禾谷镰孢单端孢霉烯族毒素在小麦组织中的积累

 本试验将禾谷镰孢一高产毒菌株B4-1采用单小花注滴法接种于小麦抗赤霉病品种苏麦3号和感病品种宁麦6号,用气/质联检法测定接种后4、8、12、16和20 d组织中的单端孢霉烯族毒素积累量。结果显示,在病组织中有脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-acetyldeoxynivalenol,15-ADON)和3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-acetyldeoxynivalenol,3-ADON)等3种单端孢霉烯族毒素,但未发现雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(nivalenol)和镰刀菌酮-X (fusarenon-X)等毒素。抗病品种病穗组织中,DON平均含量由接种后4 d的29.5 μg/g dry weight (gdw)下降到20d时的15.7μg/gdw,15-ADON和3-ADON量则较低,分别为1.5~3.6μg/gdw和<1.7μg/gdw;而同期感病品种病穗组织中的DON量则由23.1μg/gdw上升到47.7μg/gdw,15-ADON和3-ADON量均较高,分别达8.6~10.0μg/gdw和2.6~8.3μg/gdw。在抗、感病品种无症状穗组织中,3种毒素的含量均很低(<0.5 μg/gdw)。同时,本研究还首次在感病品种的穗颈(总花梗,peduncle)组织中检测到大量的DON和15-ADON及少量的3-ADON。     

拮抗细菌诱导番茄植株抗灰霉病机理研究

 拮抗细菌多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa) W3菌株悬浮液及其滤液可以诱导番茄叶片对灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)的系统抗性。W3及其滤液诱导处理后,植株叶内苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性明显增强。诱导后1 d,PAL活性最大,是对照的3.8~3.9倍,6 d后仍为对照的2.5倍;POD和PPO诱导后3 d活性最高,分别比对照增加34.7%~54.1%和78.5%~78.7%,6 d后仍比对照高;SOD活性诱导后2d达高峰,6 d后稍高于对照。活性氧(O₂^-)产生速率诱导后1 d最大,比对照增加85.6%~88.6%,以后急剧下降,6 d后接近对照。此外,W3诱导后1 d或2 d,处理叶和上一叶位叶片水杨酸含量明显上升,分别是对照的2.6倍和1.6倍,这表明该拮抗细菌诱导的系统抗性可能与水杨酸介导有关。     

化学合成寡糖诱导烟草抗黑胫病的初步研究

 抑菌测定和盆栽试验表明:化学合成的Lewis^x和Lewis^a寡糖对烟草黑胫病病原菌菌丝生长无明显影响;Lewis^x五糖和七糖处理烟草,可使烟草植株产生对黑胫病菌(Phytophthora nicotianae)的抗性,在处理浓度0~10μg/m L内,随着浓度增高诱导效果增强,当浓度达10 μg/m L时,诱导防病效果达90%以上。Lewisx七糖处理,可导致烟草叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)等防卫酶活性不同程度地提高,PPO、POD及PAL分别在处理后第4d、第6d和第8d达到最大值,比对照分别增加了70.7%、150.0%和142.8%。     

小麦高温抗条锈性表达与木质素合成的关系

高温抗条锈性小麦初生叶接种条锈菌毒性小种(CY29)在高温处理下,呈高温抗性的不亲和反应,寄主叶内酚酸含量和木质素含量比对照均有特异性的增加,酚酸含量增加(12h)早于木质素含量的增加(24h),但酚酸含量在高温24h后又逐渐下降,木质素的积累则持续增加。常温下的亲和反应受侵叶内的木质素含量与对照没有差异,酚酸含量则低于对照叶片。接种CY29的弱毒突变菌系(Mut29)后,寄主呈小种专化抗性,寄主叶内的木质素合成发生在花斑出现之前。上述结果从生化角度表明高温抗条锈性的表达与木质素的合成和积累有关。     

小麦赤霉病穗中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇量的变化

 用JF-12菌株的子囊孢子接种5个不同程度抗感赤霉病的小麦品种,于不同时间对穗组织中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)的量进行了测定。结果表明:感病品种(宁麦6号及扬麦3号)穗中的DON量自接种后第4~8天迅速升高,最高可达37.64μg/gdw),抗病品种(望水白)的DON含量较低(≤7.35μg/gdw),且自接种后第8天起逐渐下降,中抗(扬麦4号)和中感(宁8026)品种的DON含量居于抗、感病品种之间。DON含量与穗发病程度的相关性依品种不同而异,即在感病品种上两者有较显著的相关性(r=0.909~1.00),但在抗病及中抗品种上相关性不显著(r=0.466~0.531)。说明抗病品种可能存在降解DON的解毒机制。另外,所有供试品种均在接种后24小时、尚未表现症状时即可检测到一定量(0.46~2.41μg/gdw)的DON,表明DON可能在病菌与寄主建立寄生关系过程中有重要作用。     

