藏东南高寒土坡面细沟水流输沙能力变化特征

为探究高寒土坡面细沟侵蚀过程机理,建立科学的坡面细沟输沙能力因子模型,服务高寒坡面水土流失治理工作,以藏东南高寒土壤为研究对象,采用室内径流放水冲刷试验,探讨不同流量和坡度条件下细沟水流输沙能力特征。结果表明：（1）高寒土坡面细沟水流输沙能力的临界坡长随输沙能力的增加而变短,范围为3.27~8.31 m;坡度在15°~25°时,临界坡长大约稳定在5.0 m;（2）不同坡度下,高寒土细沟水流输沙能力与流量表现为明显的线性正相关关系（T_c=Aq）;小坡度的输沙能力受流量的影响程度大于大坡度;（3）高寒土细沟水流输沙能力与坡度可以用指数方程较好地表示（T_c=-ae^（-S/b）+c）,输沙能力随坡度的增大先快速增大,后逐渐过渡到平稳,当坡度达到15°时增幅平缓;（4）坡面细沟水流输沙能力可以用二元幂函数方程T_c=1697.83S^0.491q^1.043表示。通过本模型与其他模型的比较分析,ANSWERS模型在计算高寒土的坡面细沟水流输沙能力还值得商榷,本试验模型、Lei模型与Gao模型均能较好地模拟高寒区细沟侵蚀输沙能力。     

光照与阴影对无人机热红外遥感监测土壤含水率的影响

为探究作物冠层受阳光直射或阴影遮挡对无人机热红外遥感诊断作物水分胁迫、监测土壤含水率的影响，该研究以不同灌溉处理的夏玉米为研究对象，将热红外图像划分为光照冠层、阴影冠层、光照土壤、阴影土壤4个部分，分别提取光照温度与阴影温度后计算了11:00、13:00、15:00的冠气温差（冠层温度与大气温度之差，ΔT）、作物水分胁迫指数（crop water stress index，CWSI）、蒸发比（潜热通量与有效能量的比值，evaporative fraction，EF），并对比了3种指数在不同时刻使用光照温度（ΔT_L、CWSI_L、EF_L）与阴影温度（ΔT_S、CWSI_S、EF_S）后对土壤含水率的监测效果变化情况。结果表明：1）3种指数的监测效果会随时间发生变化，11:00与15:00时EF监测效果较好，13:00时CWSI监测效果较好，ΔT的监测效果较差但随时间波动最小；2）拔节期在区分光照温度与阴影温度后监测效果在11:00时提升幅度最大，EF、EF_S、EF_L的R²分别为0.54、0.65、0.78，CWSI、CWSI_S、CWSI_L的R²分别为0.47、0.64、0.70，抽雄期与灌浆期使用光照温度对监测效果提升不大，但使用阴影温度的指数监测效果有明显降低，在13:00时CWSI_S较CWSI有最大降幅，R²降幅分别为0.11、0.06；3）在拔节期与抽雄期使用11:00的EF_L，在灌浆期使用13:00的CWSI能取得最好的土壤含水率监测效果，预测土壤含水率的R²分别为0.75、0.75、0.89。该研究可以为无人机热红外监测土壤含水率提供参考。     

半干旱黄土地区幼龄侧柏叶蒸腾的数学模型

 通过人工控制水分,形成单株幼龄侧柏的不同土壤水分梯度环境。在自然环境下对侧柏叶片定时、定位进行蒸腾速率及林冠层的光照、空气温度、空气湿度、叶水势和土壤水分等因子的同步观测。蒸腾速率与各个因子的相关分析表明:黄土半干旱地区侧柏蒸腾速率η_t/(μg·cm^-2·s^-1)与光照强度E/(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、空气饱和差p_v/kPa、叶水势Ψ/kPa、气温t/℃的关系可以分别表示为:η_t=>αE_b,η_t=αp_vb,η_t=αψ^b,η_t=αt²+bt+c;侧柏的蒸腾速率η_t与气孔阻力R_s/(s·cm^-1)和土壤含水量W/％有密切关系,可以分别表示为:η_t=α+bW+cW₂+dW₃,R_s=α+bW+cW₂+dW₃。用气温、空气饱和差、叶水势3个因素建立了半干旱黄土地区幼龄单株侧柏蒸腾速率的非线性指数预测模型:η_t=0.6950_exp（0.03158t-14.2492/p_v+0.7606/Ψ）,经检验获得了满意的数值模拟结果。     

