舀种勺舌式胡麻精量穴播器设计与试验

针对胡麻播种机用种量大、播量变异系数大、播种不均匀的问题,基于胡麻种子物理特性和种植农艺要求,设计一种舀种勺舌式胡麻精量穴播器。通过分析穴播器工作原理确定穴播器组成、舀种勺结构参数范围及安装数量;对舀种勺舀种过程和清种过程进行力学分析,确定穴播器角速度范围;通过EDEM仿真过程得知,花纹内壁聚种斜槽在不影响舀种勺填充效果的同时,不仅可以提高仿真效率,还可以增大种子流动性,便于舀种勺充种。以穴播器角速度、舀种勺顶端过渡圆角半径、种室隔离板高度为试验因素,穴播器排种合格率、漏播率和重播率为试验指标,利用EDEM离散元仿真软件开展二次旋转正交组合试验,得到最优参数组合为：穴播器角速度2.9 rad/s、舀种勺顶端过渡圆角半径2.5 mm、种室隔离板高6.8 mm;将该舀种勺3D打印制作进行排种性能试验验证,台架试验得到该舀种勺排种合格率、漏播率和重播率平均值分别为87.00%、6.33%、6.67%;田间试验得到该舀种勺排种合格率为88.33%,漏播率为6.67%,重播率为5.00%;胡麻平均种植密度为50株/m²,其台架试验与田间试验结果基本一致,性能满足胡麻精量播种...     

差速充种沟式小麦单粒排种器优化设计与试验

为实现小麦精播,设计了一种差速充种沟式小麦单粒排种器。运用力学分析、结构分析、理论计算、仿真试验、台架试验验证以及田间试验的优化流程对排种器参数进行优化。首先,应用EDEM离散元软件和Design Expert 84.0.6软件进行了仿真试验,完成了差速式小麦排种器参数的优化;然后进行了台架试验验证,结果表明,当转速为1r/s,弧形挡板固定在排种器端盖上,充种沟隔板间长度、充种沟宽度、充种沟高度分别为8.00、6.00、5.00mm,弧形挡板凸起斜度为42.68°时,粒距合格率为81.67%,重播率为12.50%,漏播率为5.83%,排种器排种均匀性变异系数为32.32%,台架试验结果与仿真试验结果一致;最后,对采用该排种器的7.5cm行距小麦播种机进行了田间试验,结果表明,在作业速度为4.8km/h时,粒距合格率为82.50%,重播率为9.17%,漏播率为8.33%,播种机的播种均匀性变异系数为30.12%。试验结果与仿真试验及台架试验结果基本一致。     

气压组合勺式玉米精密排种器

结合勺式型孔排种器的特点和气吹式排种器单粒留种的原理,设计出一种气压组合勺式玉米精密排种器,并阐述了其基本结构以及工作原理,确定出关键部件的结构参数。根据重播率、漏播率等性能指标在不同的气压下进行了台架试验,试验结果表明:该排种器最佳工作压力低,单粒率高,工作性能稳定,能够适应高速作业的要求。     

基于EDEM的内充式花生排种器排种性能仿真研究

以内充式花生排种器为研究对象,研究花生种子尺寸及排种轮转速对内充式花生排种器性能的影响。介绍了排种器的工作过程,建立了花生种子和排种器的仿真模型。选取3种不同尺寸的花生种子(鲁花11号、小白沙、四粒红)、7个转速(15、20、25、30、35、40、45 r/min)为因素,以单粒率、双粒率和多粒率为指标,应用EDEM软件对排种器的排种性能进行虚拟仿真试验,分析了排种过程中造成不同尺寸种子产生单粒率、多粒率的主要原因。仿真结果表明:排种轮转速和种子尺寸对排种器的排种性能有较大的影响;在转速为15～45r/min时,鲁花11号的排种性能最好,小白沙的排种性能次之,四粒红的排种性能较差。台架试验数据表明:仿真结果与实际情况相差很小,可为后续优化排种器的关键结构提供理论参考。     

群组吸孔气吸式芹菜排种器设计与试验

气吸式排种器可实现小颗粒种子的精密排种,但芹菜种子球度较小,且农艺要求一穴多粒,成为芹菜气吸式排种器精量排种的难点。为此本文基于CFD流体仿真,结合多因素、多水平试验分析及验证等方法,设计一种群组吸孔的气吸式芹菜精量排种器。以西芹“文图拉”芹菜种子为研究对象,首先,根据芹菜种子三轴尺寸,确定吸孔形状及尺寸;其次,通过CFD流场仿真研究不同吸孔分布结构下吸孔负压并确定群组吸孔数量;再次,通过理论分析推导确定最低吸种负压;最后,以气室真空度、种盘转速、吸孔分布结构为试验因素,以漏播率、重播率、合格率为试验指标,进行三因素三水平正交试验。通过极差分析和方差分析确定了影响排种性能的主次因素与最佳参数组合。结果表明：气吸式芹菜精密排种器较优组合参数为气室真空度-4 kPa、种盘转速20.75 r/min、吸孔分布结构为正等边三角形,此时播种合格率为88.9%,漏播率为5.1%,重播率为6.0%。田间试验结果为：合格率83.48%,重播率9.15%,漏播率7.37%。本研究实现了气吸式芹菜精密穴播,可为一穴多粒球度较小的小颗粒种子精量排种器设计提供参考。     

