病原性鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)双重PCR与LAMP检测方法的建立

本研究检测了分离自发病大菱鲆、半滑舌鳎及鲤鱼的22株病原鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)毒力相关基因的携带情况,并建立了病原鳗弧菌的分子生物学检测方法。以PCR方法检测8个毒力相关基因的分布,结果显示,22株病原鳗弧菌均可扩增出6个基因(empA、vah1、vah4、flaA、rtxA和tonB)目的条带,未扩增出virA和angM基因;针对vah4和rtxA设计引物进行双重PCR扩增,同一PCR反应体系可扩增出两条目的条带,灵敏度为2.4×103 CFU/ml,对照菌无任何扩增条带;以vah4设计引物进行LAMP扩增,病原鳗弧菌可扩增出阶梯状条带,呈现阳性反应,6株对照菌无阶梯状扩增条带且呈现阴性反应,LAMP扩增灵敏度为2.4×101 CFU/ml。LAMP检测灵敏度是双重PCR的100倍,LAMP技术与PCR比较,操作简便、快速、灵敏度高且不需昂贵仪器,LAMP检测鳗弧菌的方法更适合于养殖生产实际应用。     

病原性鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)双重PCR与LAMP检测方法的建立

本研究检测了分离自发病大菱鲆、半滑舌鳎及鲤鱼的22株病原鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)毒力相关基因的携带情况,并建立了病原鳗弧菌的分子生物学检测方法。以PCR方法检测8个毒力相关基因的分布,结果显示,22株病原鳗弧菌均可扩增出6个基因(empA、vah1、vah4、flaA、rtxA和tonB)目的条带,未扩增出virA和angM基因;针对vah4和rtxA设计引物进行双重PCR扩增,同一PCR反应体系可扩增出两条目的条带,灵敏度为2.4×103 CFU/ml,对照菌无任何扩增条带;以vah4设计引物进行LAMP扩增,病原鳗弧菌可扩增出阶梯状条带,呈现阳性反应,6株对照菌无阶梯状扩增条带且呈现阴性反应,LAMP扩增灵敏度为2.4×10~1 CFU/ml。LAMP检测灵敏度是双重PCR的100倍,LAMP技术与PCR比较,操作简便、快速、灵敏度高且不需昂贵仪器,LAMP检测鳗弧菌的方法更适合于养殖生产实际应用。     

应用间接荧光抗体技术快速检测花鲈病原菌——鳗弧菌

以花鲈（Lateolabrax japonicus)弧菌病的病原菌-鳗弧菌（Vibrio anguillarum)W-1为抗原，制备兔抗血清；利用异硫氰酸荧光素标记的羊抗兔免疫球蛋白（FITC-IgG）为荧光标记二抗，并以罗丹明标记的牛血清白蛋白为背景染色，建立检测鳗弧菌的间接荧光抗体快速检测技术。应用该技术对人工感染后的花鲈组织（肌肉、鳃、肠、肾）样品和养殖水体样品进行了鳗弧菌检测，结果显示间接荧光抗体技术不仅可以用于诊断发病的感染花鲈，也可用于检测带菌状态或未发病的感染花鲈。     

溶藻弧菌溶血素基因反向PCR克隆及其原核表达

溶藻弧菌的胞外产物(ECP)在其致病过程中发挥重要作用,已经观察到溶藻弧菌ECP所致的溶血现象,关于溶藻弧菌溶血素的种类和其对溶藻弧菌的致病性贡献的报道非常稀少。本文利用已经报道的多种弧菌溶血素基因序列设计通用引物,检测溶血素基因在溶藻弧菌中的分布,发现96个菌株中有74株扩增出溶血素基因(vah)片段。对致病株ZJ0451的 vah片段测序。根据已测得的片段序列设计引物,通过反向PCR扩增及后续克隆测序获得全长vah基因及部分侧翼序列。经比对证实溶藻弧菌vah与多种弧菌的TLH类溶血素高度相似,且其肽链N端有信号肽。利用pET32a载体构建了两种包含不同长度融合标签的vah表达载体,并均在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中获得可溶性表达。在26℃的诱导温度下,9h时vah表达量达到相对最大。在原核表达系统中,vah蛋白信号肽可以被切除。     

