建瓯市毛竹林土壤速效氮磷钾含量及空间分布

采集建瓯市毛竹林表层(0～20 cm)土壤,分析其氮磷钾速效养分含量及空间分布。结果表明:建瓯市毛竹林表层土壤碱解氮平均含量为166.7 mg.kg-1,高于农田土壤碱解氮含量;速效磷含量为9.93 mg.kg-1,低于毛竹生长所需;速效钾含量为55.4 mg.kg-1,低于毛竹生长所需。地统计学分析结果表明,速效钾、速效磷、碱解氮具有中等空间相关性,氮含量的变异性主要由随机性因素引起。建瓯市毛竹林土壤速效养分存在富氮低磷缺钾的现象,在生产实践中应重视磷肥和钾肥的施用。     

建瓯市毛竹林土壤养分状况及丰缺分级

采集了福建省建瓯全市15个乡镇毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)林表层土壤,对其养分含量进行了测试分析,在此基础上对毛竹林土壤养分含量进行了丰缺分级.结果表明:建瓯市毛竹林土壤较为肥沃,土壤酸碱性适宜毛竹生产;表层土壤有机质含量为较高,为3.98％;全氮平均含量为1.48 g/kg,碱解氮平均含量为167 mg/kg,土壤供氮较为充足;有效磷含量为9.93 mg/kg,远低于毛竹生长所需;速效钾含量为55.4 mg/kg,稍低于毛竹正常生长所需;土壤中量元素钙、镁含量普遍较低.整个建瓯市毛竹林土壤养分存在富氮低磷缺钾的现象,同时缺乏供应中量元素养分的能力,不同乡镇间毛竹林土壤养分失调的种类及程度有较大的变化.     

松阳县毛竹林土壤养分贫瘠化评价

2014年12月至2015年1月采集浙江省松阳县5个乡镇18个村144个样点的毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)林0~30 cm土壤,对其p H、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾6个指标进行了测试分析及贫瘠化评价。结果表明:松阳县毛竹林土壤p H值范围在3.90~5.60,处在毛竹适生范围(p H4.5~7.0);表层土壤有机质含量较高,平均为42.94 g/kg,全氮含量平均2.15 g/kg,碱解氮平均含量为159.79 mg/kg,有效磷平均含量为2.27 mg/kg,速效钾平均含量为61.28 mg/kg。松阳县毛竹林土壤养分存在富氮低磷缺钾的现象,不同乡村间毛竹林土壤养分失调的种类和程度有较大变化。     

松阳县毛竹林地土壤养分空间变异特征分析

为掌握松阳县毛竹Phyllostachys edulis林地土壤养分的基本情况及其变异特征,以地统计学半方差方法分析研究毛竹林地土壤的pH及有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全钾、速效钾、全磷、有效磷7个主要养分因子的空间变异特征。结果表明,毛竹林地土壤pH平均值为4.75±0.28、有机质含量的平均值为42.94±10.47 g·kg~(-1)、全氮含量的平均值为2.15±0.96 g·kg~(-1)、碱解氮含量的平均值为159.79±70.49 mg·kg~(-1)、全磷含量的平均值为0.19±0.09 g·kg~(-1)、有效磷含量的平均值为2.27±1.45mg·kg~(-1)、全钾含量的平均值为10.01±2.95g·kg~(-1)、速效钾含量的的平均值为61.28±26.6mg·kg~(-1);用经典统计学分析发现土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全钾、有效磷和全磷都有较大变异;利用地统计学半方差特征参数函数分析各养分的理论拟合模型发现,全氮和有效磷含量分布符合球状模型,有机质、全磷和全钾含量分布符合高斯模型,碱解氮和速效钾含量分布符合指数模型;各养分的块金系数在25%～75%,为中等空间自相关性。结合该县毛竹林经营行为等综合因素分析认为,松阳县毛竹林土壤主要养分空间变异是自然过程和人为经营活动共同作用的结果,人工经营、气候、林地破碎性和养分随水土的流失等原因改变了土壤原本的连续变化,是产生土壤养分空间变异的主要原因。     