基于EDEM的高速穴播器排种性能仿真分析与试验

为探究穴播器转速和种子初速度对穴播器排种性能的影响,对分置式排种系统及穴播器工作原理进行阐述。利用EDEM建立棉种及穴播器的仿真模型,模拟棉种具有不同的初速度及穴播器在不同转速下排种情况,根据运动轨迹曲线、受力变化曲线、速度变化曲线综合分析产生漏播、重播现象的原因。使用Design-Expert进行两因素五水平二次旋转正交组合试验设计,建立评价指标的回归方程,并通过响应曲面分析排种性能。合格率随穴播器转速的增大而先增加后降低,随种子初速度的增大而降低。优化后的仿真参数组合为穴播器转速39 r/min和种子初速度2.4 m/s,最佳优化结果为漏播率3.2%,合格率95.1%,重播率1.7%。台架验证性试验结果表明仿真试验可信,穴播器排种性能满足高速精量播种要求,为新疆地区棉花机械化高速精量穴播技术及发展提供参考。     

窝眼轮式小麦排种器参数优化试验研究

为了改善小区小麦精密排种器排种不均匀、重播漏播现象,设计了一种窝眼轮式小麦精密排种器。以"西农223号小麦"为试验对象,进行了基于离散元法的排种器优化设计,同时采用了三因素三水平二次正交旋转组合试验,建立了粒距合格率、种子重播率、种子漏播率与窝眼数量、端面间距、排种轮转速三因素之间的数学模型,并进行正交试验,分析了各因素对种子重播率、粒距合格率、种子漏播率的影响,确定了各因素的最佳参数组合为:窝眼数量为38个、端面间距为5mm、排种轮转速为20r/min。台架试验结果表明:粒距合格率为95.92%、种子重播率为2.50%、种子漏播率为1.58%,为窝眼轮式小麦精密排种器的研发提供了设计依据。     

弹性气吸嘴式玉米滚轮排种器排种性能参数优化与试验

针对西北旱区玉米铺膜种植特点,为提高气吸式玉米滚轮播种器的排种性能,利用弹性橡胶对气吸式排种器的吸种盘进行了结构改进。对吸种盘吸种过程进行受力分析,得到影响吸种能力的3个因素:吸种盘转速、气吸室负压、吸种盘上吸种垫吸孔直径。基于自制的弹性气吸嘴式玉米滚轮排种器试验台,根据响应曲面法的Central Composite Design试验设计原理,以播种机吸种盘转速、气吸室负压、吸种盘上吸种垫吸孔直径为因素,以单粒合格指数为主要评价指标,兼顾重播指数和漏播指数,对台架试验结果进行多元回归拟合和方差分析。结果表明,单粒合格指数、重播指数的2个回归模型可靠;气吸室负压对单粒合格指数影响极显著,气吸室负压和吸种盘上的吸种垫吸孔直径对重播指数影响极显著。由参数优化结果可知:当播种机吸种盘转速20 r/min、气吸室负压5 k Pa、吸种盘上的吸种垫吸孔直径4 mm时,单粒合格指数为95. 54%,漏播指数为0. 50%,重播指数为3. 96%。在同等条件下田间试验得到的单粒合格指数为96. 3%、漏播指数为1. 3%、重播指数为2. 4%,优化达到预期的效果。     

圆盘式烟草育苗精量排种器的试验研究

基于圆盘型孔机械式精密排种器的工作原理,对排种盘充种及下种的结构参数进行了分析,并研究了种子在排种盘上的运动。为探讨圆盘式烟草育苗精量排种器的性能和精度,以排种器的合格指数、重播指数、漏播指数、种子破碎率、行变异系数及粒距变异系数为评价指标,以排种盘转速、排种口距输送带垂直距离两个因素为变量进行了试验。结果表明:在排种盘转速为n=8 r/min、排种口距离输送带垂直距离为H=50mm的条件下,排种器的合格指数为48.61%、重播指数为31.94%、漏播指数为19.45%、行变异系数为1.68%、粒距变异系数为3.28%。     

小粒径种子气力自适应排种系统设计与试验

针对气力式排种器适宜工作负压与工作转速、种子尺寸等因素有关，而现有气力式播种机排种系统实际作业时工作气压为定值设置，不能适时优化调整的问题，以正负气压组合式小粒径种子排种器为对象，设计了一种气力自适应排种系统。该系统采用STM32单片机控制，通过随速调整排种器工作转速、实时监测排种性能，动态调整排种器工作负压，保证了排种器实际工作负压持续保持在实时工况条件下的最优值，实现排种性能的较优控制。台架试验结果表明，气力自适应排种系统在不同作业速度、种子尺寸工况下，排种合格指数均大于92%,漏播指数均小于6%,相较于固定气压设定和开环控制气压调节方法，排种合格指数分别提高9.02、3.84个百分点，重播指数分别降低8.44、1.99个百分点，漏播指数分别降低0.58、1.86个百分点。田间试验结果表明，搭载气力自适应排种系统的播种机实际田间作业时株距稳定性变异系数为14.27%,各行苗数一致性变异系数为7.03%,田间作业性能良好。该研究可为气力式播种机持续稳定单粒精量播种能力提升提供技术参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。