坛紫菜减数分裂位置的杂交试验分析

利用坛紫菜人工色素突变体与野生型进行杂交试验,通过观察F1叶状体中是否出现颜色分离和颜色嵌合体来证明坛紫菜减数分裂发生的确切位置。以红色型人工色素突变体(SPY1和R10)作为母本,其特征:叶状体呈红色或桔红色,藻体薄而弹性差,无边缘刺;以野生型(wt)作为父本,其特征:叶状体呈棕绿色,藻体厚而富有弹性,有丰富的边缘刺。在杂交组SPY1(♀)×wt(♂)和R10(♀)×wt(♂))的F1叶状体中,均出现了2种亲本色和2种新颜色,它们分别为红色(R,母本色),野生色(W,父本色),浅红色(R′,比R色稍浅)和似野生色(W′,比野生色稍红)。4种颜色在F1叶状体上,出现了分离并形成了呈直线型排列的不同色块,从而产生了大量由2～4个色块组成的颜色嵌合体;单个嵌合体上的色块数最多为4块。在颜色嵌合体中,R和R′2种色块的藻体薄而弹性差,无边缘小刺,而W和W′2种色块的藻体厚而弹性好,富有边缘刺。在F1叶状体中,颜色嵌合体占95.2%～96.7%,单色叶状体只占3.3%～4.8%。上述结果说明,坛紫菜杂合丝状体产生的壳孢子,其萌发时进行的最初两次细胞分裂是减数分裂,它所产生的4个子细胞继续分裂,最终发育成含2～4个色块组成的颜色嵌合体;2种新颜色是由于在减数分裂的第一次分裂时发生了染色体交换和重组所产生的。本文使用的两个色素突变体,除含2个或2个以上的颜色变异基因外,还含有分别与藻体厚薄和边缘刺出现相关的变异基因,并且它们与颜色变异基因是连锁的。F1颜色嵌合体中的重组色块在3种主要光合色素和色素蛋白的含量、生长速度和成熟早晚等方面均表现出比亲本色块更好的特性,暗示利用色素突变体杂交方法有可能培育出坛紫菜的优良品系。     

紫菜属海藻色素突变的研究

使用化学诱变剂MNNG(N-甲基-N’-硝基-N-亚硝基胍)对条斑紫菜、坛紫菜、少精紫菜和华北半叶紫菜的叶状体、丝状体和壳孢子进行诱变,研究与分析了紫菜属海藻色素突变的发生与表达。结果显示,在合适的诱变剂量范围内,紫菜各生长阶段藻体均发生较高的突变率,但突变的表达特征不同。叶状体以细胞为单位发生点状突变,突变细胞的生长形成了各种突变斑块的无序镶嵌,显示单倍体细胞的致变结果。经诱变的丝状体虽表现较低的突变率,然而诱变引发的突变却主要在后代叶状体中表达,显示为二倍体细胞的突变表达规律。壳孢子突变随萌发个体的细胞分裂被立即表达,显示细胞倍性发生变化的遗传特征。本文还讨论了色素突变表达规律显示的减数分裂过程及其对藻体形态建成的影响。     

坛紫菜养殖技术之二坛紫菜优质纯系苗种培育技术研究

坛紫菜在自然分类系统中属于红藻门、原红藻纲、红毛菜目、红毛菜科、紫菜属,在其生活史中具有2个明显的发育阶段,即叶状体阶段和丝状体阶段.叶状体是由丝状体放散出来的壳孢子萌发形成的,即日常食用的紫菜;丝状体是由叶状体放散出来的果孢子萌发形成的,多数在贝壳中生长.坛紫菜的育苗就是指叶状体成熟后形成的果孢子,通过采果孢子培育贝壳丝状体,丝状体在秋季成熟后放散壳孢子的过程.南日木平养殖场自2003年1月开始承担"坛紫菜优质纯系苗种培育技术研究"项目,现将技术总结介绍如下:     