甘肃省小陇山林区降雨型浅层滑坡汇水面积-坡度关系及其影响因素

沟头发生侵蚀的地形临界模型可有效预测侵蚀沟的形成条件,浅层滑坡失稳形成的洼地也是沟头形成的方式之一。为探究浅层滑坡临界起动模型的特点,以甘肃省天水市小陇山林区的降雨型浅层滑坡为研究对象,运用汇水面积-坡度关系,构建临界起动模型,与黄土高原典型侵蚀沟(浅沟、切沟)的临界起动模型进行对比分析,并探讨土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地对该模型的影响。结果表明:(1)浅层滑坡临界起动模型为S=3.50A_s^-0.34,其侵蚀阈值为3.50,大于黄土高原典型浅沟(0.96)和切沟(1.54)的侵蚀阈值。研究区浅层滑坡一般发生于土层较薄的陡坡地带,其平均坡度(S=1.26)大于浅沟(S=0.35)与切沟(S=0.46),单位汇水面积(A=89.08 m²/m)小于浅沟(A=920.93 m²/m)和切沟(A=1 129.82 m²/m)。(2)汇水面积与坡度平方的乘积(AS²)代表了沟头产生侵蚀的能量指标值。研究区浅层滑坡AS²值在269.1~5 703.2 m²,平均值为1 772.97 m²,黄土高原浅沟AS²值在4.74~892.66 m²,切沟在41~814 m²,启动能量值方面,浅沟<切沟<浅层滑坡。(3)土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地通过影响土壤的抗冲力、渗透性和黏粒含量,从而对浅层滑坡的起动难易程度产生影响。在不同的土地利用方式中,农地最易发生侵蚀,其次是林地。油松林附近浅层滑坡的抗侵蚀能力高于日本落叶松林。研究结果为探究浅层滑坡的起动条件提供理论依据。     

水稻田中产甲烷菌数量和优势种

采用改良的亨格特(Hungate)厌氧技术,用MPN法和滚管法同时测定水稻不同生育期土壤中的产甲烷菌数量有明显差异,在混合基质中生长的产甲烷菌数量,早稻在分蘖末期数量最高,可达3.6×10¹⁰个/克干土;在H₂和CO₂生长的产甲烷菌数量,晚稻在分蘖盛期明显增高,到乳熟期可高达3.1×10¹¹个/克干土;在甲酸钠和乙酸钠基质中生长的产甲烷菌数量,晚稻在分蘖盛期较高,分别达3.7×10⁸个/克千土和1.2×10⁸个/克干土;在甲醇基质中生长的产甲烷菌数量,晚稻在各生育期差异不显著。不同深度土壤中产甲烷菌数量无显著差异。施用有机肥料在一定程度上可促进产甲烷菌数量的递增。水稻土中占优势的产甲烷菌种群为甲酸甲烷杆菌(Methanobacterium formicicum)、马氏甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcina mazei)和巴氏甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcina barkeri)。     

