近十年来核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用进展

随着核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中应用的深入,土壤侵蚀研究进入了一个快速发展阶段。本文阐述了近十年来137Cs2、10Pbex7、Be、复合示踪及REE-INAA示踪等几种主要核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀速率、泥沙沉积速率、泥沙来源和坡面侵蚀过程等研究中的应用新进展,并对今后的研究方向和发展趋势进行了分析。     

核素示踪在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用

利用示踪技术研究土壤侵蚀在国外已有30多年的历史,因其具有分析精度和量化程度高,能对土壤侵蚀时空变化进行定量监测的优势而受到重视。分别介绍了单核素示踪（¹³⁷Cs）,多核素复合示踪（⁷Be, ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁰Th, ¹³⁷Cs）在土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源研究领域中的进展情况,并详细阐述利用稳定性稀土元素（REE）示踪在研究泥沙来源,侵蚀产沙时空分布方面也是一种有效的方法,最后对各种方法做了简要评价。     

核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用进展

介绍了单核素 (137Cs、2 10 Pb和7Be)、复合核素 (7Be、2 10 Pb、2 2 6 Ra和137Cs)及稳定性稀土元素 (REE)示踪技术在土壤侵蚀速率、泥沙沉积速率、侵蚀产沙时空分布和侵蚀类型转变等研究中的应用现状 ,并对各方法做了简要评价。     

浑善达克沙地东南缘坡地风蚀速率变化的137Cs与210Pb复合示踪研究

【目的】坡地是人为活动频繁而生态较脆弱的地区，土壤侵蚀是造成丘陵区坡地土地流失的主要方式，因此探究丘陵区坡地不同位置和不同时间尺度风蚀速率的变化具有重要意义。【方法】以位于浑善达克沙地东南缘农牧交错带、生态环境脆弱、易受到土壤风蚀影响的内蒙古多伦县为研究区，选择一个植被类型为沙化草地的典型坡地，通过测量其坡顶、坡肩、背坡、坡麓等不同位置剖面的¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb比活度，探讨坡地不同位置的剖面¹³⁷Cs、²¹⁰Pb含量及分布特征，计算坡地不同位置的土壤侵蚀速率。【结果】坡地¹³⁷Cs分布较深，²¹⁰Pb含量随深度增加呈负指数递减，¹³⁷Cs、²¹⁰Pb平均活度值较低，受长期风蚀的影响，样品中砂含量高。【结论】除坡麓处于沉积状态外，坡地不同位置均受到轻度或微度风蚀作用的影响，风蚀速率相对大小为：坡肩>坡顶>背坡>坡麓。20世纪60年代以来土壤侵蚀速率显著降低，生态环境质量总体向好。     

应用同位素示踪土壤侵蚀研究的进展

 介绍不同类型的同位素的来源,对几种常用的同位素示踪土壤侵蚀的应用做了比较详细的总结。在过去几十年里,人为放射性核素137Cs在土壤侵蚀示踪研究中应用最广泛。同位素210Pb来自于自然界,它在土壤侵蚀中应用的准确度,有待于进一步探讨。宇宙射线产生的放射性核素中,主要介绍7Be在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用。对稳定性稀土元素和几种核素复合示踪土壤侵蚀与泥沙来源研究的国内外研究进展,进行了总结和评价。对应用同位素示踪土壤侵蚀的发展方向,提出了一些看法。     

土壤剖面中~(210)Pb_(ex)的分布特征及其在土壤侵蚀示踪中的应用

210Pb由于在环境中特殊的分配关系及其在土壤中迁移性小、极易被土壤细颗粒吸附等特性而被视为良好的示踪剂,210Pb的沉降具有连续性和相对稳定性,可示踪百年尺度的平均土壤侵蚀速率。具有初始分布及其在未扰动土壤剖面中均呈现出土表含量最高,随深度增加含量减少的分布特征。在耕作土壤中由于耕作混合作用210Pbex呈均匀分布。评述了目前用到的210Pbex侵蚀模型重量逼近模型和质量平衡模型,210Pbex与其它核素(137Cs、7Be)复合示踪研究土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源是核素示踪的一大亮点。提出了210Pbex示踪土壤的优点和应用210Pbex示踪应注意的问题。     