3株O3血清型鳗弧菌灭活疫苗的免疫原性和免疫保护效果

鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)O3血清型菌株是感染鱼类的重要病原菌,本文研究了3株O3血清型鳗弧菌(SMP1、SMP3和SMP4)灭活疫苗的免疫原性和免疫保护。首先在牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)体内对3株鳗弧菌进行复壮;检测复壮后的菌株毒力,检测的3株鳗弧菌对蓝蔓龙(Trichogaser trichopterus)的半数致死量(LD50)分别为105.1 CFU/ml(SMP1)、104.7 CFU/ml(SMP3)和105.4 CFU/ml(SMP4);制备了3株菌的甲醛灭活疫苗,注射免疫牙鲆,免疫后第7天可检测到牙鲆的血清特异性抗体产生,免疫后第28天的血清特异性抗体效价为1:1280(SMP1)、1:640(SMP3)和1:905(SMP4),提供的免疫保护率(Relative percent survival rate,RPS)为94.4%(SMP1)、100%(SMP3)和73.7%(SMP4)。研究表明,3株致病性O3血清型鳗弧菌菌株具有良好的免疫原性,其中SMP3为最适疫苗候选株。本研究为鳗弧菌O3血清型疫苗的开发应用奠定了基础。     

5株鲆鲽鱼类病原菌多克隆抗体的制备与应用

本研究制备了鳗弧菌Vibrio anguillarum、杀鲑气单胞菌Aeromonas salmonicida、副溶血弧菌V. parahaemolyticus、哈维氏弧菌V. harveyi和腐败希瓦氏菌Shewanella putrefaciens 5株鲆鲽鱼类病原菌的兔抗血清,建立了5种菌的间接ELISA检测方法,并将该检测方法用于鱼类细菌分离物病原检测。人工感染结果显示,5株菌对大菱鲆的半数致死量(LD50)在102~107CFU/fish;制备的兔抗血清效价分别为1∶2 048 000、1∶16 000、1∶16 000、1∶1 024 000、1∶128 000;交叉反应结果显示,鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌、哈维氏弧菌3株弧菌与抗血清相互之间存在交叉反应;抗血清特异检测灵敏度分别为104、108、107、105、106cell/ml;对13株海水鱼类细菌分离物进行检测,有1株腐败希瓦氏菌阳性,两株哈维氏弧菌阳性;1株副溶血弧菌和哈维氏弧菌均为阳性,该结果与16S rDNA序列的分子分析方法一致。     

凡纳滨对虾感染致急性肝胰腺坏死病副溶血弧菌(VpAHPND)的定量分析

对虾急性肝胰腺坏死病(Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, AHPND)是由致AHPND副溶血弧菌(AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus, VpAHPND)携带的pVA1-like质粒所表达的PirAVp和PirBVp毒力蛋白对对虾肝胰腺的急性毒性所致。本研究用2.19×105 CFU/ml VpAHPND分离株20130629002S01对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)进行浸泡感染,于感染后2~9 d采集对虾的肝胰腺、鳃、肠道、肌肉组织,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,检测各组织中的pirAVp拷贝数。结果显示,感染后凡纳滨对虾各组织均能检测到pirAVp,其中,肝胰腺在感染后第4天达到峰值, 为8.71×104 copies/mg,而鳃、肌肉、肠道分别在第3、4、5天达到峰值,分别为9.08×103、2.59×104、5.76×104 copies/mg。早期感染鳃组织中先出现VpAHPND的富集,在高死亡发生期,VpAHPND数量在肝胰腺和肠道出现高峰,在死亡数量逐渐下降的后期,各组织的VpAHPND均快速下降,肠道、肝胰腺和肌肉中的VpAHPND水平趋于接近。对虾肝胰腺组织病理切片显示,同一时间有临床症状的病虾和濒死对虾相比,濒死对虾表现出更严重的AHPND病理特征,且二者的组织病理特征均随着感染时间的延长变得更为严重,但检测到的VpAHPND数量呈下降趋势。研究表明,在VpAHPND感染过程中,组织中的pirAVp基因数量不能代表对虾的发病程度,发病程度及组织病理严重的AHPND样品中VpAHPND的数量不一定处于高水平状态。     

