流动分析仪测定土壤有效磷含量的方法

现有流动分析仪法测定碳酸氢钠浸提的有效磷低含量样品的准确性欠佳,难以适用于批量样品检测分析。为此提出改进方法,所测结果与现方法和人工比色法进行比较分析,探讨改进方法测定土壤有效磷的可行性。结果表明,现方法、人工比色法、改进方法测定有效磷含量在0.60～1 mg/L的样品,三者测定结果趋于一致,且无显著性差异(P>0.05)。现方法与人工比色法、改进方法测定有效磷含量0.04～0.60 mg/L的样品,现方法与另两种方法测定结果有显著性差异(P<0.05),人工比色法和改进方法测定结果无显著性差异(P>0.05)。人工比色法与现方法所测有效磷含量的回归方程:Y(人工比色法)=0.759X(现方法)+0.166(R2=0.811　P<0.01),两种方法所测有效磷呈极显著性相关。人工比色法与改进方法所测有效磷含量的回归方程:Y(人工比色法)=0.894X(改进方法)+0.024(R2=0.973　P<0.01),两种方法所测有效磷含量呈极显著性相关。综合比较,改进方法优于现方法。现方法的管路设置决定了碳酸氢钠与酸反应产生的二氧化碳气体会影响到管路气泡规则性和稳定性,造成基线易波动,有效磷低含量样品的准确性下降。改进方法的管路设置进行了优化,在线排除了二氧化碳气体,消除了干扰,保证了管路气泡的规则性,基线稳定,测定低含量有效磷的相对标准偏差小于8.90%,回收率在94%～106%之间,检测准确性和精密度良好。改进方法可推荐用于有效磷含量高低不同的批量土壤的检测分析。     

流动分析仪快速测定土壤全磷含量

土壤经碱熔法消解,对连续流动分析仪和钼锑抗比色法所测土壤全磷含量进行比较分析,探讨流动分析仪测定碱熔法土壤全磷含量的可行性。结果表明,两种方法测定结果经 t检验,双尾 P(T ≤t)=0.5254,无显著性差异。回归直线方程y(流动分析仪-P)=1.0606x(钼锑抗比色法-P)-0.0191, R=0.9900。流动分析仪测定碱熔法土壤全磷的加标回收率在 98.09%～ 102.89%,3个样品重复测定 5次的相对标准偏差为 1.20%～ 2.07%。流动分析仪精密度与准确性高,试剂用量少,检测效率高,适用于批量土壤全磷的检测分析。     

猫儿山不同海拔土壤有机碳组分构成及含量特征

土壤有机碳(SOC)的组成和存在形态影响土壤碳库稳定性,揭示SOC组分构成及含量特征,对发挥土壤碳库功能具有重要意义。本研究以华南第一高峰-广西猫儿山为对象,采集不同海拔(460～2120 m)的土壤剖面发生层的土壤,分别测定基于化学组成、密度和粒径区分的胡敏酸碳(HAC)、富里酸碳(FAC)和胡敏素碳(HC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和重组有机碳(HFOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合态有机碳(MOC)含量,分析不同海拔SOC组分特征及其生态意义。结果表明:(1)土壤HAC、FAC、HC、LFOC、HFOC、POC、MOC含量分别为0.10～8.56 g kg-1、0.33～25.62 g kg-1、1.38～70.46 g kg-1、0.01～41.94 g kg-1、1.95～72.73 g kg-1、0.41～21.37 g kg-1、1.38～104.74 g kg-1;(2)在海拔460～1400 m的常绿阔叶林植被下,土壤HC、HAC、FAC、POC、HFOC、MOC含量随海拔升高总体上呈增加趋势,而土壤LFOC含量随海拔升高总体上呈先增加后降低趋势;在海拔1400～1...     