祁连山南坡土壤侵蚀时空变化及迁移特征分析

土壤侵蚀是威胁人类生态环境及社会经济的重要因子。为实现土地资源更加有效的保护与治理,基于RUSLE模型和GIS/RS空间信息技术,分析和讨论了祁连山南坡2000—2019年土壤侵蚀时空变化及土壤侵蚀重心迁移特征。结果表明:祁连山南坡土壤侵蚀模数在空间变化上整体呈现出由西北向东南递减的趋势,土壤侵蚀模数平均值由2000年的1 966.63 t/(km²·a)增加至2005年的3 228.51 t/(km²·a),最后下降至2019年的2 299.06 t/(km²·a); 草地土壤侵蚀量最大,为2.65×10⁷～4.25×10⁷ t/a,虽侵蚀较为严重,但土壤侵蚀重心并未发生较大的迁移,五县中祁连县土壤侵蚀最为严重且重心迁移距离最大,侵蚀量为3.01×10⁷～4.83×10⁷ t/a,共迁移351.89 m,迁移速率为17.59 m/a,说明祁连县土壤侵蚀不稳定,土壤低级侵蚀更容易向高级侵蚀转化; 土地利用类型中冰川迁移最大为367.78 m,迁移速率为18.39 m/a。综合得出,对于土壤侵蚀较轻且重心迁移不大的区域可以采取定点治理,对于祁连县应长时间监测,全力推进祁连县水土保持综合治理工程,缓解水土流失; 相较于其他生态系统,对于草地与林地应加强治理。     

土壤侵蚀示踪方法研究综述

土壤侵蚀已成为极为严峻的环境问题之一,由于降雨、坡面层流引起的土壤侵蚀被认为是涉及到坡面土壤的分散、沉积和转移同时发生的过程。分别介绍了放射性核素¹³⁷Cs示踪,稳定性稀土元素示踪,磁性示踪剂在土壤侵蚀、沉积、分布和泥沙来源研究领域中的进展情况。旨在借鉴国内外研究方法上的经验。对于准确评价侵蚀泥沙在坡面空间、时间尺度上的分布、转运、沉积,了解土壤侵蚀过程和评价基于坡面、流域的土壤侵蚀模型有重要的指导意义。     

稀土元素示踪法在土壤侵蚀与泥沙来源研究中的应用

[目的]掌握稀土元素(REE)示踪土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源的方法,明确其不确定性来源,对正确运用该方法获得可靠的侵蚀速率和泥沙源地贡献结果具有重要意义。[方法]基于前人运用REE示踪土壤侵蚀速率和泥沙来源的研究成果,总结了REE示踪土壤侵蚀的基本技术路线及其在水蚀、风蚀和泥沙来源研究中的应用,探讨了REE示踪土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源研究中的不足。[结果]分析认为REE虽是理想的示踪剂,但REE示踪法仍存在影响示踪土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源准确性的关键方面需要改进,包括REE与土壤结合方式与机理、长期监测或复杂环境下随淋溶、径流的迁移以及植被吸收利用等。在未来研究中应重点关注大量释放REE对土壤、植物、环境健康的影响以及REE示踪法与复合指纹识别法的结合运用等。[结论]研究结果为提高REE示踪土壤侵蚀结果的准确性,运用该方法开展其他侵蚀类型研究,与复合指纹识别法结合辨别大区域的泥沙来源奠定基础。     

桑干河流域淤地坝沉积泥沙特征及其来源解析

[目的]为查明桑干河流域的泥沙主要策源地和侵蚀产沙变化。[方法]选取阳原县高墙乡典型淤地坝沉积泥沙为研究对象,利用复合指纹识别技术,测定沉积泥沙及其源地的土壤粒径、SOC、TN、¹³⁷Cs、低频质量磁化率等9种指纹因子,研究了不同淤积阶段的泥沙策源地及坝控小流域侵蚀产沙演变规律。[结果](1)沉积泥沙中¹³⁷Cs平均含量较低,与沟壁土壤无显著差异(p>0.05),但极显著小于林草地和耕地的¹³⁷Cs含量(p<0.01),这指示淤地坝沉积泥沙主要来源于沟壁;(2)由于沟壁中大部分¹³⁷Cs含量低于检出限,¹³⁷Cs较好地指示泥沙主要来源沟谷地中的沟壁,但难以用于小流域多种策源地的判别,经Kruskal-Wallis H非参数检验和多元逐步判别分析筛选,确定TN+X_lfb+SOC构成最佳指纹因子组合,有效地判别小流域2006—2017年泥沙源地的平均贡献率为沟壁(82.68%±8.20%)>耕地(15.36%±8.46%)>林草地(1....     

工程建设弃土弃渣水土流失7Be核素示踪监测技术

系统介绍了7Be核素侵蚀示踪技术的原理和方法。7Be核素侵蚀示踪技术提供了短时期季节性或单次降水事件的水土流失信息,可为水土流失监测,土壤侵蚀模型试验研究提供重要信息数据。7Be核素侵蚀示踪技术具有不受场地限制、简便快捷,省时省力等特点。对工程建设弃土弃渣水土流失的监测,不用建立把口站或径流小区,只须在雨季后采一次样,或雨季(单次降雨)前后各采集一次样品,利用7Be核素侵蚀示踪技术就可精确估算出其水土流失量。     

核素比率在土壤侵蚀区的应用探讨--以210Pbex/137Cs为例

环境放射性核素7B e、137C s和210Pb为测量土壤侵蚀和沉积速率提供了一种重要的方法。在某些情况下,由于受各种因素的影响,单一核素进行示踪研究很难精确测量,而核素比率的方法作为有益的补充,能够精确测量土壤侵蚀量的多少。这篇文章介绍W a llbrink和M urray在S t.H e lens森林区用210Pbex/137C s方法测量土壤侵蚀的情况,了解国外的研究动态,对此也提出在应用核素比率法中应注意的问题和展望。     

用137Cs和210Pbex进行中国东北地区土壤侵蚀的评估

Evaluation of soil erosion in agricultural fields is valuable to develop conservation practices for reducing agricultural nonpoint source pollution.Soil erosion rates were quantified using the fallout radionuclide tracer technique in Mojiagou Basin located on the outskirts of Changchun in Northeast China.The calculated soil erosion rates in the study area were 1.99 and 1.85 mm year-1 using 137Cs and excess 210Pb(210Pbex)measurements,respectively.Both fallout radionuclides showed a similar tendency at downslope sites.All measured sites have experienced net erosion during the past 50 to 100 years.137Cs and 210Pbex measurements were useful to quantify soil erosion rates on field and small basin scales.At this rate of erosion,the current fertile topsoil layer would be entirely removed within 70 years.     

Upscaling the Use of Fallout Radionuclides in Soil Erosion and Sediment Budget Investigations: Addressing the Challenge

The application of fallout radionuclides in soil erosion investigations and related sediment budget studies has provided a widely used tool for improving understanding of soil erosion and sediment transfer processes. However, most studies using fallout radionuclides undertaken to date have focussed on small areas. This focus on small areas reflects both the issues addressed and practical constraints associated with sample collection and analysis. Increasing acceptance of the important role of fine sediment in degrading aquatic habitats and in the transfer and fate of nutrients and contaminants within terrestrial and fluvial systems has emphasised the need to consider larger areas and the catchment or regional scale. The need to upscale existing approaches to the use of fallout radionuclides to larger areas represents an important challenge. This contribution provides a brief review of existing and potential approaches to upscaling the use of fallout radionuclides and presents two examples where such approaches have been successfully applied. These involve a national scale assessment of soil erosion rates in England and Wales based on ¹³⁷Cs measurements and an investigation of the sediment budgets of three small/intermediate-size catchments in southern Italy.     

