发情周期中奶山羊下丘脑—垂体—卵巢轴催产素的免疫组化定位

用免疫组化ABC法，对发情周期中奶山羊下丘脑—全体—卵巢轴催产素(OT)分布进行了观察研究。结果表明，下丘脑中分泌OT的神经元主要分布在室旁核和视上核，在穿窿周核、腹内侧核、腹外侧核、交叉上核、背内侧核、乳头体、下丘脑外侧区、下丘脑前核等核团也有一定数量的阳性神经元；阳性神经纤维仅见于室旁核、下丘脑前核、视上核等少数核团，在正中隆起和第3脑室室周可见到一定数量的阳性神经纤维。在全体前叶未见到OT免疫反应阳性产物，自垂体柄和正中隆起的一例可见到平行排列的OT阳性神经纤维断续地延伸至神经部。卵巢的卵泡及间质未见OT免疫阳性反应，在黄体组织中存在数量较多的免疫反应阳性细胞，阳性细胞主要呈圆形、卵圆形，小梁两侧及黄体中央近腔区域的阳性细胞呈长梭形，有相当数量的阳性细胞具有突起。连续切片HE染色对照观察显示，黄体中OT主要由大黄体细胞产生，但小黄体细胞也存在OT免疫阳性反应。     

仔猪下丘脑内生长抑素mRNA的分布定位——原位杂交组织化学法研究

用原位杂交组织化学法研究了５只仔猪下丘脑内生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ的分布。结果表明，生长抑素ｚｎＲＮＡ主要见于下丘脑腹内侧核、穹窿周核、腹外侧核、弓状核、室旁核和室周核，此外在视交叉上核、视上核、下丘脑前区和后区偶见零散标记细胞。本研究结果与在绵羊和豪猪上用免疫组织化学法获得的结果略有不同，除与研究方法和种属差异有关外，还可能与实验动物年龄有关。     

发情周期中奶山羊下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴催产素的免疫组化定位

用免疫组化ABC法,对发情周期中奶山羊下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴催产素(OT)分布进行了观察研究.结果表明,下丘脑中分泌OT的神经元主要分布在室旁核和视上核,在穹窿周核、腹内侧核、腹外侧核、交叉上核、背内侧核、乳头体、下丘脑外侧区、下丘脑前核等核团也有一定数量的阳性神经元;阳性神经纤维仅见于室旁核、下丘脑前核、视上核等少数核团,在正中隆起和第3脑室室周可见到一定数量的阳性神经纤维.在垂体前叶未见到OT免疫反应阳性产物,自垂体柄和正中隆起的一侧可见到平行排列的OT阳性神经纤维断续地延伸至神经部.卵巢的卵泡及间质未见OT免疫阳性反应,,在黄体组织中存在数量较多的免疫反应阳性细胞,阳性细胞主要呈圆形、卵圆形,小梁两侧及黄体中央近腔区域的阳性细胞呈长梭形,有相当数量的阳性细胞具有突起.连续切片HE染色对照观察显示,黄体中OT主要由大黄体细胞产生,但小黄体细胞也存在OT免疫阳性反应.     

强啡肽A1—13免疫反应神经元在鸡脑的定位：ABC法研究

取健康成鸡（星杂２８８）１０只，经秋水仙素处理，灌流固定后取脑，作冰冻连续切片，ＡＢＣ法显示，鸡脑强啡肽Ａ１－１３（ＤｙｎＡ１－１３）免疫反应神经元分布于端脑的上纹状体，新纹状体、旧纹状体、外纹状体、海马、旁嗅区和伏隔核；间脑的下丘脑外侧核、丘脑背内侧核后部、丘脑背外侧核后部，室旁核和视前大细胞核等；中脑和延髓的视峡核，中脑外侧核背侧部、峡核、视叶脑室室周灰质、螺旋外侧核、被盖背外侧核、三叉神经中     

强啡肽A_（1－13）免疫反应神经元在鸡脑的定位──ABC法研究

取健康成鸡（星杂２８８）１０只，经秋水仙素处理，灌流固定后取脑，作冰冻连续切片，ＡＢＣ法显示，鸡脑强啡肽Ａ１－１３（ＤｙｎＡ１－１３）免疫反应神经元分布于端脑的上纹状体、新纹状体、旧纹状体、外纹状体、海马、旁嗅区和伏隔核；间脑的下丘脑外侧核、丘脑背内侧核后部、丘脑背外侧核后部、室旁核和视前大细胞核等；中脑和延髓的视峡核、中脑外侧核背侧部、峡核、视叶脑室室周灰质、螺旋外侧核、被盖背外侧核、三叉神经中脑核、动眼神经核、中脑中央灰质、前庭核和延髓背侧网状核等。在侧脑室、第三脑室、中脑导水管和视叶脑室的室管膜上有阳性细胞和纤维分布，与脑脊液接触。结果表明，鸡脑ＤｙｎＡ１－１３阳性神经元分布十分广泛，提示ＤｙｎＡ１－１３可通过侧脑室、第三脑室、中脑导水管和视叶脑室释放入脑脊液。     