不同供氮水平下玉米大豆间作体系干物质积累和氮素吸收动态模拟

玉米/大豆间作具有一定的养分利用优势,但是不同供氮水平对玉米/大豆间作体系干物质累积和氮素吸收的调控作用不同。本试验采用田间裂区设计,运用Logistic模型分析,模拟了4个氮水平下玉米/大豆间作作物干物质积累和氮素吸收的动态变化。结果表明,玉米、大豆干物质累积和氮素吸收动态符合Logistic模型,相关系数R²均在0.9以上。在N0（不施氮肥）、N1（180 kg·hm^-2）、N2（240 kg·hm^-2）和N3（300 kg·hm^-2）供氮水平时,间作玉米最大生长速率（I_max-B）分别比单作提高34.2%、46.7%、25.9%和25.1%,而相应的供氮水平下,大豆的I_max-B分别降低27.7%、30.3%、16.5%和23.7%,但整个间作系统的I_max-B平均增加32.1%;玉米和大豆干物质的其他模拟参数与I_max-B规律一致。氮素吸收动态与干物质积累表现出同步的变化特点,在N1水平下,单位面积间作玉米的氮素最大吸收量（K_-N）、最大吸收速率（I_max-N）和瞬时吸收速率（r-N）比相应单作分别提高18.4%、48.9%和25.8%,而间作大豆的K_-N、I_max-N和r-N值比单作处理分别降低15.9%、29.9%和16.69%,整个间作系统氮素分别提高0.4%、13.7%和7.8%;施氮水平对大豆r-N无显著性影响。间作显著地提高了氮素当量比（LER_N>1）,其中N0水平下LER_N值最高,随着施氮量的增加,LER_N有下降趋势。在本试验条件下,N2供氮水平下玉米/大豆间作体系干物质积累量和氮素吸收量最高,间作优势最明显。     

基于透射图像的高压脉动腌制咸鸭蛋含盐量检测

含盐量是衡量咸鸭蛋品质的重要指标。为了利用机器视觉技术实现高压脉动腌制咸鸭蛋含盐量的无损检测。该研究采用工业相机和透射光源搭建咸鸭蛋的透射图像采集装置。采用图像整体特征和长轴截面光强度特征两种特征提取方法,利用多元线性回归、支持向量机回归两种算法,建立对蛋清、蛋黄及全蛋含盐量以及蛋黄指数的定量预测模型。结果表明,随着咸鸭蛋腌制时间的增加,其透光性显著提高。同时,透射图像蛋黄的所在视野区域会随着含盐量的增加而呈现规律性的变化。基于图像整体特征建立的蛋清、蛋黄、全蛋含盐量模型较优,在蛋黄指数预测下基于长轴截面光强度特征所建模型较优。其中,基于图像整体特征所建立的蛋黄含盐量支持向量机回归（support vector regression, SVR）模型最优,测试集相关系数（test set correlation coefficient, R_p）、测试集均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction, RMSE_p)、相对分析误差（residual predictive deviation, RPD）分别达到0.8460、0.3416、1.898;基于长轴截面光强度特征建立的蛋黄指数多元线性回归（multiple linear regression, MLR）模型最优,测试集相关系数R_p、均方根误差RMSE_p、相对分析误差RPD分别为0.8318、0.0743、1.916。该研究结果为咸鸭蛋含盐量的快速检测提供理论依据和技术支持。     

