除草剂对草原毒害草白喉乌头的药效及对牧草安全性的影响

新源县某草场以24%的氨氯吡啶酸EC与GF-1365进行白喉乌头除草试验,结果表明,GF-1365用量54 g/667 m2的株防效与鲜重防效效果最佳,不会对草场的禾本科牧草造成严重危害,具有较高的安全性。而24%的氯氨吡啶酸EC用药8 g/667 m2的株防效与鲜重防效效果最佳,且对禾本科牧草安全,不会产生严重毒害。在今后白喉乌头杂草防控过程中,可以推广应用上述剂量进行防治,具有很好的防除效果。     

3种药剂防除黄帚橐吾药效及药害分析

采用30%氨氯吡啶酸·二氯吡啶酸、31%氨氯吡啶酸·2,4-滴、15%双氟磺草胺·氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯3种药剂,在青海省海晏县黄帚橐吾危害区进行防除黄帚橐吾的药效试验。结果显示,用药量在1 650 g/hm2的31%氨氯吡啶酸·2,4-滴对该地草原黄帚橐吾的平均防治效果达到了80%以上,高于其他处理,其对优良牧草基本无药害。     

迈士通防除黄花棘豆的药效试验

对迈士通防除黄花棘豆的效果进行了试验。结果表明,迈士通药剂的2种处理在施药30 d和60 d后对草原黄花棘豆的防控效果较明显,均达到70%以上。尤其是迈士通500 mL/hm2处理对草原黄花棘豆的防除效果为80%以上。2种浓度药剂均对牧草安全,可作为防除黄花棘豆的有效药剂推广使用。     

2种药剂防除草原黄帚橐吾的药效试验研究

应用2种除草剂对草原黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)进行了防除试验。结果表明,迈士通用药量500.0mL/hm2对黄帚橐吾的防除效果达到80%以上,药效明显高于排草丹和迈士通的另外2个剂量;排草丹的防除效果欠佳,但对大部分禾本科和莎草科牧草安全。因此,迈士通用药量500.0 mL/hm2适宜作为防除黄帚橐吾的有效药剂推广使用。     

迈士通防除黄花棘豆药效的研究

迈士通有效量375ml/hm2对草地黄花棘豆的防除效果达到70%以上,迈士通有效量500ml/hm2对草地黄花棘豆的防除效果达到85%左右,后者的药效明显高于前者,两种浓度的药剂均对牧草安全。     

2种化学除草剂对沟渠空心莲子草防除效果

采用2种不同的化学除草剂[质量分数为10%草甘膦水剂（AS）和质量分数为20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油（EC）],设6个药剂水平（10%草甘膦AS稀释50倍750 kg/hm2、10%草甘膦AS稀释50倍1 500 kg/hm2、10%草甘膦AS稀释75倍750 kg/hm2、10%草甘膦AS稀释100倍750 kg/hm2、10%草甘膦AS稀释150倍750 kg/hm2和20%氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 1 000倍750 kg/hm2）对空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides进行防除。试验结果表明：10%草甘膦AS和20%氯氟吡氧乙酸EC对沟渠空心莲子草的防除效果较好,杀草速度快,可在实际生产中应用。     

0.03%吡嘧磺隆·五氟磺草胺颗粒剂(药肥混剂)制备方法及田间药效试验

0.03%吡嘧磺隆·五氟磺草胺颗粒剂(药肥混剂)防除移栽水稻田杂草具有很好的除草效果,尤其是对水稻田恶性稗草、鸭舌草和异型莎草等具有很好的防效.与常用的药剂拌肥料撒施相比,0.03%吡嘧磺隆·五氟磺草胺颗粒剂(药肥混剂)是一种高效、简便快捷、省工省时的方法,而且对水稻增产显著.     

