苜蓿斑蚜刺吸胁迫对苜蓿幼苗的生理影响

研究了苜蓿斑蚜为害苜蓿幼苗初期0～9 d内,15、30头/株两个虫口密度下苜蓿幼苗植株叶绿素含量、SOD、POD、PPO等酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,在短期内苜蓿斑蚜刺吸为害使叶绿素含量明显降低,与同期对照相比差异达极显著水平(p<0.01);叶绿体内清除超氧阴离子自由基的SOD活性及POD活性、PPO活性均随为害时间的延长而升高,与同虫口密度对照相比差异均达极显著水平(p<0.01);同时,15头/株、30头/株处理植株同期内其3种酶活性明显升高,与对照相比差异分别达显著水平(p<0.05)和极显著水平(p<0.01),虫口密度之间差异显著(p<0.05)。这反映出苜蓿斑蚜刺吸胁迫后使苜蓿幼苗对苜蓿斑蚜的防御能力增强。     

金龟子绿僵菌与化学农药减量联用对棉花苗蚜的防控效果

为减少棉花苗蚜防治中化学农药使用量,本文开展了金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421可分散油悬浮剂与化学农药减量联用对田间棉花苗蚜的防控效果研究。结果表明,金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421可分散油悬浮剂推荐剂量（900 mL/hm2）单独施用对苗蚜田间防效为5.36%～15.46%,整体防效较低;3种化学农药对苗蚜防效较好,其中,50 g/L双丙环虫酯可分散液剂速效性和持效性均最高,50%氟啶虫胺腈水分散粒剂和10%氟啶虫酰胺水分散粒剂药后3 d防效较为稳定。化学农药推荐用量和金龟子绿僵菌联合施用可提高药剂防蚜效果,减量25%和金龟子绿僵菌联合施用与化学农药推荐用量单独施用防效无显著差异,其中,10%氟啶虫酰胺水分散粒剂和金龟子绿僵菌减量联用效果较好,减量25%和金龟子绿僵菌联合施药后1 d、3 d、7 d和14d防效比氟啶虫酰胺推荐用量单独施用分别增加34.76%、7.02%、3.25%和5.49%。供试药剂及减量联用处理可降低苗蚜为害造成的有蚜株率和卷叶株率,50 g/L双丙环虫酯可分散液剂各处理卷叶株率显著低于其他处理,推荐用量、推荐用量与金龟子绿僵菌联用、减量25%与金龟子绿僵菌联用、减量50%...     

丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂Serpin1对绿僵菌侵染飞蝗的影响

丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂（Serpins）是昆虫体内一类非常重要的蛋白酶抑制剂,具有调节昆虫免疫反应的功能。为研究Serpin1对绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae侵染飞蝗Locusta migratoria的影响,从飞蝗体内克隆了serpin1基因,经原核表达获得Serpin1蛋白;以飞蝗为试虫,通过饵剂饲喂的方法,测定了Serpin1蛋白对绿僵菌菌株IMI330189毒力的影响,并检测了绿僵菌IMI330189单独处理、Serpin1单独处理、绿僵菌IMI330189与Serpin1混合处理情况下飞蝗体内保护酶POD和SOD的活力。结果表明,在Serpin1与绿僵菌IMI330189混合饲喂3 d后,飞蝗的累计死亡率开始低于绿僵菌单独处理;到第8 d,绿僵菌IMI330189单独处理飞蝗累计死亡率达到100%,而Serpin1与绿僵菌IMI330189混合处理累计死亡率为84.31%,两者之间差异显著。POD和SOD酶活力测定结果显示,绿僵菌IMI330189单独处理时飞蝗体内的POD活力在第2 d和第3 d较对照组显著升高,而在第5 d较对照组显著下降;绿僵菌IMI330189与Serpin1混合处理后飞蝗体内的POD活力在第3 d和第5 d较对照组和绿僵菌处理组显著升高,而在第1 d显著低于对照组和绿僵菌处理组。绿僵菌IMI330189单独处理及绿僵菌IMI330189与Serpin1混合处理时,飞蝗体内的SOD活力在第1 d、第3 d和第5 d较对照组显著升高,在第2 d时较对照显著降低,且绿僵菌IMI330189与Serpin1混合处理组在第2 d和第3 d时较绿僵菌IMI330189单独处理组显著升高。上述研究结果表明Serpin1能够通过调节飞蝗体内POD和SOD的活性,有效抑制绿僵菌IMI330189对飞蝗的侵染。本研究为揭示Serpin1的生理功能奠定了基础。     