安徽肖坑天然毛竹林生产力及其土壤养分特点

为了解土壤养分与毛竹生长的相关性,对肖坑地区天然毛竹林进行调查研究。结果表明：肖坑地区天然毛竹林的平均胸径为10.99 cm,平均树高为13.32 m,林分平均密度为3 042株/hm2,平均胸高断面积为29.28 m2/hm2,平均立竹度为0.37。该地区天然毛竹林生产力较低,现存竹杆生物量平均为49.28 t/hm2,竹枝生物量为9.40 t/hm2,竹叶生物量为13.58 t/hm2,竹鞭及根系生物量为19.65 t/hm2,总生物量为91.91t/hm2,各部分生物量排序为竹杆＆gt;竹叶＆gt;竹鞭＆gt;竹枝＆gt;竹根。不同林分土壤A0、A、B层的全氮、全磷、全钾含量差异较大,其中全磷的变异系数最大,其次是钾和氮。由相关分析得知,土壤中全氮和全磷含量与毛竹林生长指标相关性较大,A层全钾含量与所有生长指标均表现为显著相关,A和B层全磷含量与除密度以外指标表现为显著相关。表明土壤养分状况是影响天然毛竹林生产力的重要因素。     

毛竹林土壤速效养分的季节变化特征

运用定位研究法采集毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla var.pubescens)林土壤样品,在相似经营措施条件下,垦复毛竹纯林、未垦复毛竹纯林土壤水解氮含量春夏高于秋冬两季,毛竹木荷混交林水解氮含量呈现春季与冬季相近而分别高于夏季与秋季。垦复毛竹林土壤速效磷含量是夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,未垦复毛竹林则是春季最高,冬季最低,毛竹木荷混交林为春季最高,夏季次之,秋冬较低。3种经理方式毛竹林土壤速效钾含量呈现冬春季(52.1~233.3 mg.kg-1)高于夏秋季(39.2~188.3 mg.kg-1),各林分相同土壤层次平均速效钾含量夏季均最低为(51.1~123.2 mg.kg-1)。0~10 cm土壤层次的养分贮量序列:水解氮为毛竹木荷混交林320.4kg.hm-2>未垦复毛竹林244.9 kg.hm-2>垦复毛竹林239.8 kg.hm-2,速效磷是垦复毛竹林14.3 kg.hm-2>毛竹木荷混交林8.6 kg.hm-2>未垦复毛竹林6.6 kg.hm-2,速效钾是毛竹木荷混交林159.5 kg.hm-2>未垦复毛竹林132.9 kg.hm-2>垦复毛竹林125.8 kg.hm-2。对水解氮、速效磷的吸收高峰期可能在孕笋的秋冬季节然而对于速效钾可能在夏季,毛竹木荷混交林土壤养分状况总体优于毛竹林,垦复毛竹林相对较差。     

不同年限毛竹—灵芝复合系统土壤质量评价

研究以不同年限(0 a、1 a和2 a)毛竹—灵芝复合系统为对象,对比分析灵芝不同种植年限的毛竹林土壤理化性质、酶活性等17个土壤质量指标的差异,并基于主成分分析对其土壤质量进行评价,旨在为毛竹林下种植灵芝提供参考。结果表明：随着灵芝种植年限的延长,毛竹林土壤含水率、孔隙度和通气度呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,而土壤容重呈先降低后升高的变化趋势;土壤pH值随种植年限的延长逐渐升高,有利于缓解土壤酸化;土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效养分含量和土壤酶活性均随种植年限的延长呈逐渐升高的变化趋势,且种植2 a显著高于0 a(P<0.05)。综合分析土壤理化性质以及酶活性等指标,毛竹林下种植灵芝后,其土壤质量指数均显著高于未种植的毛竹林地,且随种植年限的延长逐渐升高,说明灵芝种植有利于提高毛竹林地土壤质量。     

不同人工经营毛竹林土壤理化性质变化

选择3种人工经营毛竹林:集约经营毛竹纯林,杉-竹混交林和粗放经营毛竹纯林,对其土壤理化性质进行研究,探讨人工经营对毛竹林土壤质量的影响.结果表明:土壤理化性质在3种类型林地中呈现出显著的差异性.土壤容重表现为集约经营竹林＞杉-竹混交林＞粗放经营竹林,孔隙度及毛管孔隙度及土壤持水能力表现为粗放经营纯林＞杉-竹混交林＞集约经营竹林:说明粗放经营的毛竹纯林及混交林土壤具有较好的水文生态功能.粗放经营的毛竹纯林土壤有机质含量显著高于混交林和集约经营竹林,集约经营竹林土壤全氮含量最低,水解氮、速效磷等养分则为混交林最高,说明集约经营竹林由于产出的增加,导致土壤肥力耗损,应加强平衡施肥等生态经营技术在毛竹林经营实践上的应用.     