一种新的90 kD胞外蛋白激发子诱导烟草系统获得抗性研究

 就棉疫病菌(Phytophthora boehmeriae Saw.)培养滤液中提纯获得的90 kD胞外蛋白激发子诱发烟草系统获得抗性进行了研究。以10 nmol/L激发子溶液注射处理Samsun NN烟草叶片24 h后,在处理叶片及其上、下各2片叶片接种TMV,结果是处理叶及其上、下各2片叶片上的枯斑数显著少于对照,诱抗防效达40.9%~53.1%;接种TMV7d后处理叶片的枯斑平均直径为1.23mm,显著小于对照叶片上的枯斑直径2.97mm,但是处理叶片的上、下叶片上的枯斑平均直径与对照没有显著差别。以10 nmol/L激发子溶液注射处理Samsun NN烟草叶片分别立即接种或于1、2、4、7、15 d接种TMV,结果证明该激发子诱导烟草对TMV的抗性以处理后第1d至第4 d接种为较好,防效达30.2%~5 0.4%;处理后立即接种和第7d接种TMV诱抗防效仅4%左右,处理叶片上的枯斑数与对照没有显著差别,表明较强的诱导抗性可持续时间<7d。用不同浓度激发子处理烟叶,所测定的0.5~100 nmol/L各浓度均可显著地诱发烟草对TMV产生获得抗性,诱导抗性效果为34.9%~5 8.2%,诱导抗性效果随浓度的降低呈下降趋势。以10 nmol/L激发子溶液注射处理W38烟草叶片,2 d后分别注射接种烟草野火病菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv.tabaci)菌液或喷雾接种烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria alternata)分生孢子,结果是,注射接种烟草野火病菌5d后处理叶片及其上、下叶片上的野火病病斑均显著小于对照;处理叶片上的赤星病病斑数及病斑面积明显小于对照,表明该激发子可诱导烟草对野火病和赤星病产生抗性。上述结果表明,90kD蛋白激发子诱导烟草产生的获得抗性是一种典型的系统获得抗性,该系统获得抗性对病原菌具广谱抗性。     

小麦赤霉病发病程度与DON含量的关系

 采用田间判断小麦赤霉病的发病级别或者检测刚收获小麦的病粒率,分析小麦赤霉病田间发病级别与其麦粒脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)含量之间以及病粒率与麦粒DON含量之间的关系,结果表明它们之间都有极显著的相关性。小麦田间发病级别为2级以上时,麦粒的DON含量> 1000μg/kg,4级以上时,麦粒的DO N含量> 2000μ g/kg;在病粒率< 25%时,DO N含量< 1200μg/kg,病粒率在25%~40%时,DON含量为1200~2200μg/kg,病粒率> 40%时,DO N含量> 2200μg/kg。#br#本研究采用卫生部食品卫生监督检验所建立的薄层色谱分析法测定样品中的DON含量,DON平均回收率为91.2%。     

三种化学物质诱导观赏百合对黑斑病抗性的研究

［目的］ 确定水杨酸、纳米硅、草酸铵等3种化学物质对观赏百合黑斑病抗病性的诱导效果,为百合生长期病害的防治提供理论依据。［方法］ 测定3种化学物质对观赏百合黑斑病菌的抑菌活性和诱导寄主抗性效果。［结果］3种化学物质对观赏百合黑斑病菌抑菌率较低,最高仅为5.43%,但处理百合叶片后,诱导百合产生较高抗病性。在100、50 μg/mL和25 μg/mL浓度下,纳米硅的诱导抗病效果最好,分别为55.55%、60.69%、48.57%。水杨酸诱导处理可使观赏百合叶片β-1,3-葡聚糖酶在第1 天达到峰值,纳米硅可以使过氧化物酶在第5天达到峰值,草酸铵可以使苯丙氨酸解氨酶在第5天达到峰值,分别为对照的3.95倍、2.10倍和1.15倍;先诱导处理再接种黑斑病菌1 d后叶片组织内β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性均明显高于对照;水杨酸、纳米硅和草酸铵处理7 d后田间诱导防病效果分别为35.38%、43.55%和31.07%;处理14 d后,与第7天相比诱导防病效果明显降低。［结论］水杨酸、纳米硅和草酸铵3种化学物质对百合均有一定诱导抗病作用,其中纳米硅酸的诱导抗病效果最好,可达到48%以上。     