金龟子绿僵菌黏附素基因mad1的敲除及功能分析

金龟子绿僵菌能够寄生昆虫,也能与植物共生。黏附素MAD1是绿僵菌与宿主互作初期的黏附因子。已知它在昆虫的侵染和致病中起重要作用,但与植物的互作机制报道甚少。为了研究MAD1在绿僵菌与植物共生中的作用,我们通过同源重组构建了金龟子绿僵菌mad1敲除株,并检测了敲除株的生长、产孢、孢子萌发及毒力等生物学特性,进一步利用qRT-PCR分析了MAD1在调节花生免疫响应中的作用。结果显示,与野生型菌株相比,敲除株产孢量降低了43.67%,分生孢子萌发中时为27.69 h,显著长于野生型菌株的13.43 h。敲除株对家蚕的半致死时间LT50为8.9 d,较野生型菌株的7.62 d显著延长。敲除株处理花生6 h后,花生免疫类基因CNGC1、PCD4,抗病基因SWEET10及转录因子WRKY41、MYB86的转录水平出现显著上调,而钙调素CML5、CML19的转录表达受到明显抑制。本研究证明了mad1是金龟子绿僵菌产孢、孢子萌发及毒力的正相关基因,并且MAD1在金龟子绿僵菌与植物相互作用初期,抑制植物抗性级联反应,减弱过敏反应,降低对微生物的抵御能力,同时增强共生信号的传导,这些作用有助于金龟子绿僵菌在花生根组织上定殖。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂对苜蓿斑蚜的控制作用

苜蓿斑蚜是危害苜蓿的重要害虫,利用生物制剂防治苜蓿斑蚜能有效控制其持续为害。本文利用人工饲喂方法,测定两种大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂（KTI和BBI）对苜蓿斑蚜的控制作用。结果表明：经浓度均为800 μg/mL的KTI和BBI处理后,随处理时间延长,成蚜存活率降低,与对照相比,处理72 h后存活率分别降低了38.3%、41.7%,繁殖率分别降低了128.3%、116.7%,第2代若蚜存活率分别降低了6.7%、19.8%。上述结果表明大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂能有效降低苜蓿斑蚜虫口密度,该结果为进一步研制和应用生物制剂防治苜蓿斑蚜提供了重要的理论依据。     

对华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫高毒力绿僵菌菌株的筛选及分子鉴定

绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae是一类对多种害虫具有高活性的病原真菌。本研究以华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita 1龄幼虫为对象,从4株绿僵菌中筛选出1株毒力较高的菌株,命名为M7-9。采用浸渍法对华北大黑鳃金龟1龄幼虫进行毒力测定,结果表明,绿僵菌M7-9的致死率为96.67%,僵虫率为96.67%,致死中时为2.82 d;致死中浓度为1.29×106孢子/m L;绿僵菌M7-9 ITS序列分子鉴定表明该株绿僵菌为金龟子绿僵菌。     

植物次生代谢物丁布对苜蓿斑蚜的控制作用

为明确植物次生代谢物丁布对苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphis trifolii Monel生长发育和繁殖的影响,利用人工饲喂的方法测定不同浓度丁布对苜蓿斑蚜的控制作用。结果表明,高浓度丁布可以显著降低苜蓿斑蚜存活率、繁殖率和体内蛋白酶活性,与对照相比,苜蓿斑蚜取食800μg/mL丁布72h后,成蚜存活率下降了53.06%,繁殖率下降了53.82%,若蚜存活率仅为35.8%,显著低于对照组;不同浓度丁布混合饲料均显著抑制了成蚜体内氨肽酶（APs）、胰凝乳蛋白酶（CTP）、胰蛋白酶（Tr）、总蛋白酶（Pr）活性,在高浓度下最为突出,与对照组相比,苜蓿斑蚜取食含有800μg/mL丁布72 h后,Aps、CTP、Tr、Pr活力分别降低了61.5%、67%、65.1%、55.9%。表明丁布作为重要的植物次生代谢物,可显著降低苜蓿斑蚜存活率和繁殖率,为植物源农药开发提供理论支撑。     