黄土高原主要人工林土壤养分与酶活性的研究

本文以荒地为对照,对黄土高原沙棘、刺槐和油松三种人工林0~80cm土壤养分与酶活性进行了研究。结果表明:沙棘、刺槐和油松人工林土壤有机质含量8.1~11.9g·kg-1,全氮含量0.53~0.82g·kg-1,全磷含量1.34~1.75g·kg-1,含速效钾85.5~175.5μg·g-1,碱解氮32.9~66.4μg·g-1,速效磷3.08~5.14μg·g-1。与荒地相比三种人工林林地有机质和土壤养分明显增加。土壤表层(0~20cm)与下层养分含量差异显著,表层以下差异不显著;人工林地表层土壤土壤养分含量相对较高,向下逐渐降低。土壤中过氧化氢酶、转换酶、脲酶和酶活性总体水平表现为刺槐林沙棘林荒地油松林;土壤酶活性与土壤肥力有较好的相关性。     

浙江省安吉县毛竹笋竹两用林土壤养分分析

近年来,受国内外经济形势的影响,浙江安吉县的毛竹价格逐年下降,毛竹林的经济效益受到影响,如何提高毛竹林的生产力、培育大径竹材已经成为毛竹林经营的重要内容。毛竹林的生产力与土壤养分密切相关,测定分析了安吉县主要毛竹产区笋材两用林的土壤养分,探讨了竹林经营模式、竹林产出与土壤养分状况的关系。结果表明:安吉县毛竹林土壤普遍缺乏速效钾,而土壤有机质含量较为丰富;竹林平均胸径随土壤速效磷含量的增加而增加。因此,培养大径级竹林应增施磷肥和钾肥。研究结果可为优化毛竹林经营模式、提高竹林产量以及合理制定竹林施肥策略提供依据。     

The productivity of salt marsh vegetation at Tollesbury,Essex, and Stiffkey,Norfolk, England

This study presents data on the biomass and net aerial primaryproductivity (NAPP) of two contrasting East Anglian salt marshes.One site was at Tollesbury, Essex where the marshes are of theestuarine type and are subject to marsh degradation and erosionwhile the other site was 130 km to the north at Stiffkey, Norfolkwhere the barrier-type marshes are still actively developing withno signs of erosion. The NAPP was determined by the method ofSmalley with quadrats being harvested monthly with replacement.At the lowest levels at Tollesbury there was Pioneer Marshwhich was dominated by a mixture of Salicornia spp. and Astertripolium. At higher levels at Tollesbury there was LowerMarsh which was dominated by a mixture of Atriplex portulacoides andPuccinellia maritima. Over the four years of the studyPuccinellia became the dominant species following a markeddecrease in the extent and vigour of Atriplex. At Stiffkey theMiddle Marsh was at a much higher level and the vegetation waspredominantly a short dense sward with Atriplex portulacoides,Puccinellia maritima and Limonium vulgare together with smallerquantities of Armeria maritima and Plantago maritima. The meanNAPPs over three years of the Pioneer and Lower Marsh atTollesbury (467 & 519 g m^-2 yr^-1respectively) were similar butin 1993 the NAPPs recorded at Tollesbury were higher than thoserecorded at Stiffkey (625 & 583 compared with 458 g m^-2yr^-1).Smalleys method is difficult to apply to communities wherespecies dominance is variable, especially when dominance isshared between species with markedly different growth patterns.The results for NAPP obtained from the salt marshes at Tollesburyand Stiffkey are discussed in relation to results obtained byother workers from comparable areas in England and theNetherlands. Attention is also drawn to the possibly largerbelow-ground component of production that is frequentlyoverlooked. The importance of salt marshes in relation to othercoastal communities lies in the export of a proportion of theorganic matter produced and this mainly depends on theabove-ground production.     

