Use of Single Extraction Methods to Predict Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Polluted Soils to Rice

Human exposure to toxic heavy metals via dietary intake is of increasing concern. Heavy-metal pollution of a rice production system can pose a threat to human health. Thus, it was necessary to develop a suitable extraction procedure that would represent the content of metal available to rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). The aim of this study was to predict, on the basis of single extraction procedures of soil heavy metals, the accumulation of heavy metals (cadium, lead, copper, and zinc) in rice plants. Six extracting agents [Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), DTPA–TEA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid–triethanolamine), ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc), and calcium chloride (CaCl₂)] were tested to evaluate the bioavailability of heavy metals from paddy soils contaminated with lead–zinc mine tailings to rice. The extraction capacity of the metals was found to be of the order EDTA > Mehlich 3 > Mehlich 1 > DTPA–TEA > NH₄OAc > CaCl₂. The correlation analysis between metals extracted with different extractants and concentrations of the metals in the grain and stalk of the plant showed positive correlations with all metals. The greatest values of correlation coefficients were determined between the NH₄OAc- and CaCl₂-soluble fractions of soil and contents in plants in all four metals studied. Therefore, NH₄OAc and CaCl₂ were the most suitable extractants for predicting bioavailability of heavy metals in the polluted soils to rice. The results suggested that uptake of heavy metals by rice was mostly from exchangeable and water-soluble fractions of the metals in the soils. Soil-extractable metals were more significantly correlated with metal accumulation in the stalk than in the grain. The pH had more significant influence on availability of heavy metals in the soils than total content of metals and other soil properties. The bioavailability of metals for rice plants would be high in acidic soils.     

安徽省主要土壤重金属污染评价及其评价方法研究

综合考虑土壤重金属污染程度的渐变性和模糊性以及各重金属不同的生物毒性水平,对常规加权平均模糊数学模型中的权重算法进行了重新修正,引入Hakanson制定的标准重金属毒性响应系数,提出一种分值权重模糊数学综合评价模型。以安徽省三种主要土壤为研究对象进行了评价尝试,并对两种评价方法的异同进行了相应分析。     

Investigation of Heavy Metals using Various Extraction Methods in Livestock Manures

The use of animal waste for a soil amendment is a viable option for waste management. For safe and sustainable management of waste, it is important to assess the concentrations of heavy metals (HM). An experiment was conducted to compare metals [copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn)] in cow manure (CM), duck litter (DL), poultry litter (PL), and poultry litter ash (PLA) using eight extraction solutions. Extractability of HM was highly dependent upon the type of waste as well as extracting agent. Manures differed for the release of HM in the order of PL > DL > CM. Marked decreases in extractable trace elements were observed after ashing of PL irrespective of extraction method. Except for water, extractions released HM in the order of Mn > Cu > Zn. For Zn and Mn, the amount extracted varied in the order 1 M nitric acid (HNO₃) > 0.1 M HNO₃ > 0.01 M HNO₃ ≈ ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) > ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) > calcium chloride (CaCl₂) > ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) > H₂O in PL and PLA. Peak concentration of Cu was achieved in 1 M HNO₃ solution and the lowest Cu was found in NH₄OAc solution. On the basis of these results, the low extractability of HM in ash could suggest that the use of burned PL would be less of a water-pollution problem in the fields.     

Use of Sequential Extraction in the Study of Heavy Metal Retention by Silty Soils

This study focused on the capability of two silty soils (tills) having low clay contents and CEC to retain and release two heavy metals, Pb and Cu. Samples of two non contaminated till deposits from the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada, were artificially contaminated with concentrated solutions of these heavy metals. The latter were later extracted from the various geochemical phases of the soils by using the sequential extraction procedure. The results show that silty soils may have a relatively high heavy metal retention capacity due to the presence of carbonate and that this retention capacity can be comparable in magnitude to the retention capacity of certain clayey soils. This is particularly positive in the context of municipal waste disposal (landfills) in Quebec, where some old sanitary landfill sites are underlain by till deposits. A high buffering capacity is not as desirable in the case a deposit needs to undergo remediation.     

上海市区公园土壤重金属含量及其污染评价

通过对上海市区44个公园土壤重金属含量的调查,发现市区公园表层土壤Pb、Zn、Cu和Cr的平均含量分别为55.1mg kg-1,198.5 mg kg-1、44.6 mg kg-1、77.0 mg kg-1。以上海土壤背景值为标准,用内梅罗指数法综合评价上海市区公园土壤重金属污染状况为:绝大部分公园为轻污染,9个为中度污染,7个达重度污染。通过对公园土壤重金属含量的空间分析发现:内环线附近公园土壤Pb、Zn和Cu的平均含量最高,Cr的平均含量以内外环线之间公园为最高。上海市区公园较严重的重金属污染可能来源于交通和工业污染,与公园建成时间无显著性相关。     

Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge-Amended Thai Soils

Plough and subsoil layers of two majoragricultural soil series, Rangsit and Thonburi, foundin Bangkok area of Thailand were studied fordetermining the bioavailability and solubilitybehavior of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe)following application of sewage sludge from awastewater treatment plant and a series of laboratoryexperiments. The soils contained low indigenous heavymetals while the sludge contained higher amounts ofheavy metals but in an acceptable range forapplication as plant nutrient source in agriculturalsoil. Applications of sewage sludge increased pH ofthe acid soil and available plant nutrients to thesoils. The heavy metal concentration levels in thesoils also increased. Most partitioned into easilymobile pools and later into sparingly mobile poolsfollowing 12 weeks of incubation time. Bioavailabilityforms of Cd in soil solution were low but that of Cu,Zn, and Mn remained elevated even at 12 weeks of thereaction time. Applied inorganic Zn depressed Cdsorption capacity of two soils studied but it had noeffect on Cd desorption.     