黄土高原典型退耕草地植被特征对土壤入渗过程的影响

植被恢复过程可显著影响土壤入渗性能。通过选取黄土高原典型草地白羊草和铁杆蒿草地,设置不同种植密度（5,10,15,20,25,30株/m²）和采用人工模拟降雨试验（60 mm/h,60 min）,系统研究了草地植被特征对土壤入渗过程的影响。结果表明：（1）种植密度增加可显著延缓产流,不同种植密度下白羊草草地和铁杆蒿草地初始产流时间分别为0.76~5.74,0.87~2.08 s,且随盖度、根系生物量和有机质的增加呈幂函数增加（R²≥0.18,p<0.05）。（2）不同种植密度下白羊草草地的平均入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、入渗总量分别为0.47~0.82,0.46~0.82 mm/min和7.12~11.84 mm,铁杆蒿草地分别为0.38~0.67,0.35~0.60 mm/min和5.70~10.07 mm。当种植密度为20株/m²时,土壤入渗各参数均最大;平均入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、入渗量总量、入渗系数（K）随土壤有机质的提高呈幂函数增大（R²≥0.26,p<0.01）,衰减系数（α）随生物结皮盖度呈降低趋势（p>0.05）。（3）白羊草草地具有较高的根系生物量、生物结皮盖度和有机质含量,其初始产流时间、平均入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、入渗量总量及入渗系数（K）均不同程度高于铁杆蒿草地,衰减系数（α）低于铁杆蒿草地,土壤入渗性能较强。总体而言,对于典型退耕草地,土壤入渗总量（A）可表征为根系生物量密度（RMD）和土壤有机质（SOC）的拟合函数（A=2.77×RMD^0.149 SOC^0.614,R²=0.663,NSE=0.653）。研究结果可为黄土高原退耕草地生态水文过程和植被建设提供数据来源和理论依据。     

红壤侵蚀区不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性及细菌多样性

[目的] 揭示土壤理化特性与细菌丰度之间的内在关系,为红壤侵蚀区马尾松林水土流失分区精准治理提供参考。[方法] 以福建省长汀县红壤侵蚀区马尾松林为研究对象,选择侏罗系中统漳平组中段(J₂Z²)、侏罗系中统漳平组下段(J₂Z¹)、侏罗纪燕山期早期侵入岩(γ₅^{2(3) c})、第四系全新统(Q_h)4种地层背景,分析测定不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性和细菌群落组成及多样性。[结果] 不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化指标整体表现为：J₂Z¹＞J₂Z²＞Q_h＞γ₅^{2(3) c};土壤养分含量各地层背景各有丰缺,J₂Z¹地层背景土壤有机质含量大于其他地层,Q_h地层背景氮含量大于其他地层,而γ₅^{2(3) c}地层背景磷和钾含量较高;4种地层背景土壤细菌差异操作分类单元(OTU)数目表现为：Q_h＞J₂Z²＞J₂Z¹＞γ₅^{2(3) c},分别占总OTU数目的21.62%,18.29%,16.79%,12.08%;细菌群落多样性表现为：J₂Z²＞Q_h＞γ₅^{2(3) c}＞J₂Z¹;J₂Z¹地层和Q_h地层土壤细菌多样性与土壤含水率和土壤pH值正相关,J₂Z²地层与土壤容重以及全磷含量正相关,γ₅^{2(3) c}地层与土壤钾含量和速效氮含量正相关。[结论] 红壤侵蚀区不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性存在一定差异,在植被恢复过程中应考虑地层背景因素进行分区治理,细菌对不同地层背景土壤性质具有一定指示作用。     

几种土壤的Zn—Ca交换平衡

本文就黄棕壤、红壤、砖红壤的Zn—Ca交换平衡进行了初步研究。结果表明:三种土壤对Zn²⁺离子的选择性是:黄棕壤>红壤≥砖红壤。选择系数(K_c)随着土壤粘粒表面上Zn²⁺离子饱和度的增加而下降;随着温度的上升而增加。从曲线的形状看,可以认为黄棕壤粘粒表面存在两种能量不同的吸附位,一种对Zn²⁺离子具有较强的亲和力,另一种则要差。在体系中Zn²⁺离子交换Ca²⁺离子过程中,△G⁰受△H⁰的影响远比△S⁰要大。这在黄棕壤里表现尤为明显。从热力学参数△G⁰、△H⁰、△S⁰的变化情况看,黄棕壤对Zn²⁺离子特别偏好,结合得也较紧。红壤和砖红壤则无法比拟,这可能与土壤粘粒矿物类型及表面性质有关。     

