牛肉市场走势及肉牛产业形势

<正>刚进入兔年不久,牛肉便遭遇迎头打击。从2011年2月第3周起,牛肉价格结束了连续17周的上涨态势,开始呈现下跌趋势,到4月第4周,牛肉市场价格已保持连续10周的下降形势,价格跌至35.54元/kg,比2月第2周的历史最高价36.59元/kg下降了     

山东省肉牛场主要经济指标调查

通过调查山东省31个肉牛场的所有制、牛源、品种、饲养方式、建场时间、人员状况等基本情况以及2001～2003年的生产成本和销售收入情况,对其成本及主要经济指标进行汇总,分析成本变化趋势并揭示其原因,找出各类牛场存在的问题,并提出建议.调查结果表明个体牛场的主成本为购牛费,占总生产成本的68.69%;集体牛场的主成本为饲料费,占总生产成本的44.96%.不同规模的牛场,主产品利润率以中型规模(100～499头)牛场最高,为18.02%,大型牛场经营管理水平有待提高.     

不同肉牛育肥的牛肉产品生产对饲料粮消耗比较分析

在对繁殖母牛、哺乳犊牛和架子牛进行饲养试验及调查的基础上,结合所进行的架子牛育肥试验和犊牛直线育肥试验,参考肉牛饲养标准和已发表的肉牛育肥试验数据,并根据目前我国牛肉产品提供状况和肉用牛育肥的饲料资源情况,分别比较不同肉牛育肥牛肉产品生产所需要的粮食。结果表明,为获得等同重量的肉牛产品,直线育肥技术比后期集中育肥要消耗较少的粮食,而高档牛肉生产（高端肉产品生产）需要消耗更多的饲料粮。     

我国优质牛肉生产概况

本文通过对优质牛肉的实际生产和消费市场的实践和调查,从品种,饲养管理,屠宰加工工艺等几大主要方面阐述了目前我国优质牛肉生产的概况,同时提出了现实中存在的影响我国优质牛肉生产的几个重要因素。     

从牛肉与猪肉比价看我国肉牛产业的发展趋势

对济南3家大型连锁超市和5家农贸市场牛肉和猪肉价格连续25周的跟踪调查进行研究,牛肉的平均价格基本维持在34元/kg左右,价格相对平稳;而猪肉平均价格由18.67元/kg,下跌了12.48%,呈现单边下跌趋势,通过对牛肉和猪肉价格比值的变化分析和牛肉价格保持相对稳定因素的分析,结果发现:未来我国肉牛产业发展的总体趋势是:牛肉的消费量稳步增长,以中低档肉牛生产为主,高中档牛肉的需求将快速上升。     

高档牛肉和小白牛肉的生产技术（上）

一、高档肉牛育肥技术 高档肉牛即生产高档牛肉的牛,它在嫩度、风味、多汁性等主要指标上,均须达到规定的等级标准。高档牛肉主要指肉牛胴体上的里、外眼肌(即背最长肌)和臂肉、短腰肉等4部分。这4部分肉的重量约占肉牛活重的5％～6％,即育肥牛宰前重为500公斤时,则这4部分高档牛肉约有25～30公斤。每公斤高档牛肉在北京高级宾馆可卖到90～100元人民币。也就是说,一头高档肉牛的高档牛肉仅占体重的5％～6％,而其产值却占到一头牛总产值的46％～47％,其经济效益之高和     

提供高档牛肉的肉牛育肥

高档牛肉的品质在嫩度、风味、多汁性等主要方面,须达到规定的等级标准,可供高级饭店制作牛排之用。育肥生产高档牛肉,经济效益很高,每千克高档牛肉价格比普通牛肉高10倍以上。每头牛能生产高档牛肉30千克左右,其余的再作为普通牛肉之用。因此,育肥高档肉牛是农牧民致富的好门路,而且前景非常广阔。现将高档肉牛的育肥技术介绍如下:1严格控制育肥牛的年龄挑选6月龄、活重达到200千克以上的牛犊,育肥到18至24月龄屠宰。一般超过30月龄以上的牛,生产不出最高档的牛肉。2严格要求屠宰体重要求育肥牛到18至24月龄屠宰前活重应达到450～500千克以…     