小麦条锈病菌非亲和性小种诱发小麦抗锈性研究

 在水源11、洛夫林10等7个品种上分别选择小麦条锈菌CY17、CY28等9个生理小种中非亲和小种进行诱发接种,亲和小种为挑战小种。观察发病后的病情指数并与单独接种诱发小种和单独接种挑战小种处理的病情指数进行比较。证明诱发抗病现象是比较普遍的,但表现程度因小麦品种、诱发小种和挑战小种而不同。诱发抗病性的表达时间可持续8 d,以诱发接种后1~2 d表达最强。诱发接种量与诱发抗病性表达呈指数函数关系,也间接证明这种诱发抗性是局部的。作者认为:诱发抗病性在品种、诱发和挑战小种不同组合之间的差异在小种动态中会起一定的作用。     

日齐素在马铃薯抗晚疫病中作用的评价

 对5种含有和不含R-基因的马铃薯品种的块茎[阿奎拉(R₁),抗疫白(R₁),疫不加(R₃R₄).卡塔丁(r)及紫山药(r)]在不同块茎发育期和贮藏期(成熟前1个月不经贮藏,成熟期收获后在4-6℃下贮藏0,1,2,3,4,5个月)用3种晚疫病菌小种(小种0,1.4和3.4)接种,检查块茎的反应型和用气相色谱法测日齐素的积累量。结果是马铃薯各品种与其对应小种的反应型保持相当的稳定,不因未经贮藏或经不同时期贮藏而改变。然而日齐素的含量,在未经贮藏的块茎即使是不亲和反应也没有或很少有日齐素积累。只有在1个月的贮藏以后,含R₁基因的品种不亲和反应组合的日齐素含量比亲和反应组合为高。可是,在对所有小种都亲和的r基因品种也测到很高的日齐素浓度,如紫山药/小种0的日齐素高达134微克/克鲜重,而抗疫白/小种0也只达到107微克/克鲜重。所以未能得出日齐素的积累和不亲和性有密切的直接相关的结论。     

Salicylic Acid Induces Resistance to Alternaria solani in Hydroponically Grown Tomato

ABSTRACT Alternaria solani is the causal agent of early blight disease in tomato and is responsible for significant economic losses sustained by tomato producers each year. Because salicylic acid (SA) is an important signal molecule that plays a critical role in plant defense against pathogen invasion, we investigated if the exogenous application of SA would activate systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against A. solani in tomato leaves. The addition of 200 muM SA to the root system significantly increased the endogenous SA content of leaves. Free SA levels increased 65-fold over basal levels to 5.85 mug g(-1) fresh weight (FW) after 48 h. This level of SA had no visible phytotoxic effects. Total SA content (free SA + SA-glucose conjugate) increased to 108 mug g(-1) FW after 48 h. Concomitant with elevated SA levels, expression of the tomato pathogenesis-related (PR)-1B gene was strongly induced within 24 h of the addition of 200 muM SA. PR-1B expression was still evident after 48 h; however, PR-1B induction was not observed in plants not receiving SA treatment. Challenge inoculation of SA-treated tomato plants using conidia of A. solani resulted in 83% fewer lesions per leaf and a 77% reduction in blighted leaf area as compared with control plants not receiving SA. Our data indicate that root feeding 200 muM SA to tomato plants can (i) significantly elevate foliar SA levels, (ii) induce PR-1B gene expression, and (iii) activate SAR that is effective against A. solani.     

