青海湖裸鲤人工繁育试验报告

青海湖裸鲤属鲤形目、鲤科、裂腹鱼亚科、裸鲤属,青海湖裸鲤(以下简称裸鲤)具有很强的抗盐碱能力,是青海湖特有的重要经济鱼类,有着极高的开发和推广前景.由于青海湖独特的自然环境也使裸鲤形成了在盐碱水域生长发育,溯河在淡水中产卵的繁殖习性.捕捞野生成熟亲鱼进行裸鲤人工繁殖在国内已取得了成功,但是在全淡水环境下养殖培育的成熟个体能否进行人工繁殖,繁殖效果如何均未见报道.为进一步研究裸鲤的人工繁殖技术,为裸鲤的推广打下基础,我们于2006年3月至5月,在石家庄市井陉县鱼泉水产公司采用全淡水环境下发育成熟的裸鲤进行了人工繁殖试验.     

东海所在鱼类耐盐碱生理调节机制方面取得突破性进展

<正>近日,中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所盐碱水养殖与渔农综合利用创新团队以青海湖裸鲤等为研究对象,进行盐碱胁迫下渗透和酸碱调节机制研究,取得突破性进展。盐碱生境中鱼类面临水分流失、碱中毒及氨代谢受阻等问题,作为盐碱土著鱼类,青海湖裸鲤在进化过程中形成了独特的盐碱适应策略。团队运用比较生理学、免疫组化等方法,首次发现青海湖裸鲤通过调整昼夜节律应对盐碱环境下饮水和摄食矛盾,白天以摄食为主,     

青海湖裸鲤资源枯竭的成因及恢复途径的探讨

青海湖是我国最大的内陆湖泊,青海湖区的气候、环境条件和水体条件孕育了独特的鱼类资源。青海湖及其附属的河流、淡水湖泊水体中生长着6种鱼类:即青海湖裸鲤、甘子河裸鲤和4种高原鳅,其中:青海湖裸鲤是水生生物的主体。青海湖裸鲤体形大,肉质细嫩,     

青海湖裸鲫资源枯竭的成因及恢复途径的探讨

青海湖是我国最大的内陆湖泊,青海湖区的气候、环境条件和水体条件孕育了独特的鱼类资源。青海湖及其附属的河流、淡水湖泊水体中生长着6种鱼类：即青海湖裸鲤、甘子河裸鲤和4种高原鳅,其中：青海湖裸鲤是水生生物的主体。青海湖裸鲤体形大,肉质细嫩,营养丰富,味道鲜美,具有渔业捕捞价值,成为青海省渔业的主要捕捞开发对象。青海湖裸鲤在来开发期的资源量为19．9万吨：上世纪60年代初,青海湖裸鲤的资源量在7．5万吨左右,平均每平方公里18吨（1960-1961年）,到2004年渔业资源的数量5017吨,平均每平方公里1．08吨。比在未开发期的资源量减少97％。     

池养青海湖裸鲤幼鱼生长初步研究

对淡水池塘高密度养殖条件下青海湖裸鲤12月龄幼鱼生长情况进行观察研究.体长生长与时间呈线性关系:L=0.018 8 t+2.553 8(r=0.940 1),体重生长与时间呈指数关系:W=0.414 5e0.0093(r=0.950 8),体重与体长的关系用W=a Lb模型进行拟合,体重与体长关系式为:W=0.010 ...     