基于机插晚稻分蘖成穗特性获取基本苗定量参数

为精确定量机插晚稻适宜的群体起点,合理利用分蘖成穗,以3个晚稻(H优518、H优159和五优308)高产品种(组合)为材料,研究了机插晚稻分蘖成穗特性及基本苗公式参数。结果表明,机插晚稻1次分蘖集中在主茎第3~7叶位,第3~6叶位为分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位;2次分蘖在3/0~5/0上均有发生,但成穗以1/3和1/4为主;主要依靠1次分蘖成穗,2次分蘖成穗较少;单株分蘖成穗数4.5个左右;主茎及优势蘖位穗部性状较好,穗粒结构协调,产量较高,对群体产量贡献大。晚稻在4叶1心期机插,移栽分蘖缺位叶龄(bn,blemish number)为0.7~0.8,校正系数(a)为0.6左右,有效分蘖发生率(r)在0.8左右。生产中机插晚稻应在保证合理基本苗的基础上,争取分蘖早生快发,在充分发挥1次分蘖的分蘖成穗优势的同时,合理利用低位2次分蘖成穗,以获取适宜的穗数而实现高产。该研究揭示了高产条件下机插晚稻分蘖成穗规律及基本苗公式参数,为大面积生产中机插秧基本苗精确定量及分蘖高效利用提供技术参考。     

Effects of deficit irrigation and transplanting methods of irrigated rice on soil physical properties and rice yield

This study evaluated how deficit irrigation and method of transplanting irrigated rice affected soil physical properties in the short term and rice yields under cultivation that did not involve wet levelling (puddling). Field experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2010 at Sakha Agric. Res. Sta., Egypt. Planting methods were as follows: traditional transplanting into flat flooded soil (M₁), transplanting into furrows (M₂) and into beds (M₃). The deficit irrigation treatments were as follows: irrigation every 6 days between transplanting and 2 weeks before harvesting, reference method (I₁), irrigation as in I₁ but with a continuous period of 12 days without irrigation (i.e. one irrigation event missed) at heading (I₂), irrigation as in I₁ but with an event missed at the beginning of tillering and at the start of head development (I₃) and irrigation as in I₁ but with 3 missed events, one each at the beginning of tillering, the start of the head development and panicle initiation (I₄). Results showed that relative to soil conditions before planting, both rice transplanting methods and deficit irrigation decreased soil bulk density, water holding pores percentage, fine capillary pores percentage and soil shear strength, whereas drainable porosity percentage increased. Soil cracked more under the reference treatment than under the other treatments. Rice transplanting into beds and maintaining irrigation every 6 days without any irrigation skip, treatment (I₁ × M₃), appeared appropriate for growing rice. This combination resulted in soil physical properties favourable for plant growth, producing the largest grain and straw yields of all the treatments.     

Thermal Properties of Starch from 62 Exotic Maize (Zea mays L.) Lines Grown in Two Locations

The variability in thermal properties among 62 S₃ lines derived from a high-yielding exotic corn (Zea mays) population, Antigua 1 (PI 484990), was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The S₃ lines were grown in Puerto Rico (1990–1991) and Georgia (1994). Separate single-kernel starch extractions for five kernels (five replicates) from each line grown in each location were performed, and the starch was analyzed. The DSC values reported included gelatinization onset (T_oG), range (R_G), enthalpy (ΔH_G), and peak height index (PHI) and retrogradation onset (T_oR), range (R_R), enthalpy (ΔH_R), and percent retrogradation (%R) (an indication of the stability of gelatinized starch after storing at 4°C for 7 days). Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found among the 62 lines of Antigua 1 for T_oG, R_G, and PHI and highly significant differences (P < 0.01) were found for ΔH_G. The starches from plants grown in Georgia (1994) had significantly (P < 0.05) greater T_oG, ΔH_G, and PHI but a significantly lower R_G than those from Puerto Rico (1990–1991). These data suggest that the starch from plants grown in Georgia (1994) might have a greater degree of crystallinity than that from Puerto Rico (1990–1991). None of the retrogradation values were significantly different among starches of the 62 lines of Antigua 1 and the starches from plants grown in the two locations.     