金龟子绿僵菌fluG基因的敲除及对产孢的影响

丝状真菌的fluG基因参与调控分生孢子的生成,然而在昆虫病原真菌金龟子绿僵菌中fluG的作用鲜有研究报道。本研究利用DNA同源重组方法,构建敲除fluG的金龟子绿僵菌突变株,分析突变株的产孢特性。以苯菌灵抗性基因ben作为筛选标记,fluG基因侧翼序列作为同源臂,构建了打靶载体pDHt/sk-fluG-Ben。利用PEG介导将打靶载体转化金龟子绿僵菌的原生质体,获得了苯菌灵抗性转化子。根据靶基因和标记基因检验,确定获得了敲除fluG的金龟子绿僵菌突变株。表型分析显示,fluG突变株继代培养5代仍保持苯菌灵抗性,菌落呈疏松毛絮状,生长相较野生型明显缓慢,不能或者仅能产生极少量分生孢子。说明fluG基因的敲除影响了菌株生长发育,并阻止了分生孢子形成,是金龟子绿僵菌产孢调节的重要基因。本研究为阐述金龟子绿僵菌产孢调控机制提供依据。     

不同温度下绿僵菌对东亚飞蝗3龄蝗蝻的致病力影响

采用体表接菌法测定了商品生物农药金龟子绿僵菌油悬浮剂PD20080671在15、20、25、30、35和40℃等6个不同温度条件下对东亚飞蝗3龄蝗蝻的致病力的影响。结果表明：东亚飞蝗3龄蝗蝻的累积死亡率在接菌后19 d内均随天数的增加而升高。35℃的累积死亡率最高（82.50%）,显著高于其他处理;40℃的累积死亡率最低,为55.00%。死亡个体的湿度培养结果显示绿僵菌在高温条件下萌发的时间较短,40℃为4.26 d,15℃为19.36 d。结果表明环境温度低于15℃或高于35℃都不利于绿僵菌杀死蝗虫。因此,在田间施用金龟子绿僵菌防治东亚飞蝗时应尽量避免高温天气,建议在上午低温时进行防治。     

冷冻豆蚜为猎物对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究冷冻豆蚜Aphis craccivora是否适合作为异色瓢虫 Harmonia axyridis种群扩繁的饲料, 本文研究了冷冻豆蚜对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响?结果表明:饲喂冷冻豆蚜?交替饲喂活豆蚜与冷冻豆蚜和幼虫期饲喂冷冻豆蚜成虫期饲喂活豆蚜的异色瓢虫成虫前发育历期分别为19.6?18.4 d和19.3 d, 饲喂冷冻豆蚜和幼虫期饲喂冷冻豆蚜成虫期饲喂活豆蚜的异色瓢虫成虫前发育历期显著长于饲喂活豆蚜处理(16.6 d)?饲喂不同饲料处理的异色瓢虫总存活率无显著差异?饲喂冷冻豆蚜?交替饲喂活豆蚜与冷冻豆蚜和幼虫期饲喂冷冻豆蚜成虫期饲喂活豆蚜的异色瓢虫产卵前期分别为41.2?14.8 d和9.6 d, 显著长于饲喂活豆蚜(8.8 d); 单雌产卵量分别为117.8?546.2粒和564.5粒, 显著低于饲喂活豆蚜(1 221.4粒)?从幼虫发育历期?总存活率?成虫寿命等方面综合考虑, 冷冻豆蚜可以作为异色瓢虫的替代饲料?     

内共生菌Buchnera协助蚜虫抑制寄主植物的防御反应

为明确蚜虫内共生细菌Buchnera能否协助蚜虫抑制植物的防御反应,采用混合抗生素除去瓜蚜Aphis gossypii体内的Buchnera,采用刺吸电位技术和生命表方法比较除菌瓜蚜和正常瓜蚜在黄瓜上的适合度,并测定被除菌瓜蚜和正常瓜蚜预侵染黄瓜叶片中H₂O₂、茉莉酸和水杨酸的含量变化以及抗蚜特性变化。结果表明,除菌瓜蚜体重较正常瓜蚜极显著下降了71.15%,净增殖率极显著下降了95.60%,但寿命延长了2.34倍;刺吸电位图谱显示除菌瓜蚜几乎不产生代表唾液分泌的E1波和韧皮部被动吸食的E2波。在黄瓜叶片中,除菌瓜蚜比正常瓜蚜能激发产生更高水平的H₂O₂;在为期14 d的侵染中,除菌瓜蚜侵染诱发总茉莉酸含量持续升高、总水杨酸含量持续下降,而正常瓜蚜侵染诱发总茉莉酸含量先升高后降低、总水杨酸含量先降低后升高。在被除菌瓜蚜预侵染黄瓜上,瓜蚜进入稳定取食的时间显著滞后于正常瓜蚜预侵染处理,且前3 d的产蚜量显著低于正常瓜蚜预侵染处理。表明Buchnera除了可为蚜虫提供必需的营养外,还有调控和抑制寄主植物防御反应的功能。     