迈士通防除草地黄帚橐吾的研究

应用迈士通除草剂对草地黄帚橐吾Ligularia virgaurea进行了防除试验,结果表明,迈士通有效量500ml/hm2对草地黄帚橐吾的防除效果明显高于375ml/hm2和437.50ml/hm2两个剂量,安全性较好。从安全、高效的角度考虑,最适宜的用量为500ml/hm2。因此,可以作为防除黄帚橐吾的有效药剂推广使用。     

迈士通防除黄帚橐吾的持续性防控效果调查

应用迈士通药剂在高寒牧区对草地毒草黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)进行了防除试验。结果表明,施药后第二年,迈士通用药剂量375ml/hm^2处理区,草地草群平均高度显著增高,迈士通用药剂量500ml/hm^2处理区,黄帚橐吾株数显著受到抑制,其高度降低,且对优良牧草安全,改善了其生存环境。     

英国兽药典(1985)简介

《英国兽药典》最近版于1977年出版。1985年新版又问世。本版收载的新药有甲氯灭酸·硫氧苯咪唑、洛硝哒唑、螺旋霉素、太乐菌素、磺胺噻唑钠和Amitraz。还收载了15种新疫苗、4种新的抗血清、35种新制剂。新制剂中有4种供乳房内注入,分别含土霉素、普鲁卡因青霉素、邻氯青霉素加氨苄青霉素。有21种药物不再收载,包括三种合成的雌激素、脒碳苯胺、四氯化碳、对氨苯胂酸、丁苯咪唑,奋乃静和甲基苯唑奎(methyl     

Preemergent Control of Medusahead on California Annual Rangelands With Aminopyralid

Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae [L.] Nevski), the most problematic invasive grass on many California rangelands, is difficult to control selectively in grasslands. Prescribed burning, grazing, and herbicides have been tested with some success but are not practical in all situations. The selective herbicide aminopyralid, normally used for control of certain broadleaf species such as thistles, suppresses some annual grasses when applied pre- or early postemergence. In 2009–2010, we tested the efficacy of aminopyralid for medusahead control in preemergence applications at three foothill rangeland sites in northern California. We compared a rate series of aminopyralid (53, 88, 123, and 245 g · ha^-1 acid equivalent [ae]) with rimsulfuron (18 and 35 g · ha^-1 active ingredient) and imazapic (140 g · ha^-1 ae). Plots were 3 × 9 m with four replications at each site. Treatments were applied in early fall 2009. In May 2010, we took visual cover estimates and biomass/seedhead samples in three quadrats per plot. In regression analysis, medusahead cover was found to decrease consistently with increasing rates of aminopyralid. Medusahead control at the highest rates of aminopyralid was consistent across the three sites, averaging 89% ± 3 standard deviation (SD) with 245 g · ha^-1 ae and 59% ± 10 SD with 123 g · ha^-1 ae. Aminopyralid at lower rates, rimsulfuron, and imazapic were less consistent. Cover of other annual grasses increased in plots treated with aminopyralid at all sites. Aminopyralid has potential utility for suppressing medusahead, particularly in sites also infested with invasive members of the Asteraceae. However, the most effective rate (245 g · ha^-1 ae) is registered for use only as a spot application. In situations where this rate can be justifiably used, it would be expected to give season-long control of medusahead, as well as longer-term control of thistles and other susceptible species.     

白喉乌头种群空间分布格局初步研究

采用聚类分析方法和邻接格子样方法对那拉提草原毒害草白喉乌头(Aconitum leucostomum)种群格局进行研究,以期探明其种群空间分布格局类型和分布规律,了解种群群落内部结构形成机制及群落分布成因。结果表明:白喉乌头在群落中的优势度在2.174~3.6和6.62~6.983范围内,呈现均匀分布,平均密度为0.58株·m^-2;不同样方面积下呈现均匀分布,不同尺度下表现出一定的差异性,样方面积在4 m²和32 m²时,白喉乌头格局规模最大;白喉乌头密度与样方面积呈极显著的线性关系。白喉乌头的分布格局在较小尺度上格局规模基本上比较稳定,空间点格局在各尺度上呈现均匀分布,但不同地点还是表现出尺度上的差异。     

Aminopyralid Constrains Seed Production of the Invasive Annual Grasses Medusahead and Ventenata