自然条件下的坛紫菜（Pyropia haitanensis）四分体发育与性别表型观察

为探明野生坛紫菜的性别真相以及野外的性别观察与室内遗传杂交实验所得性别结果相反的原因,对可能影响天然坛紫菜性别的几个关键问题进行了研究。结果发现,5.8S rDNA保守区域的序列分析结果证实,野生坛紫菜群体中的雌雄同体与雌雄异体个体均属同一物种。坛紫菜颜色突变体与野生型间的杂交品系在天然条件下栽培所产生的F1叶状体出现了亲本色的分离与重组,95.6%的小叶状体(约5 mm)为由2～4色块构成的颜色嵌合体,它们长大后的每个色块只出现一种性别,颜色嵌合体也是性别嵌合体,该结果与室内杂交实验一致,这表明在自然条件下,坛紫菜的减数分裂位置与性别分离模式均未改变。但在随后的发育过程中,近基部的1～2个色块严重滞育,仅形成肉眼较难发现的小藻块,构成假根和基部,它们基本不成熟,造成嵌合体的绝大部分藻体由梢部的1～2个色块发育而来,嵌合体比例降至42.1%。但即使是雌雄嵌合的个体,由于梢部色块面积通常较大且成熟远早于中、基部色块,在成熟期的初、中期,成熟个体几乎均为梢部色块成熟,表现为单性,在成熟期的晚期,中部色块开始成熟,雌雄同体比例大幅度上升。本研究表明,在天然条件下生长的坛紫菜仍以雌雄同体为主,但减数分裂产物的四分体不均衡发育以及藻体的梢、中、基部的不同步成熟均极大地降低了叶状体真实性别被观察到的概率,单凭肉眼一次性抽检,其性别往往以雌雄异体为主,少数为雌雄同体。     

坛紫菜优质纯系苗种培育技术研究

坛紫菜在自然分类系统中属于红藻门、原红藻纲、红毛菜目、红毛菜科、紫菜属,在其生活史中具有2个明显的发育阶段,即叶状体阶段和丝状体阶段。叶状体是由丝状体放散出来的壳孢子萌发形成的,即日常食用的紫菜;丝状体是由叶状体放散出来的果孢子萌发形成的,     

坛紫菜的细胞学观察

为了阐明雌雄异体紫菜减数分裂的发生时期,对坛紫菜生活史的各阶段进行了细胞学研究.用卡诺固定液(无水酒精:冰醋酸=3:1)分别固定室内培养的坛紫菜各生活阶段的活体材料,在明亮处放置数日使细胞褪色至白色.然后,先用铁矾苏木精染液对固定材料进行染色处理,再进行压片、显微观察和拍照记录.观察结果表明,精子囊细胞、叶状体营养细胞和2个细胞的壳孢子萌发体中的核相是单倍的,染色体数N=5;果孢子、丝状体细胞、膨大细胞和壳孢子的核相是双倍的,染色体数2N=10.精子囊细胞、果孢子和丝状体细胞的分裂是有丝分裂.在壳孢子萌发的第1次细胞分裂过程中,观察到了减数分裂的细线期、偶线期、双线期、终变期、中期和后期等;壳孢子萌发的第1次细胞其分裂结果导致了染色体数目减半.上述研究结果表明,在雌雄异体的坛紫菜生活史中,壳孢子萌发的初始分裂是减数分裂.     

坛紫菜品系间杂交分离色素突变体及其特性的初步研究

以野生选育的坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)为母本,诱变选育全棕红的品系为父本进行杂交实验,从杂交子代大量叶片中,筛选出1株褐黄色素突变体、1株翠绿色与野生色相嵌的嵌合体和1株褐绿色与野生色相嵌的嵌合体。通过酶法分离突变体的营养细胞,单性生殖获得丝状体;分别使丝状体成熟并放散壳孢子,然后单株培养和筛选获得褐黄、翠绿和褐绿色子代叶状体。实验进行50 d。结果:(1)褐黄色突变体藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白含量低;孢子囊枝的细胞较小,且大量形成时间比亲本晚15 d;幼苗培养初期日平均生长量仅为(1.22±0.28)cm,当叶片长到60 cm左右时生长优势逐步凸显,日平均生长量可达(7.50±1.18)cm;(2)翠绿色丝状体容易成熟,发育方式特殊,营养藻丝不经过藻丝加粗阶段,直接由球形细胞发育成孢子囊枝和壳孢子囊;翠绿色叶状体藻红蛋白含量低,仅有(5.513 0±1.049 6)mg/g(干品);叶状体生长快速,60 cm长的藻体日平均生长量高达(11.95±2.33)cm;(3)褐绿色突变体藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白和藻红蛋白这3种色素蛋白和叶绿素的含量均较低;藻丝细胞短且细,叶状体生长速度较慢。     

Pyropia churharii新品系的分离与特性分析

为发掘新的紫菜种质资源,通过对印度产紫菜Pyropia churharii的野生型品系(PCWT)进行人工诱变处理,分离出具有生长和品质优势的新品系PC-Y1和PC-Y2。PC-WT品系的叶状体具有过度释放单孢子和生长缓慢的特性。PC-Y1品系的叶状体基本不放单孢子,藻体呈细长型,生长很快。PC-Y2品系的叶状体放散少量的单孢子,藻体较宽大,生长较快。日龄55 d时,PC-Y1品系的叶状体平均体长为91.30 cm,PC-Y2品系为15.26 cm,而PC-WT品系仅为5.31cm,两个新品系的生长优势非常显著。日龄45 d的叶状体叶绿素a含量,PC-Y1和PC-Y2品系明显比PC-WT品系高;PC-Y1和PC-Y2品系藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白的总含量分别为119.32和102.29 mg/g,分别是PC-WT品系的2.74倍和2.35倍。日龄45 d的叶状体厚度,PC-WT品系为32.48μm,PC-Y1和PC-Y2品系分别为20.86和27.98μm,两个新品系明显比野生型品系薄。贝壳丝状体的壳孢子放散量,PC-Y1、PC-Y2和PC-WT品系分别为101.16、143.44和175.17万个/壳。此外,与野生型坛紫菜相比,PC-Y1品系对高温(29℃)具有更好的耐受性。PC-Y1和PC-Y2品系不仅具有与条斑紫菜相似的特性,如藻体薄、品质好、放散单孢子,而且PC-Y1品系比野生型坛紫菜更耐高温,壳孢子放散量也更大、生长快、成熟晚,具有被大规模栽培的潜力。     