肉牛育种目标的经济导向

人们普遍认为,设计结构化育种方案的首要步骤是肉牛的育种目标,其发展可分为以下阶段:规范的育种、生产和销售系统,商业收入和费用支出来源,确定生物性状对收入和费用支出的影响,衍生的经济价值,育种选择标准,预估的表型特征和遗传参数。本文旨在综述肉牛养殖目标的发展及经济价值的导向。     

复合益生菌制剂对肉牛生长性能、屠宰性能及经济效益的影响

为研究不同水平的复合益生菌制剂对肉牛生长性能、屠宰性能及经济效益的影响,试验选择体重(200±4)kg肉牛60头随机分成4组,每组15个重复,每个重复1头,1组饲喂基础日粮为对照组,试验2、3、4组分别添加2.5％、5.0％、10％复合益生菌制剂,预试验7 d,试验期为56 d.结果表明:(1)试验3、4组的平均日增重...     

两种中草药添加剂对肉牛生产性能和血液指标的影响

试验旨在研究两种复方中草药添加剂对肉牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响。选择性别(母牛)、品种(西门塔尔×本地黄牛)相同,体重相近[(350±25)kg]的杂交肉牛12头,按体重随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组。以黄贮为粗饲料来源,采取精料定量粗饲料自由采食的方式进行饲喂。试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的精料中分别添加一种中草药添加剂,对照组不添加任何添加剂。试验预饲期7 d,正式试验期90 d,每天精确记录采食量,并于试验开始和结束的清晨空腹称重,试验结束的清晨空腹采集静脉血进行检测。结果表明,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的干物质采食量分别提高了5.66%和4.21%(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的平均日增重比对照组分别提高了33.64%和28.26%(P<0.05);两试验组的血液常规指标中,白蛋白含量比对照组分别提高了7.16%和16.89%(P<0.05);但球蛋白含量比对照组分别降低了31.75%和35.16%(P<0.05);血液肝功指标中,试验Ⅰ组的乳酸脱氢酶活性显著低于试验Ⅱ组和对照组(P<0.05),其他指标未见显著差异(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组的血液总抗氧化能力显著高于试验Ⅱ组和对照组(P<0.05),其中试验Ⅰ组的超氧化物歧化酶活性比对照组和试验Ⅱ组分别高出62.47%和9.10%(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组比对照组高出48.92%(P<0.05);其他血液抗氧化指标未见显著差异(P>0.05)。     

Breeding objectives of Brangus cattle in Brazil

Our goal was to define a breeding objective for Brangus beef cattle in Brazil. Bioeconomic models were produced and used to estimate economic values (EVs). The scenarios simulated were typical full-cycle beef production systems that are used in tropical and subtropical regions. The breeding objective contained pregnancy rate (PR), warm carcass weight (WCW), mature cow weight (MCW), number of nematode eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and tick count (TICK). Two models were used in series to estimate the EV. A deterministic model was used to simulate effects of PR, WCW and MCW on profitability with a constant parasite load. Subsequently, stochastic models were used to estimate economic values for TICK and EPG as consequences of their environmental effects on weight gains, mortality and health costs. The EV of PR, WCW, MCW, EPG and TICK, was US$1.59, US$2.11, −US$0.24, −US$5.35 and −US$20.88, respectively. Results indicate positive emphasis should be placed on PR (12.49%) and WCW (65.07%) with negative emphasis on MCW (13.92%), EPG (2.77%) and TICK (5.75%). In comparison with the indexes usually used, these results suggest a reformulation in the selection indexes of the beef production system in tropical and subtropical regions in order to obtain greater profitability.     