Invasive annual grasses, such as medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae [L.] Nevski), ventenata (Ventenata dubia [Leers] Coss.), downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), and Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr.), are negatively impacting millions of hectares of US rangelands. Amino acid synthesis inhibitor and photosynthesis inhibitor herbicides are sometimes used to control invasive annual grasses. Conversely, growth regulator herbicides are generally considered ineffective against invasive annual grasses. However, in a recent study of pre-emergence herbicide applications, the growth regulator aminopyralid appreciably reduced medusahead cover, primarily by killing emerging medusahead plants. Additionally, in recent studies of postemergence herbicide applications, we found the growth regulators aminopyralid, dicamba, and picloram drastically reduced downy brome and Japanese brome seed production. In these postemergence studies, growth regulators sterilized the plants without otherwise greatly affecting them. The purpose of this greenhouse study was to extend our growth regulator/plant sterility research from downy brome and Japanese brome to medusahead and ventenata. Each tested aminopyralid rate and application growth stage (late seedling, internode elongation, heading) reduced medusahead seed production to nearly zero. Picloram also reduced medusahead seed production, but not quite as consistently as aminopyralid. With ventenata, aminopyralid applied at the seedling stage reduced seed production ∼ 95–99%. Beyond the seedling stage, however, ventenata responses to aminopyralid were highly variable. Picloram had low activity against ventenata seed production. These results contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting it may be possible to use growth regulators to control invasive annual grasses by depleting their short-lived seedbanks.     

草甘膦、草铵膦喷施对槟榔根系形态及生理的影响

除草剂防除杂草的同时会给非靶标作物带来药害,频繁使用除草剂的海南槟榔园叶片黄化症状更加明显,我们推测除草剂可能导致槟榔根系退化,从而引起叶片黄化。本试验以幼龄期槟榔与成龄期槟榔为研究对象,测定草甘膦和草铵膦使用后槟榔根系生长发育形态与相关生理指标。结果表明：（1）在幼龄期槟榔根系中,主要以直径为0～1.5mm的根为主要根系结构,数量上占到总根的88%以上,表面积占到了总根的68%以上。草甘膦和草铵膦喷施显著降低了槟榔幼苗根系鲜重、干物质积累量,白色吸收根的比例、吸收根活力。（2）在成龄期槟榔气生根中,喷施草甘膦和草铵膦均引起气生根药剂残留,且农残随施用浓度增加而变高;喷施草甘膦和草铵膦,阻碍了槟榔气生根发育。草甘膦处理第14天后气生根死亡数达到最大,而草铵膦处理第28天后达到最大。（3）草铵膦损害了气生根组织结构,使新根内皮层排列稀疏,表皮组织厚度增加,木栓化程度加深,导致根表皮细胞大量死亡,抑制了气生根伸长与增粗。上述研究结果表明草甘膦和草铵膦通过木栓化加速根系死亡调控槟榔根系生长与发育。     

白喉乌头水浸提液对禾本科牧草种子萌发的化感作用

采用培养皿滤纸法在人工气候箱中研究了白喉乌头（Aconitum leucostomum）水浸提液对4种禾本科牧草种子萌发的影响。结果表明,白喉乌头根和茎叶的水浸提液对4种牧草种子萌发率和萌发指数具有抑制作用,且根的抑制作用大于茎叶;对萌发指数影响大于萌发率;抑制作用随水浸提液质量浓度的增加而加大;4种牧草对白喉乌头化感作用敏感性从强到弱依次为无芒雀麦（Bromus inermis）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）、草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）、苇状羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）。     

白喉乌头种群生长动态初步研究

白喉乌头(Aconitum leucostomum)是新疆伊犁河谷山地草甸草地广泛分布的多年生有毒植物,严重危害着当地草原畜牧业的发展。为掌握其生长发育状态,为合理防治提供科学依据,对白喉乌头从返青到开花结实期(5月3日-7月17日)的高度(H)、密度(D)、株丛径(Z)和地上生物量(W)等每15d测定一次,监测其生长动态,并采用一元非线性拟合的方法,对白喉乌头的生长动态进行拟合,并对高度、密度、株丛径与地上生物量的关系进行了逐步回归分析。研究结果表明:白喉乌头的高度、株丛径和地上生物量随时间的增加而增大,其增长模型分别是:幂函数模型、Long-modified模型和幂函数模型,其拟合方程分别是H=4.6978T0.513551、Z=(494.1776+231.5106T)0.339913和W=2.6393T0.781408;白喉乌头的密度先增大后减小,符合房室模型,其方程式为D=114.7676e(-0.005049T)-100.8592e(-0.095765T);在同一时间高度、株丛径与地上生物量之间呈显著相关的回归关系:W=39.7814364+5.429432775H-7.108936940Z;高度是影响白喉乌头地上生物量最重要的因素。因此,可以通过控制高度来控制白喉乌头的繁殖。     