坛紫菜与长紫菜种间杂交后代的细胞崩溃现象与成活后代的表现型观察比较

坛紫菜壳孢子萌发的第一次和第二次分裂为减数分裂,结束后形成了一个基因型不同的四分体,随后由这个四分体发育成一个基因型嵌合的叶状体。由坛紫菜与长紫菜种间杂交所产生的杂合丝状体成熟后释放出壳孢子,后者在分裂初期出现了大量的细胞崩溃死亡,通过对单个的壳孢子萌发体进行定点跟踪观察后发现,细胞崩溃死亡不仅会发生在减数分裂的直接产物即处于二细胞期、三细胞期、四细胞期的萌发体,当细胞数大于4个的萌发体在进行有丝分裂时也会出现细胞崩溃死亡。绝大部分的壳孢子能进行第一次减数分裂,形成处于二细胞期的萌发体,随后进行第二次减数分裂,形成处于三细胞期或四细胞期的萌发体。培养4 d,78.6%的壳孢子已发育成含2~4个细胞的萌发体,其余为未分裂的壳孢子萌发体;在含2~4个细胞的萌发体中未出现细胞崩溃死亡的萌发体的百分率为99.7%,0.3%的个体出现了细胞崩溃死亡。随着培养时间的延长,大多数处于二细胞期的萌发体发育成处于三细胞期和四细胞期的萌发体,而大规模的细胞崩溃死亡也出现在处于三细胞期和四细胞期的萌发体中。培养14 d,处于三细胞期和四细胞期的萌发体的百分率分别为38.6%和37.2%,它们当中含有崩溃死亡细胞的个体百分率分别为99.5%和99.2%。此外,8.9%的萌发体能够发育成含4个以上细胞的个体,但在随后的有丝分裂中也出现了细胞崩溃死亡现象。培养35 d,大部分的萌发体其体细胞已全部崩溃死亡,但仍有约1%的萌发体能成活下来,可它们并非是由一个完整的四分体发育而来,而是由四分体中的1~2个成活细胞发育而来。培养45 d,可把成活体的形态和颜色分成类亲本型和重组型两大类。研究表明,利用紫菜种间杂交的后代在壳孢子萌发初期会出现细胞崩溃死亡的现象,不仅可以用于辅助更精确地鉴别物种,而且可以从其成活后代中筛选出具有重组优势的新品系。     

坛紫菜诱变及F1代叶状体表型性状分析

突变体是开展坛紫菜(Neoporphyra haitanensis)良种选育和性状遗传调控机理研究的重要材料。为获得坛紫菜突变体,本研究利用不同强度的γ射线辐照(辐射剂量梯度：700、900、1100、1300、1500 Gy)处理野生品系NSD35的幼苗,恢复培养结果显示,γ射线照射导致叶状体部分细胞死亡,且藻体细胞的死亡量随着诱变剂量的增加而升高;同时,突变的细胞数量随着辐射剂量增加呈先增后降的趋势。其中,经1300 Gy处理后藻体的突变细胞最多。之后利用体细胞酶解技术和单克隆技术获得了突变体的纯系藻体,从中初步筛选出性状各异的株系67个,并利用14个表型性状对其中21个株系的F1代进行相关性分析和聚类分析。结果显示,相较于对照组,突变体F1代群体中大部分性状的变异系数增加。突变体的多个性状间存在显著相关性,其中,藻体长度与宽度、鲜重没有显著相关性(P>0.05);宽度与鲜重、叶形态呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);鲜重与颜色呈显著负相关(P<0.05);藻体不同部位的厚度之间存在极显著正相关;叶型与藻体中部、尖端的厚度呈显著负相关。进一步采用系统聚类的方法(遗传距离为20),将21份材料分成4个主要类群,分别为颜色偏红的藻体组、宽而生物量大的藻体组、薄而日均增长快的藻体组和长而窄的藻体组。综上所述,γ射线对坛紫菜叶状体具有良好的诱变效果,本研究为开展坛紫菜经济性状的遗传调控机理研究以及优良新品种选育提供了基础材料。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.