Responses of swamp bay,Persea palustris,and avocado,Persea americana,to various concentrations of the laurel wilt pathogen,Raffaelea lauricola

Laurel wilt, caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola and transmitted by the exotic ambrosia beetle Xyleborus glabratus, has killed members of the Lauraceae plant family throughout the southeast United States. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of inoculum concentration on the development of laurel wilt in swamp bay, Persea palustris, and avocado, Persea americana. In each experiment, host plants were inoculated with aqueous suspensions of 10², 10³, 10⁴ or 10⁵ conidia of R. lauricola, and plants were rated periodically for external symptom development (wilting and foliar dieback). At the end of experiments, plants were rated for internal symptoms of the disease (discoloration of sapwood) and assayed for R. lauricola on a semi‐selective medium. Symptom severity in swamp bay was significantly lower for the 10² treatment than at higher (10³–10⁵) concentrations, whereas 10² and 10³ conidia caused less disease than 10⁴ and 10⁵ conidia in avocado. At the lowest inoculum concentration, 67% of the swamp bay plants and 20% of the avocados died by the time the respective experiments were terminated. The pathogen was recovered from a high proportion of the symptomatic sapwood of swamp bay (100%) and avocado (94%), and sapwood discoloration and recovery of R. lauricola from inoculated stems of swamp bay were highly correlated with recovery of the pathogen and symptom development in roots. Clearly, swamp bay and avocado are very sensitive to R. lauricola. The ability of only 100 conidia of this pathogen to kill these hosts suggests that few individuals of X. glabratus or other ambrosia beetles that carry low levels of the pathogen would be sufficient to transmit conidia that infect and lead to disease development. The results are also relevant to the development of disease‐tolerant host selections, as they indicate levels of the pathogen appropriate for use in screening plants for disease resistance.     

东莞蕨类植物区系研究

采用野外调查与查阅标本相结合的方法,对东莞蕨类植物区系及其分布特点进行研究,结果表明:东莞市有蕨类植物37科66属125种,其区系特点为:①分布区类型在科、属、种的水平上皆以热带、亚热带性质为主,占各自总数的64.87%、75.76%与61.60%。②科与属的分布区类型显示出东莞蕨类植物区系从热带向亚热带过渡的性质,与温带蕨类植物区系的联系较弱;在种的水平上,温带成分占总数的28.80%,呈现出热带蕨类植物区系向温带蕨类植物区系过渡的特点。③在种的水平上热带亚洲分布及东亚分布类型构成了东莞蕨类植物区系的主体,各占38.40%和20.80%。④与周边4个地区的比较中,与深圳的相似性为最高,与乐昌的相似性为最低;总体上,东莞蕨类植物区系与周围地区关系较为密切。     

Ethno-medico-biology of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India

We carried out an ethno-medico-biological investigation in the interior of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India to explore the therapeutic use of traditional plants/animals by local inhabitants. The villagers and rural people used plant and animal species as medicine. We recorded therapeutic use of 18 plant species of 13 families and 12 animal species of seven taxonomic categories. Different plant/animal parts like bark, leaf, flower, seed, stem, root, whole plant, oil, blood, milk, urine and flesh were reported as used in raw or cooked form against 17 specific diseases. Prominent diseases treated by plant/animal remedies were asthma, cardiovascular ailments, diabetes, epilepsy, jaundice, malaria, skin disorder and rheumatism. This study provides a better database for future studies.     

系统论述卫片色调与坡向、坡度、坡位、林分龄组、郁闭度的关系

当前 ,人类赖以生存的地球资源与环境面临越来越严重的威胁。如何迅速、宏观、准确、周期性监控资源和环境 ,已被各国和国际环境组织所重视 ,而卫星遥感就具有迅速、宏观、准确、周期性等特点 ,已被各国应用。内蒙古大兴安岭林业调查规划设计院于 1996年松岭林业局森林资源二类调查时就采用了这个先进的卫星遥感技术。现将影响卫片色调的坡向、坡度、坡位、林分龄组、郁闭度的五大因素进行系统研究 ,找出其相关规律 ,为今后的森林资源调查建立标志和目视判读解译标志提供理论依据     

《甘肃省小陇山高等植物志》学名订正(二)——荨麻科、石竹科、毛茛科、樟科、十字花科、五加科、木犀科

订正了《甘肃省小陇山高等植物志》荨麻科、石竹科、毛茛科、樟科、十字花科、五加科、木犀科植物30种5变种2亚种的学名。     

Inhibition of Ceratocystis ulmi by mansonones A,C, D,E, F,and G isolated from Ulmus americana

Six mansonoes, previously isolated from Ulmus americana L. infected by Ceratocystis ulmi (Buis.) C. Moreau, were assayed for their inhibitory activity against several strains of the fungus. Mansonone A was most effective in inhibiting the linear growth of six strains of C. ulmi tested. A mixture of the pure mansonones, recombined at their original concentrations, was less inhibitory to the three aggressive strains of C. ulmi than the non-aggressive ones. The total mansonone fraction accounted for all the inhibition of the three non-aggressive strains.