几种除草剂对肃南栽培草地主要杂草防除试验研究

为筛选出适合甘肃省肃南牧区栽培草地主要杂草防除的除草剂,以栽培草地播前和苗后2个时期为试验地,选择2,4-滴丁酯乳油,40%磺草-莠去津和30%草甘膦水剂3种除草剂,开展5个不同剂量处理下的杂草防除试验。结果表明：栽培草地播前,30%草甘膦有效成分剂量为1.65L/hm^2时,对赖草防除效果达到了94.68%,同时对栽培草地的发芽和出苗都没有影响,是比较理想的播前除草剂。苗后2,4-滴丁酯乳油有效成分剂量为3.60L/hm^2时对以大蓟、叶蒿和藜为优势杂草的栽培草地防效较好,防效分别达78.92%,85.08%和95.83%。     

Growth Regulator Herbicides Prevent Invasive Annual Grass Seed Production Under Field Conditions

Growth regulator herbicides, such as 2,4-D, dicamba, picloram, and aminopyralid, are commonly used to control broadleaf weeds in rangelands, noncroplands, and cereal crops. If applied to cereals at late growth stages, while the grasses are developing reproductive parts, the herbicides often reduce cereal seed production. We are researching methods for using this injury response to control invasive annual grasses in rangelands by depleting their short-lived seed banks. In a previous greenhouse study, we found picloram and dicamba reduced seed production of the invasive annual grass Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus Thunb.) by nearly 100%. However, this promising greenhouse finding needs to be corroborated in the field before growth regulators can be confidently recommended for invasive annual grass control. This research note describes a study conducted in eastern Montana suggesting growth regulators may provide excellent control of invasive annual grasses. Specifically, we found typical use rates of aminopyralid and picloram reduced Japanese brome seed production by more than 95% (based on sample means) when applied at three different plant growth stages. This promising result contributes to the accumulating body of evidence suggesting growth regulators may control invasive annual grasses.     

围栏封育和挖除对有毒植物白喉乌头的影响

为从生态角度研究防除有毒植物白喉乌头Aconitum leucostomum,在2006-2007年,设置自然放牧、围栏封育2年、围栏封育2年+挖除3个处理,2008年5月,测定白喉乌头的高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量、每丛株数及生育期,运用方差分析方法进行比较,研究发现,围栏封育2年可以有效控制白喉乌头的生长和繁殖,在围栏封育的同时,再采取连续彻底挖除的措施更有效。     

草甘膦与氰氟草酯对隆线溞的急性毒性研究

在水生食物链中,水溞是连结植物、微生物和动物的关键成员。草甘膦与氰氟草酯被广泛用于防除水生和稻田杂草,研究它们对水溞的毒性,有益于人们关注使用除草剂对水体生态系统的影响。试验以标准水体监测生物——隆线溞(Daphnia carinata)单克隆为材料,研究草甘膦和氰氟草酯对其泳动能力、存活率和趋光性的影响。结果表明,两种除草剂对隆线溞均有明显毒性,草甘膦对隆线溞24, 48和96 h的半致死浓度(LC₅₀)分别为66.58, 29.60和12.33 mg/L,为田间常规用药量的0.15%~0.81%;氰氟草酯对隆线溞24, 48和96 h的LC₅₀依次是63.15, 51.91和34.41 mg/L,为田间常规用药量的17.21%~31.58%。两种除草剂显著影响隆线溞的泳动能力和趋光指数。隆线溞接触草甘膦和氰氟草酯3 h后,导致其趋光指数显著改变的浓度分别是4.59和14.20 mg/L,分别为常规用药量的0.06%和7.10%。因此,草甘膦和氰氟草酯对水溞的毒性大,对水生食物链的影响不可忽视。利用水溞趋光性可快速、灵敏地监测除草剂使用后的水体生物毒性。