斑节对虾血淋巴细胞对鳗弧菌的清除作用

通过检测注入斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)血淋巴内的鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarumH)浓度、血淋巴细胞浓度和血淋巴细胞的组成变化,研究斑节对虾血淋巴细胞对进入体内细菌的清除作用。实验显示,斑节对虾能够迅速清除注入其体内的鳗弧菌。注射鳗弧菌悬液(107~108CFU/mL)5 min后,血淋巴中可检测到的鳗弧菌浓度是(1.4±0.6)×106CFU/mL,而2 h后所检测到的鳗弧菌的浓度仅相当于前者的3.1%。7天后,仅在部分个体的血淋巴中检测到少量鳗弧菌。伴随着血淋巴液内鳗弧菌的减少,对虾的血淋巴细胞浓度发生变化。鳗弧菌注入对虾体内5 min后,血淋巴细胞浓度为(3.51±1.69)×107/mL,注射后2 h时达到最低值,为(2.39±1.76)×107/mL,然后逐步恢复,注射后48 h达到(3.97±1.60)×107/mL。对照组血淋巴细胞浓度起初略微降低,然后逐步增加,在2 h达到最大值后又逐渐降低;除注射后48 h外,对照组血淋巴细胞浓度始终高于实验组。鳗弧菌注射入斑节对虾体内后,不同的细胞种类呈现出不同的变化规律:在注射后2 h,对照组透明细胞占总细胞数的比例显著高于实验组,对照组半颗粒细胞的含量低于实验组。注射鳗弧菌后10 min,血淋巴中颗粒细胞的相对含量显著降低,此时实验组的颗粒细胞相对含量也低于对照组。而对于降解细胞细胞核的相对含量,实验组和对照组表现出了显著不同的变化趋势。在对照组中,24 h内其含量一直在降低,而后恢复;而对照组却在注射10 min时达到最高值,而后遵循对照组类似的变化。[中国水产科学,2006,13(1):28-32]     

对虾养殖池中一株弧菌拮抗菌的分离鉴定

从对虾养殖池中分离出1株编号为2013082515(简称菌株15)的菌株,以鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)为指示菌,分析了菌株15对指示菌的抑菌效果及最低抑菌浓度,同时,分析了菌株15对其他7株弧菌的抑菌效果.结果显示,菌株15对3株指示菌均具有抑菌效果,对鳗弧菌、哈维氏弧菌及副溶血弧菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为2.50×104、2.50×105、2.50×105 CFU/ml;对其他弧菌也具有一定的抑菌效果.采用注射及浸泡感染方法分析了菌株15对对虾的生物安全性,结果显示,在高浓度时,菌株15对对虾具有潜在毒性.分别用细菌全细胞脂肪酸气相色谱法和16S rDNA序列分析比对法对该菌进行分类鉴定,表明菌株15为一株假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.).     

哈维弧菌vhh基因缺失株的构建及其相关生物学特性研究

哈维弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)是水生动物的重要病原,为研究哈维弧菌溶血素基因vhh缺失后对其生物学特性的影响,该研究利用同源重组技术构建了V.harveyi 345的vhh基因缺失突变株,并比较了野生株和突变株的生物学特性变化。结果显示,vhh基因的缺失不影响菌株的生长、胞外蛋白酶分泌、过氧化氢(H2O2)和铜离子(Cu2+)的压力感应、铁的吸收利用、15种抗生素抗性和生物膜形成等生物学特性,但会导致菌株游动和涌动显著增强;另发现,vhh基因虽然在野生菌株内高表达,对绵羊红细胞却未表现出溶血活性。结果表明该基因负调控着菌株的运动能力。该研究为认识哈维弧菌vhh基因功能研究提供新的资料。     

关于促进渔民增收的几点思考

渔民收入倍增既然是一项工程,必然要历经复杂、漫长的过程,并不是一朝一夕就能实现的;但实现这一目标也并非遥遥无期,这个期限是按照“两个率先”的时序要求,实现全面小康目标确定的。要实现这一目标关键是渔业经济要得到快速发展,渔民劳动力转移要有新的突破。     

Induction of mRNAs in response to acclimation of trout cells to different osmolalities