BIOMASS ALLOCATION AND NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN RYEGRASS UNDER WATER AND NITROGEN SUPPLIES

Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in grassland is known to sustain with water and nitrogen (N). This study investigates biomass and N partitioning in plant organs (roots, main and the youngest tillers) under water-nitrogen interactions. Nitrogen was applied at the rates of 50 and 100 mg N kg^?1 as N₁ (low N) and N₂ (high N) treatments, respectively, with uniform irrigation until 440 growing degree-days (GDD). Thereafter, the water supply was restricted to 50 mL on a weekly basis (W₁) against 50 mL on a daily basis (W₂) and concurrently, N enriched with 1 atom% ¹⁵N isotopes. Cumulative tillers’ biomass increased linearly from 1st to 8th order, but thereafter reached a plateau with further increases in number of negligible weights. Initially tiller mass and number per plan did not differ (P < 0.05) with water and/or N applications but changed at 788 GDD with clear differences at 911 GDD with the highest under N₂W₂ and lowest under N₁W₁. Nitrogen concentration sharply decreased from 530 to 700 GDD and then levelled off with age. The decline was more pronounced in tillers than roots. The high N treatment showed elevated N-concentration under both water treatments. Watering on a daily basis promoted vegetative growth. High water and N levels significantly (P < 0.05) influenced concentration of N absorbed during ¹⁵N labeling (N_L) in all organs with relatively pronounced N_L under N₂. The additive positive effect of W₂ and N₂ was obvious on N_L as compared to N_T, which showed that plants discriminate N-uptake on mass basis. Nitrogen (mobile) was higher in young and ¹⁵N (heavier) was low in young tillers and vice versa. Accumulation of N absorbed during ¹⁵N labeling (¹⁵N_A) was significant knowing that water is a strong determining factor of N concentration in ryegrass organs.     

空心莲子草在稻田生态系统中的生长特性及对水稻生长发育的影响

为了解空心莲子草在正常耕作稻田中的入侵能力与水稻对该草的抵抗能力,本文通过在秧苗移栽后的稻田中移植少量空心莲子草繁殖体,人工模拟空心莲子草入侵稻田的方法,研究了该草在稻田中的入侵生长繁殖特性及其对水稻生长发育的影响。结果显示:在人工移入空心莲子草后的第一个水稻生长季内,空心莲子草长势较弱,其植株克隆数与直立茎秆数从水稻分蘖前期至成熟期均无显著变化,仅株高增长极显著,但茎秆纤细柔软,部分茎秆顶端弱化,叶片弱小卷曲,出芽量很低或几乎没有新芽生长。空心莲子草对水稻分蘖、有效分蘖与株高等参数均无显著影响。空心莲子草在田埂上与稻田边缘的生长主要表现为该草的覆盖度、直立茎秆数与株高的显著增加,难以向稻田中扩散生长。研究结果表明,空心莲子草在耕作稻田中不能形成严重入侵态势。建议保持稻田于耕作状态,可有效防止空心莲子草的入侵。     

Quantifying the Interactive Effect of Leaf Nitrogen and Leaf Area on Tillering of Rice

Abstract

Relative tillering rate (RTR) increases linearly as leaf nitrogen concentration (NLV) increases in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. Leaf area index (LAI) has a negative effect on the emergence and survival of tillers. The objectives of this paper were to quantify the interactive effect of NLV and LAI on tillering in irrigated rice. Field experiments were conducted at Philippine Rice Research Institute (PRRI) and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines during the dry seasons of 1995 and 1998. Two indica cultivars, IR72 and IR68284H, were subjected to various nitrogen (N) treatments. Number of tillers (including main stems), leaf area, and tissue N concentration were measured. The NLV explained a large part of variation in number of tillers m^?2 among treatments. However, the residual, defined as the difference between observed and estimated number of tillers m^?2, was negatively correlated with LAI (P < 0.01). When LAI was considered in addition to NLV, the model explained the variation in number of tillers m^?2 much better, and the correlation between the residual and LAI declined and became insignificant (P > 0.05). The critical NLV and critical LAI for tillering to stop were interrelated; higher NLV was needed to prevent tillers from dying when LAI was high, and vice versa. Use of stem or shoot N concentration instead of NLV gave similar results. Results suggest that LAI, in addition to NLV, should be considered in predicting tillers in rice crop.     