胚胎及新生期蛋鸡和肉鸡垂体生长激素基因表达的比较研究

本文采用Northern杂交分析法研究了14胚龄、18胚龄、1日龄、5日龄及10日龄肉鸡和蛋鸡垂体生长激素的基因表达，同时采用放射免疫分析法（RIA）测定了垂体内生长激素的含量。结果表明：14胚龄时在肉鸡和蛋鸡垂体总RNA中均未出生长激素mRNA(GH mRNA)。从18胚龄开始可检测出一条0.8kb的GHmRNA，并且垂体GHmRNA水平的发育性变化在品种间呈现不同的规律：蛋鸡从18胚龄到10日龄垂体GHmRNA水平不断升高，日龄间差异显著（P＜0.05）。肉鸡从18胚龄到出壳1日龄，GHmRNA水平有较大幅度的升高，但从1日龄至10日龄维持在1日龄时的水平。18胚龄肉鸡垂体GH mRNA水平显著高于蛋鸡（P＜0.05），并在1日龄和5日龄均维持在较高水平，与生长速度呈正相关；而10日龄时垂体HGmRNA水平的品种差异发生逆转，蛋鸡GHmRNA水平反而高于肉鸡。垂体HG含量的发育性变化趋势与垂体HGmRNA水平相一致，10日龄时蛋鸡垂体GH含量显著高于肉鸡（P＜0.05），与生长速度呈相反的趋。     

催产素免疫反应神经元在鸡下丘脑的定位——PAP法研究

应用免疫组化PAP法(非标记抗体过氧化物酶-抗过氧化物酶法)研究了鸡下丘脑催产素(Oxytocin,OT)免疫反应阳性神经元的分布.结果,OT阳性神经元存在于下丘脑室旁核各亚核、视前室旁核、视上核、视前大细胞核、下丘脑外侧核、室周核、室周弓状核,在下丘脑背侧区、视前外侧区和丘脑背外侧核也有零星的OT阳性神经元,视上背侧交叉和正中隆起存在大量的OT阳性纤维和纤维末梢.此外,还观察到视前区和下丘脑前部脑基底表面以及视上核的外缘有OT阳性神经元和纤维(?)达脑的外表,在第三脑室室管膜上存在OT阳性神经元,室旁核的OT阳性细胞突起伸入到室管膜上或突出于第三脑室室腔。结果表明,OT阳性神经元在下丘脑的分布较广泛,OT向脑脊液的释放可能是多途径的.     

口服ND弱毒苗对鸡十二指肠中2种神经多肽阳性细胞的影响

应用新城疫弱毒苗经消化道黏膜2次免疫鸡后,采用免疫组化的方法检测鸡十二指肠中生长抑素(Somatostatin,SS)阳性细胞和P物质(Substance P,SP)阳性细胞的分布及其数量变化。结果表明,动物首免后第3周,新城疫免疫组SS阳性细胞数量极显著增加(P<0.01),而SP阳性细胞数量显著减少(P<0.05);首免后第5周和第7周,新城疫免疫组和对照组中的2种阳性细胞数差异不显著。     

Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元在鸡脑中的定位分布、发育性变化及禁食对其影响

本试验应用免疫组织化学方法和显微图像分析技术,研究了鸡脑Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元的定位分布,分析了2、16、30、44、58日龄鸡下丘脑Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元的发育性变化规律,并探讨了30日龄鸡分别禁食12、24、48h及重新采食4h对下丘脑Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元的影响。结果表明,在下丘脑弓状核、室旁核、内侧核、室周区、内侧区、外侧区,丘脑卵圆核、圆核,中脑丘中央灰质层、红核,脑桥前庭腹外侧核,小脑内侧核、小脑皮质颗粒层,大脑皮质多形细胞层等,均可观察到Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元;随着日龄的增长,下丘脑主要核团中的Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元的数量增多,免疫反应强度增强,但细胞密度下降;在禁食条件下,下丘脑Ghrelin免疫反应阳性神经元的免疫反应强度减弱,细胞密度下降。     