大麦黄矮病毒-GAV在燕麦植株体内运动规律的初步研究

 利用RT-PCR方法研究了大麦黄矮病毒-GAV在燕麦植株内的移动规律。先将介体麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum)在BYDV-GAV新鲜病叶上饲毒,再将获毒蚜虫放置到二叶期的健康燕麦植株接种48h,随后分期提取接种植株的第1~6片叶和根组织的总RNA,利用特异引物扩增BYDV-GAV的外壳蛋白(CP)基因以检测病毒在燕麦植株内的复制和移动。结果表明,在接种5d后,接种叶片(第2片叶)呈现阳性,接种7d后,植株新生的第4片叶被侵染,接种9d后,部分的第3片叶呈现阳性,至接种16d,几乎所有的叶片均呈现阳性。仅在接种的第5、7和9d收集的根组织呈现阳性,而所有的第1片叶均为阴性,可能是由于这些组织内病毒含量太低所致。本研究初步揭示了BYDV-GAV长距离运动的规律并且发现该病毒在燕麦根部从接种到系统发病都没有进行大量增殖,为今后进一步研究病毒运动机制选取适当的植物材料提供了基本信息。     

接种烟草花叶病毒后不同抗性番茄品系叶片可溶性蛋白组成的变化

 用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)分析了不同抗性番茄等基因系GCR-267和GCR-267的叶片可溶性蛋白组成在接种TMV番茄O株后的变化。实验发现敏感品系GCR-26的叶片可溶性蛋白的组成,与健株相比较,TMV侵染株发生显著的变化。接种后7天,除一部分蛋白质含量减少外,还有四种为健株及抗性品系TMV接种株所没有的新蛋白质产生,它们在10%凝胶上的迁移率分别为Rf0.31、0.33、0.39和0.45,其中Rf0.38和Rf0.39两种蛋白质含量极大。接种后10天Rf0.31和Rf0.45两带趋于消失,但Rf0.33和0.39两带继续积累。经电泳和免疫双扩散试验证明Rf0.33蛋白带是TMV外壳蛋白:Rf0.39蛋白带与TMV外壳蛋白无关。该蛋白也不具有过氧化物酶,多酚氧化酶、酸性磷酸酶、酯酶、苹果酸脱氧酶,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶或谷氨酸脱氢酶的催化活性,分子中不含有糖类物质。SDS-PAGE测定其分子量为14,200道尔顿。
抗性品系GCR-267的TMV接种株的叶片可溶性蛋白组成未出现象感病品系GCR-26那样的变化。
讨论了这种变化与番茄抗、感病性之间的关系。     

A light and scanning-electron microscopic study of infection of tomato plants by virulent and avirulent races of Cladosporium fulvum

Infection of tomato plants byCladosporium fulvum Cooke was studied using light and scanning-electron microscopy. Races 1.2.3 and 4 ofCladosporium fulvum were used, whereas tomato cultivars, carrying the Cf2 gene (susceptible to race 1.2.3 and immune to race 4) and the Cf4 gene (immune to race 1.2.3 and susceptible to race 4) served as differentials. No differences were observed in growth between compatible and incompatible combinations during germination, subsequent formation of runner hyphae and stomatal penetration. Runner hyphae did not show directional growth towards stomata. Penetration usually occurred on the third or fourth day after inoculation. In compatible combinations the fungus grew intercellularly, often in close contact with spongy mesophyll cells. Under optimal conditions it did not cause visible damage to plant cells during early stages of infection. Under suboptimal conditions in winter, the host cells often reacted with callose deposition, but growth of the fungus did not appear to be inhibited. Ten to twelve days after inoculation conidiophores emerged through the stomata and produced conidia. In incompatible combinations fungal growth was arrested one to two days after penetration and confined to stomata and surrounding cells. Very soon the host cells, in contact with the fungus, deposited extensive amounts of callose. Later these cells turned brown and collapsed. At the surface of the host cells, contacted by fungal hyphae, abundant extracellular material could be observed by scanning-electron microscopy. Removing the epidermis of leaves before inoculation delayed the resistant response. On stripped leaves the rate of fungal growth was equal for both interactions up to ten days after inoculation, but the incompatible combination lacked sporulation.     

