrient depletion. A nitrite maximum was observed at the base of the thermocline at the deep water sites, this is attributed to either nitrification or nitrate reduction, and indicates that the thermocline region was a site of active nitrogen regeneration. A significant correlation between primary production and the nitrate concentrations below 100 nmoles.dm⁻³ was found, showing that the nitrate pool, as well as the recycling rate, remains an important influence during periods of nutrient depletion.     

离子交换树脂膜法在铵钾交互作用研究上的应用及其与养分生物有效性的关系

为探明离子交换树脂膜作为养分提取手段在土壤铵钾交互作用研究上的应用效果,设置了相同培养条件下的树脂膜埋置实验和油菜盆栽试验。结果表明,施钾能减少铵的膜提取量,而施铵对钾的膜提取量影响不显著,这与铵钾同时施用时铵优先固定有关。膜提取养分量与植株养分吸收量及干物重之间均达显著或极显著相关,加上树脂膜使用便捷且可以原位提取养分,因而树脂膜可以被当作“根系模拟器”进行养分原位提取和养分交互作用方面的研究。但由于膜与真正的植物根系毕竟不同,故研究中也发现了一些膜提取养分量与植株养分吸收量并不完全一致的情况,这一点在前人的研究中甚少提及,这些情况的发现说明今后的研究中对树脂膜的应用条件还应多加注意,以便对树脂膜更好地利用,达到仅通过树脂膜这种便捷手段不需要通过植物试验就能了解土壤中养分交互作用可能对养分植物有效性的影响的目的。     

微晶化磷矿粉对杨树生长及土壤不同形态磷含量影响

为了研究磷矿粉经微晶化活化后的应用效果,探讨解磷细菌对微晶化磷矿粉的实际应用效应提升能力,以过磷酸钙作为对比肥料,利用盆栽试验研究了普通磷矿粉原料、微晶化磷矿粉及解磷细菌对杨树生长、磷吸收和土壤磷有效性的影响。结果表明,与普通磷矿粉相比,微晶化磷矿粉显著促进了杨树的苗高、地径和生物量积累,杨树地上部磷的含量和总吸收量分别增加8.96%和22.85%。与过磷酸钙处理相比,微晶化磷矿粉的处理杨树的生长及生物量无显著性差异,但杨树地上部磷的含量和总吸收量分别减少10.05%和11.97%。微晶化磷矿粉中加入解磷细菌,土壤中的细菌、放线菌和微生物总量分别增加41.89%、28.57%和41.53%,真菌数量减少31.19%,但对杨树生长、磷素吸收和土壤磷素的有效性影响较小。微晶化磷矿粉处理与普通磷矿粉处理相比,土壤中酸溶性磷和有效磷含量分别增加53.27%和45.35%。与过磷酸钙处理相比,酸溶性磷和有效磷含量分别增加15.68%和13.60%。磷矿粉原料处理的土壤全磷含量最高,各处理水溶性磷含量差异不显著。以上研究表明,磷矿粉经微晶化作用后显著提高了杨树的生长,促进了磷素的吸收利用,有利于土壤长期保持供磷能力,但解磷细菌的加入对杨树生长和土壤供磷能力影响较小。     

Nitrate and Ammonium Uptake Kinetics of Three Annual Range Species

The uptake kinetics of nitrate and ammonium ions was compared for the annual range species: subclover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.), soft chess ( Bromus mollis L.), and broadleaved filaree ( Erodium botrys [Cav.] Bertol.) to study competitive interactions in nitrogen deficient soils. Fifteen-day-old seedlings were allowed to deplete solutions of nitrate or ammonium in the range of 5 to 500 μM concentrations for a 10-hour period during which net uptake (depletion) was monitored by a sensitive conductance technique. Subclover uptake rates were markedly less than those for soft chess and filaree for both nitrate and ammonium at both low and high concentrations. The evidence supports the hypothesis that subclover is a poor competitor for soil N in part because of this physiological difference.     

Effect of Seed Soaking on Seedling Vigour, Growth and Yield of Rice

Studies were conducted over two years to evaluate the effect of seed soaking with biodigested slurry, zinc sulphate, Azospirillum, phosphobacteria and phytohormone in rice. The result of pot culture study showed that seed soaking in a combination of biodigested slurry. Azospirillum, phosphobacteria, zinc sulphate and phytohormone improved seedling characteristics such as plumule length, radicle length, biomass and seedling vigour. The N uptake increased by 11.8% at seedling stage (30th day). Soaking of seeds in a combination of nutrients enhanced the growth and yield attributes. Seed soaking in this combination of nutrients increased the grain yield by 8.8 % over unsoaked seeds. Uptake of N, P and K also enhanced by various soaking treatments. Uptake of zinc was not influenced by soaking treatments. The study indicated that seed soaking in a combination of organic, inorganic nutrient and biofertilizers is a good pre-sowing technique for rice.     

不同形态氮素替代部分硝态氮对水培小白菜的生长和品质的影响

摘 要：为了研究水培生产上营养液中氮素形态对小白菜产量和品质的影响,本实验以华南农业大学叶菜B配方为基础, 研究了水培条件下不同形态氮素（铵态氮、酰胺态氮、氨基酸态氮）替代部分硝态氮对水培小白菜的生长和品质的影响。结果表明,氨基酸态氮和酰胺态氮部分替代硝态氮可以显著促进小白菜的生长,提高小白菜的产量;铵态氮部分替代硝态氮利于小白菜叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量的增加;氮素为纯硝态氮时,小白菜的根系活力最高,酰胺态氮的替代部分硝态氮后,小白菜根系活力显著下降,但可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和维生素C的含量显著提高;不同形态的氮素替代部分硝态氮后,降低了小白菜体内硝酸盐的含量,尤以酰胺态氮替代后降幅较大。综合小白菜收获时的产量品质等因素,酰胺态氮替代部分硝态氮对水培小白菜的栽培效果最好。     

有机无机配施对生菜养分吸收和氮肥利用率的影响

为了研究有机无机肥配施对作物吸收养分和土壤培肥的作用,通过盆栽试验,研究不同有机无机肥配施对生菜养分吸收和氮肥利用的影响。结果表明：在盆栽条件下,有机无机配施（精制有机肥,生物有机肥）较单施化肥贡献率分别提高6.4和6.8个百分点。在等氮量条件下,与单施化肥（100%无机氮）相比,有机无机配施（有机氮:无机氮=4:6）显著增加生菜生物量,促进生菜对氮磷钾养分的吸收,提高氮肥利用率。与单施化肥相比,精制有机肥与化肥配施和生物有机肥与化肥配施,生菜生物量分别增加了38.7%和41.6%;生菜氮、磷、钾养分含量分别增加了12.9%和17.5%、7.0%和12.8%、7.3%和17.2%;生菜的氮利用率分别提高了9.2%和13.7%。