豌豆蚜防控的关键RNAi靶标基因筛选与分析

为筛选防控豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum的关键RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)靶标基因,通过构建精氨酸激酶(arginine kinase,AK)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和几丁质合成酶(chitin synthase,CHS)这3个与豌豆蚜生长发育相关基因的dsRNA,于室内检测ds AK、ds SOD和ds CHS处理后对其致死效果,并比较4种dsRNA递送方式对其致死效果的影响,筛选获得防治效果明显的dsRNA及其递送方式。结果显示,处理48～168 h后,不同基因dsRNA处理组豌豆蚜的死亡率比阴性对照组高2.19倍～4.39倍,其中ds AK处理组豌豆蚜的死亡率为27.7%～91.1%,显著高于ds SOD、ds CHS处理组及阴性对照组。使用ds AK通过人工饲喂法和叶片注射饲喂法处理豌豆蚜,48 h即可出现显著致死效果。ds AK通过人工饲喂方法处理72 h后,豌豆蚜AK基因表达量比空白对照组降低43.2%,同时可抑制豌豆蚜的生长发育,使其体长比阴性对照组减少了5.9%。表明ds AK对豌豆蚜...     

紫花苜蓿根际芽胞杆菌YB-2的鉴定及其生防和促生能力分析

为获得对紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa生长有益的生防菌,以尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum为指示菌从紫花苜蓿根际土壤中分离筛选拮抗菌株,基于形态学特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA与gyrB基因序列分析对其进行鉴定,并评价其对紫花苜蓿根腐病的生防效果以及提高寄主植物耐盐碱胁迫的能力。结果表明,从紫花苜蓿根际土壤中筛选到1株对尖孢镰刀菌有较强拮抗作用的菌株YB-2,该菌株对尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长的抑制率为71.37%;结合形态学特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA与gyrB基因序列分析结果将菌株YB-2鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis。菌株YB-2具有溶解无机磷的能力,且具有产氰化氢、羧甲基纤维素酶、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶、吲哚乙酸和嗜铁素的能力,在NaCl含量为1%～9%、pH 7～9条件下均能生长。菌株YB-2对紫花苜蓿根腐病的相对防效达56.83%;在盐碱条件下,与对照相比,接种YB-2的紫花苜蓿株高极显著增加了17.82%,根长显著增加了28.22%,地上部鲜重和地上部干重分别显著增加了51.12%和48.57%。表明菌株YB-2兼...     

Virus transmission by aphids in potato crops

This paper reviews the contribution of vector activity and plant age to virus spread in potato crops. Determining which aphid species are vectors is particularly important for timing haulm destruction to minimize tuber infection by potato virus Y (PVY). Alate aphids of more than 30 species transmit PVY, and aphids such asRhopalosiphum padi, that migrate in large numbers before flights of the more efficient vector,Myzus persicae, appear to be important vectors. Differences in methodology, aphid biotypes and virus strains prevent direct comparisons between estimates of vector efficiencies obtained for aphids in different countries in north western Europe. M. persicae is also the most efficient vector of potato leafroll virus (PLRV), but some clones ofMacrosiphum euphorbiae transmit PLRV efficiently toNicotiana clevelandii and potato test plants. The removal of infected plants early in the season prevents the spread of PLRV in cool regions with limited vector activity. The proportion of aphids acquiring PLRV from infected potato plants decreases with plant age, and healthy potato plants are more resistant to infection later in the season. Severe symptoms of secondary leafroll developed on progeny plants of cv. Maris Piper derived from mother plants inoculated with PLRV in June or July of the previous year. Progeny plants derived from mother plants inoculated in August showed only mild symptoms, but the concentration of PLRV in these plants was as high as that in the plants with severe symptoms.     