Application of aggregate genotype in beef cattle breeding

Abstract

When developing total merit indices (TMI's), estimated breeding values (EBV's) may be lacking for several traits. Methodology exists to address these challenges, calculating index weights using economic values and genetic (co)variances between traits included in the TMI and aggregate genotype. TMI's including production and functional traits were developed for beef breeds in the Norwegian breeding scheme, and potential for genetic gain was evaluated. Selection based on the TMI developed in this study was found to improve growth and carcass quality, while genetic deterioration was expected for calving difficulty. Alternative selection indices were applied to avoid these effects, but reduced the genetic gain for production traits. The results of our study show that is possible to achieve genetic gain in most economically important traits for beef cattle by using a TMI. When additional EBV's and genetic correlations become available, these should be included into the TMI for further improvement.     

肉牛和奶牛家庭牧场发展现状与对策

为保证我国肉牛养殖业和奶牛养殖业的高速发展,经过多种养殖模式的对比,发现以家庭为主体集约化生产、商品化经营的家庭牧场更加适合未来畜牧业的发展趋势,我们认为肉牛和奶牛的家庭牧场式养殖已经成为我国畜牧业未来的发展方向之一。本文对我国肉牛和奶业发达国家的奶牛的家庭牧场发展现状进行了分析,并与畜牧业发达国家的家庭牧场进行对比,总结了我国家庭牧场在发展中存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了未来我国家庭牧场的发展对策,以期促进我国肉牛和奶牛的家庭牧场持续健康发展。     

新疆某肉牛养殖场不同架子牛育肥模式的经济效益分析

本研究通过对新疆某肉牛养殖场架子牛育肥经济效益的调研分析,旨在为新疆肉牛养殖从业者选择架子牛育肥模式提供理论参考。购入高、低初始重的新疆褐牛与本地土牛杂交架子牛各24头,分为高成本高初始重组(HH组)、低成本高初始重组(LH组)、高成本低初始重组(HL组)、低成本低初始重组(LL组),每组12头牛,育肥周期为7-9个月,每月称重并记录结果,并对数据进行分析。单因素方差分析结果显示,LL组末重极显著低于其它3组(P<0.01),HH组末重显著高于LH组和HL组(P＜0.05);育肥期平均日增重LL组显著低于其它3组(P＜0.05),HH组、LH组和HL组虽然差异不显著(P>0.05),但是HH组和HL组日增重大于LH组。经济效益分析结果显示,成本利润率HL组>HH组>LL组>LH组。相关性分析结果显示,成本利润率与平均日增重呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与日饲喂成本呈现显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。本研究发现,在架子牛育肥过程中,高饲喂成本投入可以获得更高的经济效益,选择低初始重的架子牛进行短期高营养水平育肥,比选择高初始重的架子牛育肥经济效益更好。     

活牛、牛肉与生产原料比价关系分析

【目的】为掌握肉牛生产及其产品市场价格波动规律,了解牛产业各环节收益和波动情况,及时为生产指导提供科学依据。 【方法】选择在张掖市辖区内设置10个畜产品价格监测点,按日汇总,以最近一个监测周期（410天）数据为总体,选择近3个月和去年同期3个月数据为样本,按统计学原理分析其均值、标准差、误差区间、变异系数、波动趋势概率（P）和增幅等,进行总比、同比分析。【结果】本监测期玉米价格2.890.03、活牛32.772.26、牛肉72.271.97、M 11.410.65 、R 2.210.11;确定以活牛/玉米（M值）为参数,将原料与产品结合起来作活牛成本分析;用牛肉/活牛比价（R值）分析养殖与屠宰消费环节营销利益分配关系。根据M、DP（屠宰率）均值11.41、55.81%确定3个盈亏平衡点为：活牛成本32.97元,牛肉成本59.08元,活牛屠宰到消费端营销成本R值为1.8;根据 R均值2.21确定活牛屠宰到消费端营销临界利润率为 22.7%,当R≧2.21时营销利润率≧22.7%,效益增加,R≦2.21时营销利润率≦22.7%效益降低。【结论】与肉牛生产息息相关的4个临界点分别为M值为11.41,基于M值的活牛成本32.97元、牛肉成本59.08元、活牛屠宰到消费端营销成本R值2.21利润率22.7%。近期M值连续下降溢出正常区间下限值10.65达66天,R值上升溢出正常区间上限2.32达52天,养殖环节收益缩减呈现亏损状态,屠宰消费环节营销利率高达30%。 M、R值变化呈不同步状态, R滞后。     