应用乙酰胆碱脂酶组织化学技术对鸡胚脑内微血管的观察

应用乙酰胆碱脂酶（ＡＣｈＥ）组织化学技术，研究了２８枚不同胚龄鸡脑内含ＡＣｈＥ阳性反应产物的微血管的分布。结果显示：在孵化第１８ｄ时，脑内已经出现了含ＡＣｈＥ阳性反应产物的微血管。ＡＣｈＥ阳性微血管主要分布在端脑的腹侧纹状体、内侧隔核、前连合核背侧区；间脑的视前区、丘脑前背外侧区、丘脑前背内侧区、丘脑背外侧区、缰核区、间脑中缝区域；中脑深核腹侧部、中脑背外侧核、中脑视叶脑室周腹内侧深层，中脑中缝区域。阳性微血管的管径均小于２０μｍ。结果提示：至少在孵化第１８ｄ时，鸡胚脑内乙酰胆碱已开始发挥其调节脑血流的作用。     

Up-regulation of Endothelin-1 and Endothelin type A receptor genes expression in the heart of broiler chickens versus layer chickens

To compare Endothelin (ET) production and genes expression of ET-1 and ET_A receptor (ET_AR) between broiler and layer chickens during rearing, semi-quantitative RT-PCR and enzyme immunometric assay were performed in the heart ventricles and serum. There were gradual elevations of ET-1 and ET_AR mRNAs in the left ventricle of broiler and layer chicken groups that were mainly significant (P < 0.05) at 28, 35 and 42 days of age with compared to previous days whereas were not significant between two groups.These gradual elevations of ET-1 and ET_AR mRNAs were also observed in the right ventricle that were significant (P < 0.05) at 28, 35 and 42 days of age in broilers and 42 days of age in layers with compared to previous days. Increasing of these mRNAs in the right ventricle of broiler chickens were significantly (P < 0.05) more than layer chickens at 28, 35 and 42 days. Serum ET in broilers was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than layer chickens at 28 and 42 days of age. It is concluded that circulating ET and cardiac ET-1, ET_AR genes expression is higher in broiler chickens than in layer chickens particularly after 21 days of age. It is probably that these breed differences make broiler chickens to be more susceptible to Endothelin related-cardiomyopathies such as congestive heart failure and ascites.     

Compensatory growth of broiler chickens is associated with an enhanced pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion: Preferential amplification of GH secretory burst mass

1. The present study was conducted to establish the effect of compensatory growth of broiler chickens on pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion.

2. Exposing male broiler chickens to intermittent lighting (IL) at 10 d of age was associated with a transient reduction in body weight gain which was followed by compensatory growth from 4 weeks of age onwards. At 34 d of age, cannulated IL broiler chickens manifesting compensatory growth and control chickens reared under continuous illumination (CL) were serially sampled at 10 min intervals over 5 consecutive hours and plasma GH concentrations measured. The resultant GH time series were analysed by deconvolution analysis.

3. The overall mean GH concentration was higher for IL than for GL broilers. The burst frequency did not differ between lighting treatments, but during each GH surge, IL broilers released a higher GH mass which resulted in higher GH amplitude values. As a consequence, GH production rates of IL broilers during the entire sampling session were markedly elevated compared to those of dieir age‐matched CL broilers. There were no differences in the monoexponential GH half‐life.

4. Compensatory growth in broiler chickens is associated with an amplification of GH secretory burst mass. The underlying causal mechanisms remain to be elucidated.     

夏季层叠式笼养肉鸡舍环境参数变化及其相关性分析

为研究夏季大型立体笼养肉鸡舍养殖环境参数变化规律,确立大型肉鸡舍的最佳环境管理模式,选取山西省晋中地区单栋饲养量为41 280只的密闭式肉鸡舍一栋,进行温度、湿度、CO2浓度、O2含量、风速等环境参数的分点多次检测与统计分析。结果显示:不同笼列位置,温度前端和末端与其它位置差异显著(P<0.05),位置L2、L21和L40差异不显著,温差在0.8℃左右;各位置湿度差异不显著(P>0.05),CO2浓度前端、L2和末端与L21、L40差异显著(P<0.05),O2含量末端与其它位置差异显著(P<0.05),风速差异显著(P<0.05)。不同笼层,温度、湿度和O2含量差异不显著(P>0.05);CO2浓度上层和下层差异显著(P<0.05),随着笼层增高浓度逐渐降低;风速上层显著高于中层和下层(P<0.05),随着笼层增高呈递增趋势。研究表明:炎热夏季该模式鸡舍内随着风速加大(减少),可以增加(降低)舍温和舍内氧气含量,降低(升高)CO2浓度和相对湿度,舍内环境参数适宜肉鸡生长。     