基于EPG技术分析杭菊两主栽品种对三种菊蚜抗性及其相关抗性物质

为比较杭白菊主栽品种早、晚小洋菊对菊小长管蚜Macrosiphoniella sanborni、棉蚜Aphis gossypii、桃蚜Myzus persicae的抗性,通过刺吸电位技术(electrical penetration graph,EPG)研究菊蚜在菊顶叶上刺吸行为,并检测了菊顶叶主要化合物。结果表明:在晚小洋菊上,菊小长管蚜的E1、E2波平均持续时间4.31、3.47 min,分别短于在早小洋菊上的4.63、3.75 min;棉蚜、桃蚜的E1、E2波平均持续时间分别为4.32、4.72 min和4.92、4.64 min;3种蚜虫的平均刺探次数均大于在早小洋菊上的平均刺探次数。聚类分析结果显示,2个主栽品种之间抗性存在差异。早小洋菊顶叶平均可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别为2.71 mg/g和25.36 mg/g,均高于晚小洋菊;早小洋菊顶叶总酚含量为0.24 mg/g,显著低于晚小洋菊;早、晚小洋菊总黄酮含量分别为3.46 mg/g和3.37 mg/g。早小洋菊顶叶可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量基本上与每种菊蚜的E1、E2波持续时间显著正相关,总酚含量、总黄酮含量与每种菊蚜的E1或E2波持续时间显著负相关。推测早小洋菊对于菊长管蚜的抗性稍弱于晚小洋菊,2种杭白菊对棉蚜或桃蚜的抗性相当,且菊叶中的这4种物质含量与抗蚜性相关。     

Gnomonia fragariae, a Cause of Strawberry Root Rot and Petiole Blight

Gnomonia fragariae has been occasionally listed among the fungi associated with diseased strawberry plants. However its pathogenicity has not been established. During the investigation on strawberry decline in Latvia and Sweden, a fungus was repeatedly recovered from discoloured root and crown tissues of severely stunted plants. Attempts to induce sporulation of the isolates grown on several agar media resulted in the formation of mature ascomata only on potato carrot agar and oatmeal agar. On morphological grounds and comparisons with reference herbarium specimens these isolates were identified as Gnomonia fragariae. The pathogenicity of the fungus was evaluated initially in the detached leaf assay and subsequently in three bioassays on strawberry plants. All the bioassays showed that G. fragariae was pathogenic on strawberry and capable of causing severe root rot and petiole blight. The symptoms that developed in the greenhouse experiments closely resembled those observed in the fields. The fungus did not cause rapid plant death but growth and development of inoculated strawberry plants was severely affected. To our knowledge this is the first time when pathogenicity of G. fragariae as a root rot pathogen has been clearly established. Our study shows that G. fragariae is one of the serious pathogens involved in the root rot complex of strawberry in Latvia and Sweden.     

Seasonal abundance and spatial distribution of the predator<Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrolophus costalis</Emphasis> and its prey<Emphasis Type="Italic">Myzus persicae</Emphasis> on tobacco

Field studies were conducted to assess the population and the spatial dynamics of the predatory bugMacrolophus costalis Fieber (Hemiptera: Miridae) and of its prey, the aphidMyzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea), on tobacco. From an untreated tobacco field in Tithorea (central Greece), tobacco leaves were collected from the upper and the lower half of the plants from June until September, in 1999 and 2000. The numbers ofM. costalis andM. persicae individuals per leaf were counted. Most aphids were observed during July and August (early and mid season), with densities dropping markedly in September. In contrast,M. costalis population densities increased late in the season (September). Significantly higher numbers of aphids were found on the upper half of the plants than on the lower half. In contrast, significantly moreM. costalis individuals were observed on the lower half. Iwao’s Regression Analysis was used in order to characterize the spatial pattern of the two species. According to this model, in both sampling seasons, aphids andM. costalis nymphs displayed an aggregated spatial pattern, whileM. costalis adults were found to be randomly distributed among sampling units. Although moreM. costalis individuals were recorded on leaves with relatively high aphid densities, this species did not react numerically to changes in prey density. In addition, a significant number of bugs were found on leaves with low aphid densities or no aphids at all. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 18, 2002.     