EFFECT OF TILLER REMOVAL ON ION CONTENT IN MAINSTEM AND SUBTILLERS OF SPRING WHEAT UNDER MODERATE SALINITY

The reduction in tiller number is a major reason for a decrease in grain yield of wheat. Thus, we hypothesize that the limiting growth of tillering of wheat plant under saline conditions may be due to a different distribution of ions among tillers, which may be tested by tiller removal. Two contrasting spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were subjected to five levels of detillering treatments under saline or non-saline conditions grown in a greenhouse. Sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), chloride (Cl^?), and nitrate (NO₃ ^?) concentrations in the top leaves of tillers were determined at plant maturity. Regardless of genotypes, the moderate salinity significantly increased the Na⁺ and Cl^? concentrations in the top leaves and the decreased NO₃ ^? in the mainstem, subtillers and whole plant. Potassium and Ca²⁺ concentrations in leaves were not affected or slightly increased by salinity. Under moderate salinity, Na⁺ and/or Ca²⁺ concentrations in mainstem, subtillers and the whole plant were increased with a decrease in tiller removal for both genotypes, while there was almost no effect of tiller removal on Cl^? and NO₃ ^? concentration. The tiller removal increased the tolerance of wheat to tissue Na⁺ content, especially for the salt sensitive genotype. Thus, the salt-specific effects in wheat plant could be alleviated by fewer tillers per plant through the removal for the salt-sensitive genotype. However, our study did not show the competition for the mineral nutrients among tillers under saline conditions. Thus, we speculate that there is a competition for photoassimilates among the tillers under saline conditions, especially for the salt sensitive genotype, which needs to be investigated further.     

拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米粉糊化和热力学特性的影响

以苏玉糯1号、苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,研究了拔节期追氮量（N 0、150和300 kg/hm2）对鲜食糯玉米粉糊化和热力学特性的影响。结果表明,随着拔节期追氮量的增加,峰值黏度和崩解值下降,糊化温度升高,而谷值黏度、终值黏度和回复值呈先降后升趋势; 热力学特征参数中,回生值、终值温度、糊化范围和峰值指数受拔节期追氮量影响较小。原样品热焓值和回生后样品热焓值均表现为随着拔节期追氮量的增加呈先降后升趋势。糊化和热力学特征值对拔节期追氮量的响应不同品种间存在差异。鲜食糯玉米粉的理化特性存在显著的基因型差异,峰值黏度以苏玉糯5号最高,苏玉糯1号最低; 峰值温度苏玉糯1号和苏玉糯5号无显著差异,但均高于渝糯7号; 热焓值、回生值、糊化范围和峰值指数不同品种间相对稳定。相关分析表明,峰值黏度与原样品热焓值和峰值指数呈显著正相关; 崩解值与糊化温度及转变温度,回生值与淀粉的终值黏度和回复值呈显著负相关。在本试验条件下,拔节期追氮总体上使糯玉米食用品质降低,其中以苏玉糯5号在不追氮处理下的糊化和热力学特性较优,即峰值黏度、崩解值和热焓值较高,回生值较低。     