黄连提取物对高饲养密度下肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及肠道微生物的影响

文章旨在研究高密度饲养条件下肉鸡日粮添加黄连提取物对其生长性能、血清生化指标及肠道微生物的影响。试验将640只平均体重为（42.12±0.16）g的肉鸡随机分为4组（T1～T4）,每组4个重复,每个重复40只。T1组肉鸡在高密度（20/m2）下饲喂基础日粮,T2组肉鸡在正常饲养密度（10只/m2）下饲喂基础日粮,T3组肉鸡在高饲养密度下饲喂基础日粮+20 mg/kg黄连提取物,T4组在正常饲养密度（10只/m2）饲喂基础日粮+20 mg/kg黄连提取物。在为期42 d的饲养试验结束后分析相关指标。结果：T4组22～42 d肉鸡平均日增重、22～42 d和1～42 d采食量最高（P＜0.05）,而T1组1～42 d肉鸡平均日增重和采食量最低（P＜0.05）。T1组肉鸡法氏囊重量分别较T2～T4组显著降低了18.53%、17.42%和18.89%（P＜0.05）。T4组肉鸡血清SOD和T-AOC活性最高（P＜0.05）,但血清丙二醛含量较T1组显著降低了29.04%（P＜0.05）。T1组肉鸡回肠大肠杆菌数量最高,分别较其他组显著提高了7.22%、6.93%和8.10%（P＜0.05）,但T1组肉鸡回肠乳酸杆菌数量较其他组显著降低了14.21%、15.74%和17.62%（P＜0.05）。T4组肉鸡回肠双歧杆菌数量较T1组显著提高了5.41%（P＜0.05）。结论：在高饲养密度条件下肉鸡日粮中添加20 mg/kg黄连提取物可以改善肉鸡生长性能和肠道有益菌数量,提高血清抗氧化指标,降低氧化应激。 [关键词]黄连提取物|饲养密度|肉鸡|生长性能|肠道微生物|血清生化     

Saline drinking water in broiler and Leghorn chicks and the effect in broilers of increasing levels and age at time of exposure

The purpose of this research was to assess the effect of increasing levels of salt and 5 g/L of salt (0.20% extra sodium) in the drinking water in broiler chickens at various ages up to five weeks of age and to compare the response of broiler chickens and White Leghorns to saline water (0.20% sodium). The effect was measured by the response of the right ventricle to pulmonary hypertension. The results indicated that broiler chickens under three weeks are more susceptible to saline water containing 0.20% sodium than those over three weeks of age, and that broilers given increasing levels of dietary salt may be more resistant to excess dietary salt than those that have had no previous exposure. The results also demonstrated that broiler chickens are more susceptible than White Leghorns to 0.20% extra dietary sodium in drinking water. We conclude that Leghorn chicks are more resistant to excess dietary sodium than broilers and that broilers become more resistant to saline water containing 0.20% sodium after three weeks of age.     

能量水平对轻重型鸡生长发育,体成分及营养物质利用的影响

试验比较了轻(蛋)、重(肉)型鸡0～10周的生长发育、体成分和营养物质利用率,同时观察了饲粮能量水平对二类型鸡的影响效应。白来航和白洛克公鸡喂以相同蛋白质水平(19％)而不同能量浓度的三个饲粮(能量浓度分别为2.72,2.95和3.16千卡/克)。 采食同样饲粮的情况下,肉鸡具有较快的生长速度(肉鸡体重在10周末是蛋鸡的2.37倍,采食量是1.76倍)和较高的体脂肪(％)(P<0.01)。饲料效率、能量效率和蛋白质利用效率(％)均非常显著地高于蛋鸡(P<0.01),而体蛋白(％)低于蛋鸡(P<0.01)。认为肉鸡生长较快不仅与采食量有关,较高的饲料、能量和蛋白质利用率也是促进快速生长的重要因素。 在三个供饲能量水平下,肉鸡受能量浓度的影响较明显,尤其是高能水平的饲粮。低能水平的饲粮仅对蛋鸡采食量(P<0.05)和肉鸡体蛋白(P<0.01)有作用。较高的饲粮能量水平不仅使肉鸡生长速度加快,体脂肪增高,而且明显改进饲粮能量和蛋白质利用效率(P<0.01)。     