不同功能植物对棉花蚜虫及其捕食性天敌的影响

为明确功能植物对棉花蚜虫及其捕食性天敌的调控作用,通过田间系统调查和室内选择行为反应试验测定4种功能植物对棉花蚜虫及其捕食性天敌种群动态的影响。结果显示,4种功能植物均可涵养多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata、中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica和东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri等捕食性天敌,其中蛇床草Cnidium monnieri上的捕食性天敌总数最多,达821头。蛇床草种植区棉花上多异瓢虫和中华通草蛉的种群数量均显著高于对照区棉花,而棉蚜Aphis gossypii、棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossypii和棉黑蚜Ap.craccivora的种群数量均显著低于对照区棉花;油菜Brassica napus种植区棉花上的中华通草蛉种群数量显著高于对照区棉花,棉长管蚜种群数量则显著低于对照区棉花;薄荷Mentha haplocalyx种植区棉花上的多异瓢虫和中华通草蛉种群数量均显著高于对照区棉花,棉蚜和棉长管蚜种群数量均显著低于对照区棉花;罗勒Ocimum basilicum种植区棉花上的棉长管蚜和棉黑蚜种群数量均显著低于对照区棉花。此外,棉蚜和棉长管蚜种群数量与捕食性天敌总数之间呈显著负相关;蛇床草和罗勒植株的挥发物显著吸引多异瓢虫和中华通草蛉,罗勒和薄荷植株的挥发物显著驱避有翅棉蚜。表明功能植物蛇床草、油菜、薄荷和罗勒可为棉田涵养捕食性天敌,而薄荷和罗勒还能驱避棉花蚜虫,可用于棉田害虫及天敌的生态调控。     

Relationships of aphid and mite infestations to control ofBotrytis cinerea byClonostachys rosea in rose(Rosa hybrida) leaves

Infestations of aphids(Macrosiphum rosae L.) and of twospotted spider mites(Tetranychus urticae Koch) were examined in relation to growth and sporulation ofClonostachys rosea andBotrytis cinerea, and to suppression of the pathogen by the agent, in green rose leaves. Leaves were infested artificially with 10 aphids/leaflet for 3 h, or naturally with 15-30 aphids/leaflet for 7-12 days or with undetermined numbers of mites for 10-12 days. Leaves that had or had not been infested were inoculated withC. rosea, withB. cinerea, or withC. rosea plusB. cinerea. Germination incidence and germ tube growth ofC. rosea andB. cinerea on the phylloplane in most instances were much greater in leaves previously infested with aphids or mites compared with noninfested leaves. After combined inoculation,C. rosea suppressed germination ofB. cinerea from 47% to 19% in noninfested leaves, but in leaves that had been infested the agent was ineffective and germination incidence of the pathogen increased to 75-93%. Previous infestation with naturally introduced aphids or mites, but not brief infestations of artificially introduced aphids, markedly increased sporulation ofC. rosea after the leaves died during an initial 7-15 days of incubation on a paraquat agar medium, regardless of whether or notB. cinerea was present. Sporulation ofB. cinerea was similarly increased when inoculated alone. After 15-20 days, however, conidiophores of the agent or pathogen covered most of the leaf surface in these treatments. In leaves inoculated withC. rosea plusB. cinerea, the agent suppressed sporulation of the pathogen almost completely in both previously infested and noninfested leaves. Thus, aphid and mite infestations did not compromise the ability ofC. rosea to suppress inoculum production byB. cinerea in the leaves. Increased nutrient availability on the phylloplane through exudation or as honeydew or frass is proposed as a basis to explain effects of the pest infestations onC. rosea andB. cinerea.     

寡雄腐霉GAQ1对辣椒疫病的防效及对辣椒的促生作用

为明确自主分离的生防菌株寡雄腐霉Pythium oligandrum GAQ1对辣椒疫病的生防效果及其防御机制,通过平板拮抗和盆栽防效试验测定寡雄腐霉菌株GAQ1对辣椒疫霉Phytophthora capsici菌丝的拮抗作用、对辣椒疫病的防效和对辣椒的促生效果,同时应用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测菌株GAQ1处理后辣椒抗性基因表达的变化。结果表明,寡雄腐霉菌株GAQ1的菌丝可以缠绕并吸附寄生在辣椒疫霉菌丝表面或穿入菌丝体内,使辣椒疫霉菌丝细胞死亡;菌株GAQ1发酵液处理辣椒离体叶片再接种辣椒疫霉后产生的病斑直径较对照组显著减少,离体防效为30.79%;接种菌株GAQ1菌丝球后,辣椒疫病的病情指数较对照组显著降低,盆栽防效达69.16%;经菌株GAQ1处理辣椒后可诱导相关抗性基因PR1、WRKY40、WRKY53、ACCO和GST的相对表达量出现不同程度的升高,说明菌株GAQ1可诱导辣椒植株产生不同程度的防御系统应答。菌株GAQ1对辣椒具有良好的促生效果,处理后第5周其株高、株重及根重分别较对照组提高10.11%、33.23%和24.72%,其叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素的含量分...