叶面喷施含Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 复合微生物液体肥料的肥效研究

研究叶面喷施含BacillusamyloliquefaciensSQR9复合微生物液体肥料在辣椒和白菜上的应用效果,以期开发出根际有益微生物新的应用模式和新的叶面肥产品。以辣椒和白菜为供试材料,设以下6个处理评估肥料效果:喷施清水处理(CK)、喷施与复合微生物液体肥料等养分的化肥处理(CF)、喷施含化肥+氨基酸+糖蜜的水溶肥处理(T1)、喷施含化肥+氨基酸+糖蜜+微量元素的水溶肥处理(T2)、喷施含化肥+氨基酸+糖蜜+SQR9的水溶肥处理(T3)和喷施含化肥+氨基酸+糖蜜+微量元素+SQR9的复合微生物液体肥料处理(T4)。盆栽试验结果表明,与其他5个处理(CK、CF、T1、T2、T3)相比,T4处理在各项促生指标上虽未全部达到显著性差异,但其更能够促进辣椒和白菜的生长,提高其生物学性状。可培养微生物数量上,新型含菌株SQR9复合微生物液体肥料的喷施,增加了叶际芽孢杆菌的数量;与喷施清水对照(CK)和与复合微生物液体肥料等养分的化肥处理(CF)相比,其他4个处理(T1、T2、T3、T4)对辣椒和白菜叶际可培养微生物数量影响更大,而喷施含Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9复合微生物液体肥料(T4)的影响更为明显。叶面喷施含Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9复合微生物液体肥料可有效促进辣椒和白菜的生长。     

氮素及栽培密度影响水稻分蘖动态的机制

【目的】 研究氮水平及栽培密度对水稻分蘖动态的影响,进而通过适宜的施肥与栽培相结合的生产技术来调控水稻高产群体的建成,以期为减少水稻生产上的氮肥用量、降低农业生产中因氮肥过量施用对环境造成的负面影响提供可靠的理论依据。 【方法】 以适宜在江苏省沿江及苏南地区种植的早熟晚粳稻‘镇稻11号’为供试材料,采用田间试验与室内营养液培养试验相结合的方法。田间试验主处理设置N 0、90、180、270、360 kg/hm2 5个水平 (N0、N90、N180、N270、N360);副处理设置高栽培密度 32.5×104 hill/hm2 (HD) 和低密度 25.5×104 hill/hm2 (LD) 两个水平。室内营养液培养试验主处理设置N 5、40、80 mg/kg 3个水平,副处理设置每箱12、24 株两个移栽密度。连续记录水稻分蘖期定植植株分蘖数,测定植株地上部和根系相应指标,分析氮水平、栽培密度对干物质生产能力、干物质向叶片茎鞘的分配特征、茎鞘碳氮浓度、群体净光截获率、根系形态特征等生理生态参数的影响,并计算了两者的交互作用。 【结果】 相同氮水平时,与LD相比,HD条件下水稻提早达到单位面积最大有效分蘖数,且HD条件下N180时,单位面积的有效分蘖数达到最大,约290个/m2。在分蘖中期,各处理水稻的分蘖特征已表现出显著差异,本阶段植株的生长特性将持续影响其下一阶段的分蘖能力,最终导致群体的差异。因而本文着重以水稻分蘖中期的生长特征为例进行分析。结果表明,水稻分蘖速率或分蘖数与叶、鞘相对生长速率,干物质向叶片的分配比例,鞘氮浓度,群体净光截获率,不定根数目、根系表面积、根系体积均呈显著正相关关系;与鞘碳氮比呈显著负相关关系;与鞘碳浓度、根系总长、根尖数之间的相关关系不显著。 【结论】 氮水平及栽培密度通过调控水稻干物质生产能力、干物质分配比例、植株养分浓度、地上部群体对光能的利用及根系的生长发育,进而影响水稻的分蘖能力。本试验条件下,相同氮水平时,LD (25.5×104 hill/hm2) 的水稻个体生长优于HD (32.5×104 hill/hm2) 的;但对于群体而言,高栽培密度更利于高产水稻群体的建立,其对应需氮水平约为180 kg/hm2,低于低栽培密度条件下的需氮水平。