突破肉牛产业发展效益瓶颈问题的探讨

随着肉牛产业从持续火热期逐渐回落,加上饲料价格的新一轮上涨,出栏育肥牛盈利空间被极度压缩,一度出现一定比例的亏损和弃养现象。这是市场规律调节的结果,是养殖业必然要经历的市场阵痛期。所以仅仅依靠高行情去获得盈利,促进肉牛产业的发展是不可能长久的。本文阐述了从提高种牛品质、提高母牛繁殖性能、抓好犊牛培育及早期断奶、粗饲料储备等几方面着手,抓技术提质增效,抓管理降低成本,理顺养牛投资理念,使肉牛产业安全走出低谷期,以突破肉牛产业发展效益瓶颈。这是市场规律调节的结果,是养殖业必然都要经过的市场阵痛期。所以仅仅依靠高行情去获得盈利,促进肉牛产业的发展是不可能长久的。文章阐述了从提高种牛品质、提高母牛繁殖性能、抓好犊牛培育及早期断奶、粗饲料储备等几方面着手,抓技术提质增效,抓管理降低成本,理顺养牛投资理念,使肉牛产业安全走出低谷期,以突破肉牛产业养殖效益瓶颈。     

Development of a model to predict dietary metabolizable energy from digestible energy in beef cattle

Understanding the utilization of feed energy is essential for precision feeding in beef cattle production. We aimed to assess whether predicting the metabolizable energy (ME) to digestible energy (DE) ratio (MDR), rather than a prediction of ME with DE, is feasible and to develop a model equation to predict MDR in beef cattle. We constructed a literature database based on published data. A meta-analysis was conducted with 306 means from 69 studies containing both dietary DE and ME concentrations measured by calorimetry to test whether exclusion of the y-intercept is adequate in the linear relationship between DE and ME. A random coefficient model with study as the random variable was used to develop equations to predict MDR in growing and finishing beef cattle. Routinely measured or calculated variables in the field (body weight, age, daily gain, intake, and dietary nutrient components) were chosen as explanatory variables. The developed equations were evaluated with other published equations. The no-intercept linear equation was found to represent the relationship between DE and ME more appropriately than the equation with a y-intercept. The y-intercept (−0.025 ± 0.0525) was not different from 0 (P = 0.638), and Akaike and Bayesian information criteria of the no-intercept model were smaller than those with the y-intercept. Within our growing and finishing cattle data, the animal’s physiological stage was not a significant variable affecting MDR after accounting for the study effect (P = 0.213). The mean (±SE) of MDR was 0.849 (±0.0063). The best equation for predicting MDR (n = 106 from 28 studies) was 0.9410 ( ± 0.02160) +0.0042 ( ± 0.00186) × DMI (kg) – 0.0017 ( ± 0.00024) × NDF(% DM) – 0.0022 ( ± 0.00084) × CP(% DM). We also presented a model with a positive coefficient for the ether extract (n = 80 from 22 studies). When using these equations, the observed ME was predicted with high precision (R² = 0.92). The model accuracy was also high, as shown by the high concordance correlation coefficient (>0.95) and small root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), <5% of the observed mean. Moreover, a significant portion of the RMSEP was due to random bias (> 93%), without mean or slope bias (P > 0.05). We concluded that dietary ME in beef cattle could be accurately estimated from dietary DE and its conversion factor, MDR, predicted by the dry matter intake and concentration of several dietary nutrients, using the 2 equations developed in this study.