连续流动分析仪与自动凯氏定氮仪测定土壤全氮含量比较

凯氏蒸馏法是土壤氮含量测定的经典方法,但费时费力,随着技术的发展,连续流动分析仪自动分析技术开始应用于氮测定。选择50个农田土壤和2个国家土壤标准物质(河南黄潮土GBW07413a和江西红壤GBW07416a),利用硫酸+催化剂(K_2SO_4∶CuSO_4∶Se=100∶10∶1)进行消煮,将土壤全氮转化为铵态氮,消煮液中铵态氮分别用连续流动分析仪和自动凯氏定氮仪测定。结果表明,两种方法测定土壤全氮含量相比无明显差异,测定结果之间呈显著线性相关关系,回归直线方程为:Y(连续流动分析仪-N)=0.995 1X(自动凯氏定氮仪-N)+0.003 5,相关系数r=0.980(n=50,P0.01)。对3个土壤样品和2个国家土壤标准物质采用连续流动分析仪分别重复测定7次,相对标准偏差均小于5%。国家土壤标准物质全氮测定值与标准确认值一致。连续流动分析仪测试速度快,试剂消耗量少,精密度和准确度满足要求,可用于大批量土壤全氮含量的分析测定。     

上海市绿地表层土壤有机碳储量的估算

本文调查了上海市472个绿地土壤样点,通过对其土壤有机碳含量、密度等指标进行测定分析,最终估算出上海市绿地土壤表层有机碳储量,同时为预测上海市未来十几年的碳库变化提供数据支撑。研究结果表明:①上海市绿地表层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳空间分异性较大,土壤有机碳含量和密度表现为西高东低,且自中心向四周逐渐增高。②不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量大小依次为:公园绿地>公共绿地>道路绿地;有机碳密度的大小依次为:公共绿地>公园绿地>道路绿地。不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量和密度差异显著,其中,城区不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量和密度差异显著(P<0.05),但郊区不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量和密度差异不显著(P>0.05)。③2015年上海市绿地表层土壤有机碳储量约为4.26×106 t。预计到2035年,上海市绿地表层土壤有机碳储量约可达到1.53×107 t。     

不同土壤有机碳测定方法的比较

对土壤碳的准确定量是研究土壤肥力和农业固碳的前提。本文选择我国不同有机碳和无机碳含量的8个代表性土壤/沉积物样品,比较湿氧化法、酸洗法和间接法三类方法对有机碳含量的测定效果。研究结果表明:对有机碳含量为3.4~11.5 g/kg的土壤和沉积物样品,湿氧化法有较低的平均相对误差(0.32%~4.72%)和变异系数(0.40%~1.22%),间接法的平均相对误差(5.16%~20.46%)和变异系数(0.60%~7.00%)都较高,而酸洗法介于这两个方法之间。说明在保持稳定准确的加热温度情况下,湿氧化法对土壤/沉积物有机碳含量的测定比较稳定和准确,且操作简单。对大部分样品,由于酸对土壤无机碳难以充分溶解,造成酸洗法和间接法的有机碳测定值偏高,且变异系数较大。     

城市公路绿化带土壤有机碳的分异

根据地表植被和形成年限不同将城市公路绿化带土壤划分为不同的类型,应用同位素示踪理论和质量平衡原理探讨土壤有机碳（SOC）和溶解性有机碳（DOC）的来源和迁移规律。结果表明,城市公路绿化带SOC和DOC变幅较宽、离散程度较大;SOC和DOC含量无显著相关性;不同类型土壤SOC或DOC含量间均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。贵阳市公路绿化带SOC中的C4-C为原始土壤所具有。表层土壤源于SOC的DOC含量较少。大气颗粒物和雨水中的DOC是土壤表层DOC的主要来源。在各公路绿化带整个土壤剖面层次δ^13Csoc值相近。新城公路绿化带土壤剖面来源于土壤腐殖类物质的DOC占土壤总DOC的比例随着土壤深度的加深有降低趋势。老城的公路绿化带土壤剖面中,随着时间的增加,源于土壤腐殖类物质的DOC逐渐增加,并随着土壤剖面的加深,这种现象更为突出。     