盐碱环境下青海湖裸鲤肠道HCO-3分泌相关基因表达差异

以青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)为研究对象,采用半定量和定量PCR法研究HCO-3分泌相关基因SLC4(solute carrier family 4)和SLC26(solute carrier family 26)家族slc4a1、slc4a2、slc4a4和slc26a6基因组织分布情况,并对不同盐碱环境下肠道中SLC基因家族的表达情况进行定量分析,揭示青海湖裸鲤适应盐碱环境的肠道调节机制。结果表明,slc4a1、slc4a2、slc4a4和slc26a6基因在青海湖祼鲤鳃、肝脏、肾脏和肠道等多个组织中均有表达,且在肠道中的表达量较高,其中slc26a6在肠道中高表达,而在鳃中表达量极低,表现出组织特异性;在碱度组[盐度1.31±0.02,碳酸盐碱度(30.66±0.08)mmol·L-1]、盐度组[盐度15.02±0.02,碳酸盐碱度(2.12±0.05)mmol·L-1]和湖水组[盐度14.84±0.03,碳酸盐碱度(29.57±0.11)mmol·L-1]青海湖裸鲤肠slc4a1、slc4a2、slc4a4和slc26a6基因的表达量在胁迫4 d过程中均呈现出先升高后回落的现象,其中湖水组裸鲤肠SLC4、SLC26家族基因表达量上调最为明显,尤其是slc26a6基因表达量最高上升为对照组的4.9倍,同时,湖水组裸鲤直肠排泄HCO-3浓度也最高,说明盐碱环境下青海湖裸鲤通过肠道Cl–/HCO-3交换子(slc4a1、slc4a2、slc26a6)、Na+–HCO-3联合转运子(slc4a4)分泌和排泄机体内积累的碱,这一调节途径有助于青海湖裸鲤补偿因水环境中盐碱度升高而造成的渗透及酸碱失衡。     

池养花鲈仔稚鱼生长和摄食节律的初步观察

花鲈为沿海及河口的名贵经济鱼类 ,可驯化生活于淡水作为池塘养殖对象。本文对花鲈在池塘养殖条件下仔稚鱼的摄食节律和生长进行了初步观察 ,显示其体长和体重的相关关系式为 :W =0 8831×10 5L3 150 1,体长生长方程为 :Lt =2 5 1 876 0× [1-e0 0 63 5(t-0 0 3 0 1) ],体重生长方程为Wt =32 0 6 2 6 7× [1-e0 0 63 5(t-0 0 3 0 1) ]3 150 1,生长拐点为 18 0 4周。幼鱼常集群摄食 ,其摄食强度高峰为上午 9∶0 0及下午 5∶0 0。     

青海裸鲤体内黏孢子虫形态学观察

正青海裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)是隶属鲤科、裂腹鱼亚科、裸鲤属,俗称"湟鱼",其生长缓慢,繁殖率低,但耐高寒盐碱,是青海湖唯一的经济鱼类。由于青海湖生态环境的恶化,青海湖水位下降,矿化度增加,河道水土流失严重,加上长期过度捕捞、疾病的发生等因素,造成青海裸鲤数量急剧下降,甚至面临种质资源衰竭的危险。2004年青海裸鲤被中国环境发展国际合作委员会在《中国物种红色     

SLC蛋白对青海湖裸鲤肠道HCO3-排泄及酸碱平衡的影响

为探索SLC蛋白抑制剂对青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)肠道HCO3-排泄及酸碱调节的影响,实验设置淡水组及青海湖盐碱水组(以下简称湖水组),通过注射4,4'-二异硫氢基芪-2,2'-二磺酸(4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid...     

斜带石斑鱼仔鱼的摄食节律及日摄食量

鱼类的日摄食节律分为白天摄食、晚上摄食、晨昏摄食和无明显节律四种类型。为了解斜带石斑鱼早期发育阶段的日摄食量及昼夜摄食规律,对孵化15天的仔鱼(全长4.86±0.38mm)在不同昼夜节律下的日摄食量和摄食节律进行了研究。结果如下:实验包括自然昼夜组(对照组)、持续光照组和持续黑暗组,各组对轮虫的日摄食量分别为142个/尾、156个/尾和47个/尾;白天摄食量比例分别为总摄食量的91.3%,80.5%和71.7%。对照组在正午(14:00)出现一个明显的摄食高峰;持续光照组在下午(16:00～18:00)出现明显的摄食小高峰;黑暗组则未出现明显的摄食峰。持续光照组在夜间的群摄食率明显高于对照组;黑暗组在白天的群摄食率明显低于对照组。持续光照组摄食强度小幅度增加,日摄食量为对照组的109.9%;而黑暗组摄食强度则明显下降,日摄食量为对照组的33.1%。综上所述,斜带石斑仔鱼摄食节律明显,属于典型的白天摄食类型;仔鱼的摄食与光照有着紧密的关系。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.