基于SSR标记的柱花草种质资源遗传多样性与群体结构分析

种质资源遗传多样性和群体结构分析为复杂性状关联分析提供基础。本研究通过SSR分子标记技术,对68份柱花草(Stylosanthes spp.)种质资源的遗传多样性与群体结构进行分析。结果表明,30个多态性SSR标记在68份柱花草种质中共检测到146个等位基因,平均为4.867个,每个SSR标记的Shannon信息指数(I)和多态性信息含量(PIC)分别为0.676～1.690和0.363～0.764,平均为1.195和0.577。根据SSR标记数据进行遗传多样性分析,可将68份柱花草种质资源分为6类,群体结构分析中在ΔK达到最大时,K=6,因此将68份柱花草材料划分为6个群体,与遗传多样性分析结果基本一致。本研究将为柱花草遗传背景研究、种质资源评价和优良种质筛选提供依据。     

利用RAPD分子标记研究苜蓿种质资源遗传多样性

利用RAPD分子标记对53份苜蓿Medicago sativa种质资源的遗传多样性进行分析,计算了35个RAPD分子标记的多态性比率和每份苜蓿种质资源的Shannon多样性指数和Nei指数,并通过计算53份苜蓿种质资源的遗传距离(CD),进行聚类分析,探讨它们之间的素缘关系.结果如下:1)35个RAPD标记扩增共得到306条带,其中多态性条带288条,多态位点比率为94.12%.说明这53份苜蓿种质资源具有较高遗传多样性.2)53份苜蓿种质资源的Shannon多样性指数和Nei指数变化规律一致.直立黄花苜蓿的Shannon多样性指数和Nei指数最低,说明其遗传多样性最小;公农1号的Shannon多样性指数和Nei指数最高,说明其遗传多样性最大.3)53份苜蓿种质资源间的遗传距离变异范围为0.136 3～0.661 0.以λCD=0.275为标准将53份苜蓿种质资源划分为7个组群,直立黄花苜蓿单独被划分成一个组群.     

新麦草种质资源的SSR遗传多样性分析

用16对SSR引物对28份新麦草种质资源进行SSR-PCR扩增,共得到261个位点,多态性位点253个。供试材料Nei’s遗传多样性指数、Shannon信息指数平均值为0.2111和0.3466。聚类分析结果显示,在遗传相似性系数为0.715处,28份新麦草材料可划分为五大类。供试材料的遗传相似性系数(GS)介于0.594~0.820之间;通过对新麦草材料进行群体划分,3个地理类群间遗传分化系数(Gst)的平均值(0.0913)小于亚群体杂合度(0.1958),表明新麦草群体内的遗传差异较群体间的遗传差异更显著。     

五节芒表型性状和SSR标记遗传多样性分析

本研究利用25个表型性状和33对SSR标记,对53份五节芒种质资源的遗传多样性进行了评价。表型性状分析结果表明,25个表型性状在不同五节芒种质间表现出较大差异,变异系数的变化范围为6.53%～69.82%,其中整株干重、三级花序数、二级花序数等性状变异较大,是造成表型差异的主要因素。表型聚类将53份供试材料划分为3个类群,大部分材料聚在第Ⅲ类群内,但仍有部分材料独立成群。SSR标记分析结果表明, 26对SSR引物在53份五节芒中表现出多态性,这些多态性引物共产生81条DNA带,其中多态性条带为74条,占91.36%。多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.086～0.374,平均为0.245。53份五节芒遗传相似性系数在0.693 2～0.965 9,平均遗传多样性指数(H)为0.258 7,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.400 4。基于SSR分子标记的聚类分析表明,种质资源与其地理分布并不存在明显的相关性。表型性状和SSR分子标记结果均表明五节芒种质具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

两类SSR对苜蓿属种质遗传多样性和亲缘关系的比较研究

利用33对细胞核SSR标记和28对叶绿体SSR标记对38份苜蓿属种质进行了遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。在38份苜蓿属种质中,叶绿体SSR标记的平均等位变异数高于细胞核SSR标记,而遗传多样性指数则相反;分别用细胞核SSR、叶绿体SSR和61对SSR标记对38份苜蓿属种质进行聚类,结果显示:3次聚类都把38份苜蓿属种质划分为一年生和多年生苜蓿两个大类群;以相似系数0.8为准,3次聚类结果的差异主要显示在一年生苜蓿内部尤其是蒺藜苜蓿种质内的品种(系)划分上。     