The direct effect of osmolality on growth and mRNA population were investigated in the rainbow trout cell line (RTG-2). These cells can grow in the media of osmolalities ranging from 200 to 600 mosmol kg-1. With two-dimensional electrophoresis, the in vitro translation of poly(A⁺) RNA isolated from these cells showed osmoresponsive changes in the population of translatable mRNAs. Using differential mRNA display polymerase chain reaction, however, we identified inducible cDNA products in hyper-osmotic and hypo-osmotic media as third component of complement, and as homologues of known genes: an atypical protein kinase regulated by the thyrotropin-dependent mitogenic pathway, nucleolin and CHD3. The remaining cDNAs have no significant homology in GenBank. Northern blots demonstrate that their mRNA levels were induced in hyper-osmotic and hypo-osmotic media, but not by other stresses. The expressed proteins of these mRNAs may be involved directly or indirectly in the adaptation of RTG-2 cells to different osmolalities probably through the osmotic signal transduction and adjustment in cellular metabolism to osmotic stress.     

A method to assess the sensitivity of sedimentary communities to fishing activities

• 1. Methods of sensitivity assessment to identify species and habitats in need of management or protection have been available since the 1970s.
• 2. The approach to sensitivity assessment adopted by the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) assumes that the sensitivity of a community or biotope is dependent on the species within it. However, the application of this approach to sedimentary communities, especially offshore, is complex because of a lack of knowledge of the structural or functional role of many sedimentary species.
• 3. This paper describes a method to assess the overall sensitivity of sedimentary communities, based on the intolerance and recoverability of component species to physical disturbance. A range of methods were applied to identify the best combinations of abundant, dominant or high biomass species for the assessment of sensitivity in the sedimentary communities examined.
• 4. Results showed that reporting the most frequent species' sensitivity assessment, irrespective of the four methods used to select species, consistently underestimated the total sensitivity of the community. In contrast, reporting the most sensitive assessment from those species selected resulted in a range of biotope sensitivities from very low to very high, that was better able to discriminate between the sensitivities of the communities examined.
• 5. The assumptions behind the methodology, its limitations and potential application are discussed.

© Crown copyright 2008. Reproduced with permission of Her majesty's stationery office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冬季温度刺激对克氏原螯虾繁育的影响

通过加温刺激克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)雌虾在冬季抱卵,并对卵及幼体在不同水温下的发育过程进行观察。结果显示:经过38 d的加温刺激,在26℃下陆续观察到有虾抱卵,18℃以下未观察到抱卵虾,但该水温能促进雌虾性腺发育。雌虾经加温刺激后所抱卵在18℃,21℃和26℃下均能正常孵化出幼虾。18℃,21℃和26℃下孵化时间分别为(39.67±3.06)d,(28.33±2.52)d和(15.00±2.00)d,孵化所需时间随着温度的提升而减少(P<0.05)。孵化的幼虾经45 d养殖后,在18℃,21℃和26℃下体长分别为(1.90±0.25)cm,(2.73±0.38)cm和(3.78±0.70)cm,体重分别为(0.223±0.100)g,(0.688±0.331)g和(2.145±1.272)g。18℃,21℃水温下的幼虾在此生长阶段为非异速生长(b=3),26℃水温下的幼虾为异速生长(b>3)。在3种温度下,幼体生长速度随温度的升高明显加快(P<0.05)。     

Loss of and damage to scallops due to storms in the Sea of Okhotsk

In the coastal zone of the Sea of Okhotsk off Hokkaido, Japan, the giant ezo scallop ( Patinopecten yessoensis ) is widely cultivated on the sea bed, making its fishery a major industry. However, the area experiences intense cyclones, including typhoons, about once a decade and the scallop resources appear to have received severe damage from the storms. Such an event occurred on 29 October 1988. The storm caused 12-m-high wind waves, which appeared to be fully developed sea waves. The water above the sea bed repeatedly moved back and forth at speeds of 1∼2 m s^-1 causing damage to the scallops due to collisions and rubbing with gravel and other scallops. From a comparison of wind data with the annual catch of scallops, intense cyclones seem to play an important role on the year-to-year fluctuations in the scallop fishery.     

A proposal to define vulnerability of cetacean areas to human development: variables and analysis procedures applied to the Gulf of California

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