不同经营措施对毛竹林土壤有机碳含量及季节动态的影响

Soil samples for conventional management （CM） and intensive management （IM） practices were taken over a year at 2-month intervals to determine the effect of management practices on soil organic carbon （SOC） and to quantify seasonal dynamics in SOC for bamboo （Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex H. de Lehaie） stands. The results with IM compared to CM showed large decreases in total organic carbon （TOC）, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, water-soluble organic carbon （WSOC）, and the MBC/TOC ratio in the soils. With all IM plots in the 0-20 cm depth across sampling periods, average decreases compared with CM were： TOC, 12.1%; MBC, 26.1%; WSOC, 29.3%; the MBC/TOC ratio, 16.1%; and the WSOC/TOC ratio, 20.0%. Due to seasonal changes of climate, seasonal variations were observed in MBC and WSOC. Soil MBC in the 0-20 cm depth in September compared to May were 122.9% greater for CM and 57.6% greater for IM. However, due primarily to soil temperature, soil MBC was higher during the July to November period, whereas because of soil moisture, WSOC was lower in July and January. This study revealed that intensive management in bamboo plantations depleted the soil C pool; therefore, soil quality with IM should be improved through application of organic manures.     

铝模块消解仪加热法测定土壤中有机质含量

铝模块消解仪加热法替代油浴加热消解土壤样品,测定土壤中有机质含量。通过优化消解仪的消解温度、加热时间等实验,确定消解仪温度220℃(沸腾时消化管内溶液温度约为170℃),沸腾时间12 min (消解时间约为22 min)为铝模块消解仪的最佳有机质测定条件。使用该方法测定的土壤标准样品的有机质含量均在误差允许范围以内,消解样品有机质回收率达99.98％,校正系数为1.00。同时用我国长期定位试验典型土壤进行该方法准确度和精密度测试,样品有机质测定结果标准偏差为0.06~0.78,变异系数为0.30％~4.11％,符合测定要求。与经典油浴加热方法相比,该方法温度易控制、操作简单、安全,可降低环境污染;结果的准确度和精密度满足要求,值得推广。     

土地整理对农田土壤碳含量的影响

土地整理对土壤的强扰动会影响土壤的碳循环平衡,为了研究土地整理对农田土壤碳含量的影响,通过间接采样和随机采样方法,采集了江苏3个土地整理区土地整理前后土样进行有机质测定,初步分析了不同土地整理区土地整理后的土壤碳含量变化及其变化差异原因。主要结论有：1）通过土地整理,3个土地整理区土壤碳含量都有得到提高。其中,苏南丹阳土地整理区碳质量分数提高了26.05%,碳密度提高23.87%,提高幅度最大,碳密度变化方向与碳含量变化具有一致性,但提高幅度低于碳含量。这与各整理区原有土质、土地整理工程施工方式、施工时间等因素密切相关。2）水田碳质量分数显著高于旱地碳质量分数,但是经过土地整理旱地碳含量提高幅度大于水田,水田在整理前后碳含量变化幅度不大。3）在土地整理项目实施前应制定适宜的土地整理规划,实施有利于土壤固碳的土地整理工程。     

耕作方式对土壤水分入渗、有机碳含量及土壤结构的影响

为探明不同耕作方式对土壤剖面结构、水分入渗过程等的作用机理,采集田间长期定位耕作措施(常规耕作、免耕、深松)试验中的原状土柱(0~100 cm)及0~10 cm、10~20 cm、…、90~100 cm环刀样、原状土及混合土样,通过室内模拟试验进行了0~100 cm土层土壤入渗过程和饱和导水率的测定,分析了不同土层的土壤有机碳含量、土壤结构特征及相互关系。结果表明:从土柱顶部开始供水(恒定水头)到水分全部入渗到土柱底部的时间为:常规耕作免耕深松;土柱土壤入渗速率和累积入渗量为:深松免耕常规耕作;土柱累积蒸发量为:常规耕作免耕深松。土壤的饱和导水率表现为:0~10 cm和50~60 cm土层,免耕深松常规耕作;20~50 cm和60~100 cm土层,深松免耕常规耕作。随土层的加深,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和土壤有机碳含量均表现为先增加(10~20 cm)再降低的趋势。在0~40 cm土层和80~100 cm土层,均以深松处理0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量最高。在60 cm以上土层,土壤有机碳含量表现为:免耕深松常规耕作,而60 cm土层以下土壤有机碳显著降低,均低于4 g·kg?1,且在70 cm以下土层,常规耕作免耕深松。综上,耕作措施能够改变土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤结构,促进土壤蓄水保墒;深松更利于水分就地入渗,而免耕则更利于有机碳的提升和水分的储存,其作用深度在0~60 cm土层。     

Estimation of the organic carbon content by the pattern recognition method

Studying the status of agricultural soils is one of the most important concerns in the agricultural sector. The soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the main parameters and it plays an important role in improving soil properties. Hence, knowing this parameter is important in soil science. This study applied the pattern recognition (PR) method in predicting the SOC. Also, the ability of this method was compared with different methods such as the Radial Basis Function Network (RBF), Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Support Vector Regression (SVR). To compare the results, four performance criteria, namely, root mean square errors (RMSE), the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NS), Willmott’s Index of agreement (WI), mean absolute error (MAE) and Taylor diagrams were used. Results indicated that the PR model performed significantly better than the MLP, MLR, SVR, and RBF models for the estimation of the SOC.     

Quantifying soil organic carbon fractions by infrared-spectroscopy

Methods to quantify organic carbon (OC) in soil fractions of different stabilities often involve time-consuming physical and chemical treatments. The aim of the present study was to test a more rapid alternative, which is based on the spectroscopic analysis of bulk soils in the mid-infrared region (4000-400 cm⁻¹), combined with partial least-squares regression (PLS). One hundred eleven soil samples from arable and grassland sites across Switzerland were separated into fractions of dissolved OC, particulate organic matter (POM), sand and stable aggregates, silt and clay particles, and oxidation resistant OC. Measured contents of OC in each fraction were then correlated by PLS with infrared spectra to obtain prediction models. For every prediction model, 100 soil spectra were used in the PLS calibration and the residual 11 spectra for validation of the models. Correlation coefficients (r) between measured and PLS-predicted values ranged between 0.89 and 0.97 for OC in different fractions. By combining different fractions to one labile, one stabilized and one resistant fraction, predictions could even be improved (r=0.98, standard error of prediction=16%). Based on these statistical parameters, we conclude that mid-infrared spectroscopy in combination with PLS is an appropriate and very fast tool to quantify OC contents in different soil fractions.     

A rapid steam distillation method of assessing potentially available organic nitrogen in soil

Abstract

A rapid steam distillation of assessing potentially available organic nitrogen in soil is described. It involves determination of the ammonia‐N produced by steam distillation of the soil sample with pH 11.2 phosphate‐borate buffer solution for 8 min. The method is simple and precise, and its results are not significantly affected by air‐drying or air‐dry storage of the soil sample before analysis. It is well suited for use in soil testing laboratories because it does not require extraction, filtration or transfer steps. Studies using 33 Brazilian soils showed that the results obtained by this method were highly correlated with those obtained by aerobic and anaerobic incubation methods of assessing potentially available organic nitrogen in soil.     

Reproducibility of a soil organic carbon fractionation method to derive RothC carbon pools

Fractionation of soil is undertaken to isolate organic carbon with distinct functional properties, such as stability and turnover times. Soil organic carbon (SOC) fractionation helps us to understand better the response of SOC to changes in land use, management or climate. However, fractionation procedures are often poorly defined and there is little information available on their reproducibility in different laboratories. In a ring trial, we assessed the reproducibility of a SOC fractionation method introduced by Zimmermann et al. (2007). The isolated fractions were linked to the model pool sizes of the Rothamsted carbon model (RothC). We found significant differences between six laboratories for all five defined fractions in three different soils with coefficients of variation ranging from 14 to 138%. During ultrasonic dispersion, the output power (energy per unit time) was identified as an important factor controlling the distribution of SOC within these five fractions, while commonly only the output energy is standardized. The amount of water used to wet‐sieve dispersed soil slurry significantly influenced the amount of extracted dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We therefore suggest using a fixed amount of power for ultrasonic dispersion (20 W) and a minimum amount of water for wet sieving (2000 ml). RothC pool sizes were predicted from the measured fractions and compared with RothC equilibrium pool size distributions. This model initialization using measured SOC fractions, however, led to an over‐estimation of stable RothC SOC pools when compared with pool size distributions derived from RothC equilibrium runs under a bare fallow soil model simulation. To improve the isolation of particulate organic matter from stable mineral‐bound organic matter, we suggest that the density should be increased from 1.8 to 2.0 g cm^?3 in the density fractionation step. We formulated a modified fractionation procedure, which aims specifically to enhance reproducibility across laboratories and to improve the match of the isolated SOC fractions with RothC's SOC pools.