多叶苜蓿回交群体遗传结构分析

以多叶苜蓿为轮回亲本、以淮阴苜蓿为父本,构建回交群体,通过回交育种获得符合需求的育种材料。对回交一代(BC1)群体的农艺性状与杂交F1群体进行农艺性状遗传多样性分析,并从分子水平进行遗传多样性和群体结构分析。结果表明:BC1群体的农艺性状较F1群体更接近亲本性状,且性状多样性丰富。25对SSR分子标记共检测到148个等位变异,25对引物的平均多态性比率是82.16%。群体结构分析表明,当K=4时ΔK最大,将BC1群体分为4个类群,其中84.27%的单株遗传组分相对比较单一,而15.73%的单株遗传背景比较复杂。多叶苜蓿BC1群体遗传多样性丰富,群体结构的划分与亲缘关系不完全相关。     

36份新疆野生黄花苜蓿SSR水平的差异性研究

以36份新疆野生黄花苜蓿为材料,采用SSR分子标记对其遗传多样性进行分析,以期为新疆黄花苜蓿资源评价和核心种质库构建提供基础数据.结果表明,9对SSR分子标记引物PCR共扩增出93条条带,每对引物扩增出的条带数变异范围为3～19条,平均10.33条/对,多态条带总数为86个,多态条带百分比为92.47％,平均多态性条带...     

基于SSR分子标记的油梨种质遗传多样性分析

基于SSR分子标记技术分析油梨种质的遗传多样性,旨在为油梨种质资源的鉴定保护及开发利用提供科学依据。选用23对SSR多态性引物对收集的54份油梨种质材料进行PCR扩增,利用Popgene 1.32计算遗传多样性参数,采用NTSYSpc 2.1计算种质间的遗传相似系数,并进行UPGMA聚类分析和主成分分析。结果显示,23对SSR引物共扩增出119个多态性位点,每对引物扩增的多态位点个数在2-10之间,平均为5.17,多态性位点百分比(PPL)为100%;多态性信息量(PIC)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)、Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0.33、1.3219、0.2059、0.3356。54份油梨种质资源的遗传相似系数在0.59-0.97之间,在0.71处,聚类分析结果可划分为4大类群,Fuerte单独归为第Ⅰ类,Hass、Bacon为第Ⅱ类,第Ⅲ类的种质包括Y1-10、Y3-1、Y6-5、Y10-1,第Ⅳ类的种质为47份,占参试材料的87.04%,主成分分析结果与聚类分析结果基本一致。油梨种质资源具有较丰富的遗传多样性,SSR分子标记对其有较高的多态性检测能力,适用于油梨种质资源鉴定和亲缘关系分析。     

苜蓿种质资源遗传关系的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术研究了来自国内外的30份苜蓿(Medicago L.)材料的遗传多样性,为其遗传改良和分子标记辅助育种提供依据。结果表明:10个ISSR引物共扩增出112条带,其中59条带是多态性谱带,多态性比率平均值为74.5%,平均每个引物扩增出11.2条带。用POPEGENE 32软件分析多态性指数和有效等位基因数的平均值分别为0.3727和1.4280,遗传多样性水平较高。利用扩增结果进行遗传距离分析,构建了分子树状图,可以把30份材料划分为3个类群,第1类包括准格尔、敖汉、肇东等19份种质材料;金达苜蓿单独划分为1类;第3类包括和平、德宝等10份种质材料。     

苜蓿遗传多样性和亲缘关系的SSR和ISSR分析

在苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)基因组SSR和ISSR分析的基础上,筛选出8对SSR引物和12个ISSR随机引物,通过PCR扩增在55个国内外苜蓿品种(品系)中获得126条多态性位点.利用SSR和ISSR标记对其DNA指纹图谱和遗传多样性进行研究.采用类平均法(UPGMA)Nei氏距离进行聚类分析,将55个苜蓿种质划分为4个大类群和7个类型,为苜蓿引种、亲本选配和种质资源评价提供依据.分子标记分析结果表明:我国苜蓿地方品种遗传基础广阔,在基因型表现特异性的同时又有较强的地域性;我国苜蓿育成品种间的遗传距离大,表现出遗传基础的异质性.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -