日光温室萝卜棵间土壤蒸发规律试验

土壤蒸发在农田水量平衡和能量平衡计算中占有重要地位。该文采用微型蒸渗仪测定温室萝卜的棵间土壤蒸发,对萝卜棵间土壤蒸发的变化规律及其与太阳辐射、气温和相对湿度等主要气象因子的关系进行了试验研究和分析。研究结果表明：温室萝卜棵间土壤蒸发随着萝卜生育期的推移有减小的趋势,棵间土壤蒸发量占全生育期总耗水量的37.73%～41.71%,棵间土壤蒸发与太阳辐射、气温和相对湿度等主要气象因子均呈现良好的指数关系,该研究对合理制定温室萝卜的灌溉制度具有重要的参考价值。     

小网格防护林影响土壤蒸发机理及节水、减盐效应

采用热平衡法研究新疆杨防护林林网内外的土壤蒸发量、蒸发效能及相关气象因子,用主成分分析探讨小网格防护林影响土壤蒸发的主要因子为空气温度因子、空气湿度因子、近地层风速因子和太阳辐射平衡值;分析新疆杨防护林对主导因子的影响程度;推算林网内表层土壤减盐量。     

蒸散量双线性曲面回归模型的改进及验证

潜在蒸散发是水文循环和能量循环的一项重要组成,准确估算蒸散发对农业水资源有效利用具有重要的理论和现实意义。为获得精度稳定可靠的蒸散发估计值同时只需较少的气象资料,以沂沭河上游流域(临沂控制站)为研究区,提出改进的双线性曲面回归模型(bilinear surface regression model,BSRM)计算站点的潜在蒸散量。以实测蒸发数据折算的陆面潜在蒸散量为标准,同时以彭曼公式(P-M)为参考与之对比,检验和评价3种BSRM模型的精度,并分析各气象因子对潜在蒸散量的影响。结果表明:3种BSRM模型中,基于日照百分率、气温和相对湿度建立的双线性曲面回归模型模拟精度最高,以基于日照百分率计算的太阳辐射、气温、相对湿度建立的双线性曲面回归模型次之,以基于Hargreaves-Allen方程计算的太阳辐射、气温和相对湿度建立的双线性曲面回归模型模拟精度最差。基于日照百分率、气温和相对湿度建立的BSRM模型的模拟精度略优于P-M公式,但所需的气象因子较少,计算方法简单;且受气象因子的变化影响较少,模拟精度稳定可靠,是一种有效的替代方法。     

沟灌夏玉米棵间土壤蒸发规律的试验研究

棵间土壤蒸发是农田土壤耗水的重要组成部分。该文采用两种规格的微型棵间蒸发皿(Micro-Lysimeter)分别测定沟灌夏玉米田沟、垄土面蒸发量,并对沟灌条件下夏玉米棵间土壤蒸发与作物蒸腾变化规律进行了试验研究,分析了相对棵间土壤蒸发强度与土壤含水率的关系以及棵间土壤蒸发强度与作物叶面积指数的关系。结果表明,沟灌条件下夏玉米棵间土壤蒸发量占全生育总耗水量的33.06%～34.35%,棵间土壤相对蒸发强度与表层土壤含水率和作物叶面积指数之间均呈现良好的指数函数关系,灌溉或降雨后2～3 d内土壤蒸发强度较大,受大气蒸发力影响明显。因此,在不影响作物蒸腾的条件下减少表层土壤的湿润面积和湿润次数是减少棵间土壤蒸发、提高作物水分利用效率的主要技术途径与措施。     

黄土塬区不同栽培模式下玉米蒸腾耗水规律的研究

采用基于热平衡法的茎流计对黄土塬区两种栽培模式下(传统模式Ⅰ和改进模式Ⅱ)玉米(Zea mays L.)的茎流变化进行连续监测,并结合试验区自动气象站同步测定的太阳辐射、气温、相对湿度和风速等气象因子,分析了黄土塬区不同栽培模式下玉米蒸腾耗水规律及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:两种模式下玉米植株的茎流速率都表现出与太阳辐射同步的昼夜变化规律,且模式Ⅰ植株茎流速率大于模式Ⅱ植株茎流速率;玉米的日茎流量在抽雄期达到最大并且均随生育期的推移逐渐变小,这与植株叶面积指数的变化基本一致;从抽雄期到蜡熟期,模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅱ玉米群体叶面蒸腾量分别为115.18 mm和119.47 mm,棵间蒸发量模式Ⅱ(39.41 mm)较模式Ⅰ(64.81 mm)减少了39.2%,表明改进模式优化了玉米群体的蒸腾蒸发比率,有利于玉米水分利用效率的提高。除风速外,两种模式下植株的日茎流速率与太阳辐射、水汽压差、空气温度和相对湿度均存在较好的相关关系,达到极显著水平。     

典型草原区蒸发皿蒸发量变化特征及气象因子影响分析

利用内蒙古典型草原地区锡林浩特国家气候观象台1954-2013年蒸发皿蒸发资料和同期气温、日照时数、云量、风速、相对湿度等资料,运用线性趋势法、相关分析法、完全相关系数法,对蒸发量变化趋势及其与各气象因子的关系进行分析,并试图解释引起蒸发变化的气候成因.结果表明：研究区近60a蒸发皿蒸发量表现为极显著上升趋势（51.49mm/10a,P＜0.01）;完全相关系数法分析表明,最低气温、平均气温、相对湿度与蒸发皿蒸发量呈极显著相关性（P＜0.01）,是影响蒸发量的主要因子.气温上升、相对湿度降低是造成内蒙古典型草原区锡林浩特地区蒸发量上升的主要原因.研究结果对典型草原区气候变化评价有一定参考价值.     

绿洲灌区小麦间作玉米的棵间蒸发及其主要影响因子

通过研究绿洲灌区小麦间作玉米的棵间蒸发,确定其主要影响因子。结果表明,土壤含水量、土壤温度、叶面积指数及小麦留茬覆盖等均为影响棵间蒸发的主要因子,间作比单作棵间蒸发量高出3.3%～4.1%,留茬可降低棵间蒸发3.7%,也可提高土壤温度2.1～2.5 ℃。在不同供水水平的单作玉米各处理中,表层土壤含水量随供水量的增大而增大,棵间蒸发总量也随供水量的增大而增大。同一供水水平下,高茬收割小麦间作玉米群体的棵间蒸发量和蒸发总量低于小麦间作玉米群体。     

PC板温室的温湿度预测模型建立与分析

根据PC板温室内太阳辐射、通风、对流和作物蒸腾作用引起的质热交换物理过程,基于物质和能量守恒,建立了与温室内外气象参数、土壤蒸发、作物生长状况和土壤品质相关的温度与湿度预测模型,并根据所建模型及仿真结果对温室环境系统进行分析。     

浑善达克沙地人工植被覆盖下土壤蒸发的模拟研究

应用自制的微型蒸渗仪(Micro-Lysimeter)测定了2005年浑善达克沙地人工牧草区的日棵间土壤蒸发量。对影响土壤蒸发的主要因子进行了回归分析,并比较了以6因子[日平均气温(T)、净辐射(Rn)、相对湿度(RH)、2m处风速(U2)、0~30cm土壤含水率(θ)及叶面积指数(LAI)]和4因子[日平均气温(T)、净辐射(Rn)、0~30cm土壤含水率(θ)及叶面积指数(LAI)]为输入样本,以日棵间土壤蒸发量为输出样本的BP网络模拟预报模型。研究表明,BP网络可以用于日棵间土壤蒸发量的预报,6因子法和4因子法均简便可行,能满足生产的需要。相比之下,6因子法的精度更高。此研究是对传统棵间土壤蒸发量计算的补充。     

三江平原土壤湿度变化及其对气象条件的响应

了解土壤湿度的时空变化特征与规律,对充分利用土壤水分资源及应对气候变化有重要意义。基于三江平原23个农业气象站1982—2017年土壤湿度、同期气温、降水等数据,采用统计分析、M-K突变检验等方法,分析了0—50 cm土壤湿度的趋势变化特征及其与气温、降水气候因子的关系。结果表明:(1)近37年来三江平原地中0—30 cm,40—50 cm土壤相对湿度呈显著降低趋势,并呈阶段性变化,突变年在1997年;30—40 cm土壤相对湿度无显著变化;各层土壤相对湿度垂直方向呈现中间层(30—40 cm)土壤相对湿度最大,上下层递减的趋势。土壤相对湿度的空间分布存在差异,土壤相对湿度由北到南、由东到西递减趋势。(2)三江平原气温、降水量对各层土壤相对湿度影响程度不同。0—20 cm土壤相对湿度主要受4—9月生长季气温、降水量的协同作用影响,20—30 cm和40—50 cm土壤相对湿度分别受4—9月生长季的气温和降水作用的影响;而30—40 cm土壤相对湿度受气温和降水作用的影响不大。总之近37年来三江平原土壤相对湿度的变化存有差异,1982—1996年、1997—2013年、2014年后各层土壤相对湿度分别处于相对较高(偏湿)、较低(正常)、较高(偏湿)阶段。4—9月生长季的气温和降水是影响三江平原土壤相对湿度变化的主要气象因子。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.