Sampling soil and sediment depth profiles at a fine resolution with a new device for determining physical,chemical and biological properties: the Fine Increment Soil Collector (FISC)

Purpose

Many environmental investigations (empirical and modelling) and theories are based on reliable information on the depth distribution of physical, chemical and biological properties in soils and sediments. However, such depth profiles are not easy to determine using current approaches, and, consequently, new devices are needed that are able to sample soils and sediments at fine resolutions.

Materials and methods

We have designed an economic, portable, hand-operated surface soil/sediment sampler—the Fine Increment Soil Collector (FISC)—which allows for the close control of incremental soil/sediment sampling and for easy recovery of the material collected by a simple screw-thread extraction system. This innovative sampling system was developed originally for the beryllium-7 (⁷Be) approach in soil and sediment redistribution research. To ensure reliable estimates of soil erosion and sediment deposition from ⁷Be measurements, the depth distribution of this short-lived fallout radionuclide in soil/sediment at the resolution of millimetres is a crucial requirement. This major challenge of the ⁷Be approach can be met by using the FISC.

Results and discussion

We demonstrate the usefulness of the FISC by characterising the depth distribution of ⁷Be at increments of 2.5 mm for a soil reference site in Austria. The activity concentration of ⁷Be at the uppermost increment (0–2.5 mm) was ca. 14 Bq kg^?1 and displayed decreasing activity with depth. Using most conventional sampling devices (i.e. the scraper-plate system), the most accurate depth increment would have been 10 mm, and the activity concentration at the surface would have been considerably lower. Consequently, coarser sampling would have influenced estimates of ⁷Be-derived soil erosion and deposition. The potential application for other soil/sediment properties, such as nutrients (e.g. phosphorus), contaminants and carbon are also discussed.

Conclusions

By enabling soil and sediment profiles to be sampled at a depth resolution of millimetres, the FISC has the potential to provide key information when addressing several environmental and geoscientific issues, such as the precise depth distributions of soil/sediment nutrients, contaminants and biological properties.     

Pond sediments as historical record of heavy metals fallout

Well preserved pond sediments were dated as a function of depth by the Pb-210 geochronological method for the past 100 yr. The results have been checked with Cs-137 analysis for the last 30 yr. Mineralogical composition is very constant along the sediment core indicating mechanical erosion of local outcrops as bulk sediment origin. The contents of Al, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and As have been determined and enrichment factors normalized to A1 value were calculated. Copper is mainly of natural origin, and As is influenced by local agricultural use. The anthropogenic source of Pb, Zn, and Cd is clearly provided by atmospheric fallout which is supported by comparison with atmospheric fluxes for wet and dry deposition.     

Historical and Geographical Trends in Sediment Chronology from Lakes and Marine Sites Along the Norwegian Coast

Sediment cores collected from 12 lakes and eight marine sites along the Norwegian and Svalbard coast as part of a project investigating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sediments were dated radiometrically using ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs and ²⁴¹Am fallout radionuclides. In all lake cores, except on Svalbard, the ¹³⁷Cs activity versus depth profile appears to have been significantly modified by post-depositional migration within the sediment column. The relatively low ¹³⁷Cs inventories suggest that these sites were not significantly impacted by fallout from the 1986 Chernobyl accident. All the marine cores have ¹³⁷Cs inventories that are substantially lower than in lake sediments almost certainly due to leaching of ¹³⁷Cs from the marine sediments due to higher solubility in the seawater. In the marine surface sediments, the unsupported ²¹⁰Pb concentrations are up to an order of magnitude lower than in the corresponding lake sediments reflecting the higher (dry mass) sedimentation rate at the marine sites. Five of the cores including marine sites and lakes have unusual high ²¹⁰Pb flux most likely due to sediment focusing. Most of the irregularities in the ²¹⁰Pb records seem to be due to slump events but some patterns are also due to possibly increased accumulation rates. Three of the marine cores show systematic increase in their sedimentation rate from c.1960 towards the present while only one lake shows the same systematic increase.