我国预制菜的食品安全保障及其法律回应

我国预制菜产品行业发展迅速,但与之相关的食品品质、食品安全及其配套保障等方面的标准和法规却并未同步发展。在实践中,预制菜品的专项食品安全国家标准尚未出台,安全溯源体系亟待优化,各地对于预制菜行业的监管标准尚不统一且不健全。分析了预制菜行业存在的问题,综述了已出台的规范与相关标准的现状及不足,提出我国预制菜行业的法治和标准化路径,指出应当在现行食品安全法律规范的基础上,建立健全更为完善的预制食品信息披露体系及质量安全监控体系,以期推动预制菜行业健康发展,为社会提供更安全和更高品质的食品。     

预制菜食品安全监管困境与法律规制探析

食品消费需求的新变化促使预制菜产业迅猛发展。在发掘新的经济增长点的同时,需坚守预制菜食品安全防线。通过梳理当前我国预制菜食品安全监管现状,分析预制菜食品安全监管困境,具体包括我国预制菜食品安全标准缺失、执法模式落后以及社会监管合力不强。根据当前困境,提出我国预制菜食品安全监管对策,即制定并完善预制菜食品安全国家标准、优化执法模式同时提高公众参与程度,为我国预制菜产业高质量发展提供法律供给。     

我国预制菜标准体系研究进展、问题和建议

我国预制菜产品标准体系建设存在政府部门参与度低、产品种类繁多、产品成分复杂、标准制定有局限性、产品标准缺失、标准化人才匮乏、与国际标准接轨不足等问题,预制菜标准体系空白亟需完善和填补。综述了我国预制菜标准体系的研究现状及研究进展,并基于工标网、食品伙伴网、广东省农业标准化协会发布的标准统计数据,分析了目前所面临的问题并提出了对策建议,以期为我国预制菜标准化体系建设提供参考依据。     

论预制菜的安全追溯体系

预制菜行业发展迅速,但与之配套的安全追溯体系却未能及时建立。实践中,预制菜的安全追溯体系面临着主体分工不明确,追溯范围不清晰以及识别技术不统一等问题。为了预制菜行业的可持续发展,实现预制菜去向可追、来源可查、责任可定,有必要建立起预制菜的安全追溯体系。分析了预制菜行业的食品安全问题,总结了现行食品安全追溯体系的现状与不足,并提出了完善预制菜安全追溯体系的路径,指出应在食品安全法律规范的基础上,明确预制菜安全追溯体系的追溯主体、追溯范围和识别技术,以期推动预制菜行业健康发展,使预制菜吃得放心,用得安心。     

食品添加剂的使用和管理对食品行业发展的影响及建议

现今,食品添加剂已成为食品的重要组成部分,但民众对其鲜有了解。随着近些年食品安全事故的多发,形成添加剂有害的认识。通过分析食品添加剂性质和使用现状,为消费者及食品生产企业提供参考和建议。     

水芹预制菜调味开发

虽然水芹在国内种植方面取得了可喜的成绩，但在深加工和终端消费领域仍未取得突破进展。随着当下预制菜消费市场的蓬勃发展，以水芹为原料的预制菜具有很好的发展前景。笔者以预制菜的发展现状为背景，以水芹加工为立足点，回顾了水芹传统消费加工的种类，叙述了创新加工的水芹菜产品。提出水芹预制菜的加工是能够提高水芹菜产业开发整体效益的关键，因此，需要在现有的基础上不断创新水芹菜的加工方式，未来进一步促进水芹产业的增值、增价、增收。     

来自海洋的食品添加剂——藻酸

藻酸是藻蛋白酸的简称,因其为海带、褐带菜、黑菜等褐藻类海草的主成分,所以又称褐藻酸. 藻酸在使用上与许多领域有关,用途在逐渐扩大.下面主要介绍其作为食品添加剂的应用. 用藻酸做食品添加剂时发挥其下列作用,可提高和扩大食品的经济性和安全性.     

健鹰农产品加工问答(36)ISO22000认证确保"健鹰"产品质量

ISO22000是国际标准化组织(ISO)于2005年9月推出的首个国际统一的食品安全管理体系标准,它将在全世界范围内广泛运用,但在国内还属于新鲜事物。上海健鹰食品科技研究所的生产基地——上海健音食品科技有限公司,率先在食品添加剂行业启动和实施了此标准,成为中国食品添加剂行业第一家通过HACCP-EC-01“食品安全管理体系要求”(等同ISO/DIS22000《食品安全管理体系要求》)审核的企业,同时也是上海市食品业界第一家获得注有ISO/DIS22000标志的企业。     

中华人民共和国食品安全法（续）

第四章 食品生产经营 第四十六条 食品生产者应当依照食品安全标准关于食品添加剂的品种、使用范围、用量的规定使用食品添加剂；不得在食品生产中使用食品添加剂以外的化学物质和其他可能危害人体健康的物质。     

ISO22000认证确保“健鹰”产品质量

ISO22000是国际标准化组织（ISO）于2005年9月推出的首个国际统一的食品安全管理体系标准，它将在全世界范围内广泛运用，但在国内还属于新鲜事物。上海健鹰食品科技研究所的生产基地——上海健音食品科技有限公司，率先在食品添加剂行业启动和实施了此标准，成为中国食品添加剂行业第一家通过HACCP-EC-01“食品安全管理体系要求”（等同ISO／DIS22000《食品安全管理体系要求》）审核的企业，同时也是上海市食品业界第一家获得注有ISO／DIS22000标志的企业。[编者按]     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.