饲养密度和高蛋白质饲粮代谢能水平对公母分饲肉鸡生长性能和腿部健康的影响

本试验旨在研究饲养密度与高蛋白质(前期23%,后期21%)饲粮代谢能水平对公母分饲肉鸡生长性能和腿部健康的影响。试验采用2(性别)×2(饲养密度)×3(饲粮代谢能水平)三因子完全随机设计,选用1日龄罗斯308(Ross 308)肉鸡公雏1 872只和母雏2 160只,随机分成12个组,每组8个重复。试验设高、低2个饲养密度,以出栏体重计,分别为42[高饲养密度(HSD),16公/m2或18母/m2]和26 kg/m2[低饲养密度(LSD),10公/m2或12母/m2]。试验饲粮分前期(1~21日龄)和后期(22~35日龄)2个阶段配制,饲粮代谢能设高、中、低3个水平,其中,高代谢能(HME)水平饲粮前期和后期的代谢能水平分别为12.81和13.23 MJ/kg,中代谢能(MME)水平饲粮前期和后期的代谢能水平分别为12.18和12.60 MJ/kg,低代谢能(HME)水平饲粮前期和后期的代谢能水平分别为11.55和11.97 MJ/kg。结果表明:1)饲养密度与饲粮代谢能水平对肉鸡的平均日增重和料重比有显著交互作用(P0.05)。1~21日龄时,随着饲粮代谢能水平增加,HSD组平均日增重的增加幅度和料重比的降低幅度均小于LSD组;22~35日龄时结果正好相反。性别与饲养密度对肉鸡的平均日采食量有显著交互作用(P0.05)。随着饲养密度增加,公鸡平均日采食量的降低幅度大于母鸡。2)HSD极显著降低肉鸡的胸肌率(P0.01),母鸡的胸肌率和腹脂率显著高于公鸡(P0.05)。饲粮代谢能水平和饲养密度对肉鸡的腿肌率有显著交互作用(P0.05)。随着饲粮代谢能水平增加,LSD组肉鸡的腿肌率降低,而HSD组基本不变。3)高饲粮代谢能水平极显著降低肉鸡的脚垫损伤评分(P0.01),公鸡的步态评分和脚垫损伤评分显著高于母鸡(P0.05),垫料水分含量显著低于母鸡(P0.05)。饲粮代谢能水平与饲养密度对肉鸡的脚垫损伤评分有显著交互作用(P0.05)。随着饲粮代谢能水平增加,HSD组脚垫损伤评分的降低幅度大于LSD组。以上结果表明,高饲养密度降低肉鸡的平均日增重,增加料重比;35日龄前,公鸡比母鸡的空间需求更高;提高高蛋白质饲粮的代谢能水平可以缓解HSD对肉鸡生长性能和脚垫健康的不利影响。     

Valgus-varus deformity of the intertarsal joint in broiler chickens

A lateral or medial angulation of the shaft of the distal tibiotarsal bone resulting in deviation of the lower part of the leg and frequently with bending of the proximal shaft of the tarsometatarsus is the most common leg deformity in broiler chickens. This lateral or medial deviation of the legs in broiler chickens, which has been described by many workers, deserves a specific name such as angular bone deformity or valgus-varus deformity of intertarsal joint, so that it may be separated from other varieties of lameness in broilers.     

Study on differentiation during embryonic development across selective and ancestral breeds

In order to explore the effect of strain on diverging post‐hatch muscle properties, muscle regulation during embryo development was investigated in selected and unselected breeds. Four broiler strains were used: JingNing (JN) chicken (a Chinese native chicken), HuangYu (HY) broiler, BaiYu (BY) broiler and Hyline layer (commercial crossbred chickens). Results showed that the four breeds had almost the same characteristic during different incubation periods. BY broilers moved more than JN and Hyline layers from Hamburger & Hamilton stage (HH)24 to HH31 (P < 0.05). HY broilers moved more than JN and Hyline layers from HH27 to HH31 (P < 0.01). All the embryos were heavier daily from HH24 to ED18 (P < 0.05); broilers presented greater body weights than JN and hyline layers (P > 0.05); broilers presented smaller fiber diameter than JN chickens before HH31 (P > 0.05). From then on, JN chicken exhibited smaller fiber diameter compared to the broilers (P > 0.05). Western blotting indicated all the breeds had continuous insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) expression, with the highest expression level in broilers from HH19 to HH24 and highest expression level in JN chicks from HH27 to HH31. The results indicated that the diverging growth among breeds was already shown in embryonic stages; the different expression patterns of IGF‐I may be involved in cell proliferation and differentiation.