Ralstonia solanacearum preferential colonization in the shoot apical meristem explains its pathogenicity pattern in tomato seedlings

Ralstonia solanacearum causes a lethal bacterial wilt disease in many plants by colonizing the vascular tissues of the hosts. Upon inoculation of tomato seedlings through either leaf or root, the wilting symptoms occur first at the apical region and then proceed downward along the shoot. The systemic order of the disease initiation and progression in the host, independent of the site of pathogen inoculation, is yet to be investigated. To understand the disease progression more clearly, we have carried out a systematic study of the pathogen localization by GUS staining of inoculated tomato seedlings, at 24-hour intervals from 0 days post-inoculation (dpi) to 5 dpi. In both inoculation methods, pathogen colonization was observed at 1 dpi at the apical meristem as well as the cotyledon leaves, where the disease initiates. As the disease progressed, colonization by the pathogen towards the lower region of the shoot was observed. Disease consistency and pathogenicity magnitude were observed to be higher using the leaf inoculation method than the root inoculation method. Several R. solanacearum transposon-induced mutants that were reduced in virulence by root inoculation but virulent by leaf inoculation were obtained. Using GUS staining, it was observed that these mutants were unable to localize in the shoot region when inoculated in the root. Our study indicates that the apical meristem and the cotyledon leaves are the first regions to be colonized in inoculated tomato seedlings, which might explain the disease initiation from this region.     

东北地区番茄细菌性溃疡病的发生和病原鉴定研究

 1988~1989年从北京市、辽宁和黑龙江省等地调查采集的患溃疡病的病株和病果上分离到17个细菌菌株,接种番茄幼苗、果实及叶片,均能产生典型的溃疡病症状,各菌株致病力无明显差异。各菌株经细菌染色反应,形态特征,培养性状,生理生化反应,血清学反应(ELISA法)及蛋白质凝聚丙烯酰胺胶电泳等鉴定,认为番茄溃疡病的病原细菌是:密执安棒杆菌密执安亚种(Clavibacter michiganense subsp.michiganense (Smith) Davies et al.)。试验表明病原细菌可经种子带菌传染,病残体和病土壤可能是初侵染菌源。抗病性测定45个番茄品种均属感病品种。寄主范围除番茄外,尚能侵染茄子、龙葵和心叶烟。     

番茄枯萎抗病性室内鉴定方法研究

 明确番茄枯萎病苗期抗病性鉴定方法中浸根接种的最佳苗龄为两片真叶期,此龄期根系发育多,拔苗后须根自然伤断,浸根接种率高。浸根接种随即移栽的与浸根2、5、10min的,它们之间发病差异不大。包括接种液浓度10⁷孢子/ml和土温28℃~30℃在内的苗期人工接种方法,仅14天便可准确鉴定番茄品种(材料)对枯萎病的抗病性。     

番茄细菌性斑点病病原菌鉴定

 1998~1999年在吉林省、辽宁省、黑龙江省等地的大棚番茄上发现一种番茄病害,并从其病叶、病茎杆上分离得到了23个细菌菌株。接种番茄幼苗上,发病症状与自然发病症状完全一致,并从接种病株上重新分离到此病原细菌。各菌株致病力无明显的差异。经革兰氏染色反应、菌体形态、培养性状、生理生化反应、G+C mol%等鉴定,确认该病原菌为丁香假单胞杆菌番茄致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato(Okabe)Young,Dye&Wilkie)。该病菌引起番茄细菌性斑点病(又称叶斑病)。病菌除侵染番茄外,尚能侵染茄子、辣椒、龙葵、白花曼陀罗和毛曼陀罗。该病害尚属我国大陆首次报道。     

Activation of tomato plant defence responses against bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum using DL-3-aminobutyric acid (BABA)

In this study, we investigated the ability of DL-3-aminobutyric acid (BABA) to protect tomato against bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. This was combined with studies of accumulation of total phenolic compounds, free and total salicylic acid (SA), and activity of enzymes related to plant defence, i.e., polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and catalase (CAT). Under greenhouse conditions, tomato plants pre-treated by soil drenching with BABA profoundly reduced disease severity of bacterial wilt compared to plants receiving a soil drench with water. Thus, BABA reduced leaf wilting index by 75.3 % and vascular browning index by 69.9 %, without any in vitro inhibitory activity on the pathogen. BABA treatment significantly reduced the population of R. solanacearum in stems of tomato plants and additionally also significantly increased both fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots of tomato plants compared with the inoculated control. Application of BABA resulted in a high increase in PPO activity both in plants with and without inoculation. Compared to water-treated plants, treatment with BABA also induced a significant increase of total phenolic compounds as well as of free and total SA in leaves of both inoculated and non-inoculated tomato plants at all sampling times. CAT activity decreased in tomato plants treated with BABA in comparison with the water-treated control plants and the decrease in activity correlated with an increasing total SA accumulation. These findings suggest that BABA treatment resulted in induction of resistance to bacterial wilt in tomato.