南通市城市边缘带土壤重金属污染现状及评价

通过对不同土地利用方式下的7个样区进行系统的采样测定,对南通城市边缘带土壤重金属富集与污染状况进行了分析与评价。结果显示,研究区土壤未发生明显的重金属污染。但3个样区的土壤有轻度的重金属污染现象,Zn是发生富集最普遍的元素,约76%的样点土壤Zn富集指数>1,18%的样点土壤出现Zn的轻度污染。Cu、Pb等重金属元素导致的污染也在零星样点被发现。方差分析表明,土地利用方式不是导致研究区土壤重金属含量空间差异的主要因素,而土壤类型、样区空间环境与土壤重金属含量及富集、污染有相对密切的关系。     

A Model for Evaluating the Feasibility of an Extraction Procedure for Heavy Metal Removal from Contaminated Soils

A model was developed that allowed for the evaluation of a soil metal cleaning technique in a rapid and cost effective manner. Metal flow (Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd) during a counter-current soil-acid extraction procedure, consisting of a decarbonation, solubilisation, and washing step, was determined. Required input data are total soil metal content and metal equilibrium distribution coefficients, derived from batch equilibration experiments. The model was calibrated and validated against experimentally obtained results. Model predictions adequately described metal behaviour and removal in each of the extraction steps. Based on the results, optimum operating conditions for the steps involved in the extraction procedure were determined and the feasibility of the counter-current extraction procedure for heavy metal removal from a contaminated soil evaluated.     

Assessment of Heavy Metal Bioavailability in Contaminated Soils from a Former Mining Area (La Union, Spain) Using a Rhizospheric Test

A rhizospheric biotest, consisting of a thin layer of substratum in close contact with roots of Lolium multiflorum, was used on two contrasting contaminated soils (Cabezo and Brunita) issued from a former mining area in La Union (Spain). On top of this biotest, soil characterisation, including CaCl₂ selective extractions, was performed. Total heavy metal concentrations were the highest in the soil from Cabezo, but CaCl₂ extractions indicated higher heavy metal mobilities in Brunita soil. On the base of heavy metal concentrations and biomass production in L. multiflorum seedlings, availability assessed by the rhizospheric biotest was higher than the values obtained from CaCl₂ extraction, except for Mn and Pb. Rhizospheric biotest also revealed higher heavy metal bioavailability for Cabezo. The low pH of Brunita (3.47) could explain the high CaCl₂-extractable heavy metal concentrations as well as the high transfer factor found for Cu, Mn and Zn in this substrate. Cu, Mn and Zn toxicities were also detected for shoot tissues. Transpiration rates were clearly lower for seedlings exposed to Brunita than for those exposed to Cabezo, while water use efficiency was higher for the former (4.8 mg?DW?ml^?1) than for the latter (3.8 mg?DW?ml^?1). Iron nutrition was found to interfere with heavy metal root absorption, mainly through negative interactions during root absorption. It is concluded that rhizospheric test offers the advantage to consider the root?Csoil interactions in a dynamic perspective and constitutes a useful tool for the assessment of heavy metal availability on contaminated soils. Heavy metal bioavailability assessment should not be based on only one measure alone, but on different and complementary approaches.     

规模化猪场区域农田土壤重金属积累及影响评价分析

为了解长期灌溉猪场废水对农田土壤重金属的影响,采集了河北省京安猪场区域农田清洁区和灌溉8年猪场废水污灌区的耕层(0～20 cm)共52个土壤样品,并测定了样品的pH、养分和Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和As全量和有效态含量,根据背景资料、相关分析和主成分分析确定重金属污染来源,应用富集因子分析重金属积累程度,并应用污染指数进行重金属影响评价分析。结果表明,灌溉猪场废水对土壤主要带来Zn和Cu的富集,对Ni、Cr和As几乎没有富集效应,Pb和As的富集主要由施用化肥引起。尽管灌溉8年猪场废水后土壤的Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和As含量在安全范围内,但土壤重金属有效态含量不仅与重金属全量正相关,还与土壤pH负相关,而灌溉猪场废水会降低土壤pH,从而增加土壤重金属有效态含量。因此,长期灌溉猪场废水不但要注意土壤Zn和Cu积累,还需采取措施降低土壤Zn、Cu等重金属有效态含量以防重金属带来环境风险。     

不同城市功能区绿地土壤重金属分布及其生态风险评价

对山东中部某典型城市9个城市功能区64个绿地土壤样品中的Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd 4种重金属元素含量进行了测定,评价了土壤重金属污染特征及其生态风险。结果表明:各功能区绿地表层土壤Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的平均含量均高于当地自然植被土壤背景值,已表现出富集状态,其中Cd平均含量超标严重;工业区、风景名胜区、商业区和居民区等绿地土壤污染程度居前;单因子污染评价表明,该市绿地土壤中Cu,Zn和Pb已处于潜在污染状态,而Cd已经处于重污染状态;综合污染评价研究表明,处于“中度污染”污染级别的绿地类型有工业绿地、商业区绿地、风景名胜区和居住区绿地,而且苗木生产区和道路绿地也接近“中度污染”级别;潜在生态危害评价表明,该市绿地土壤处于轻微生态风险,但Cd潜在生态危害指数已经处于中等生态风险;土壤中Cu-Zn,Cu-Cd,Pb-Cd显著相关,Cu-Pb,Zn-Cd极显著相关,重金属之间存在一定复合污染现象,表明这些重金属元素的来源可能相同。该市绿地土壤Cd污染的防治应该引起重视。     

Comparison of Various Chemical Extraction Methods used for Determination of the Available Iron Amounts of Calcareous Soils

This study was conducted to compare the most appropriate method for the evaluation of available iron (Fe) status of calcareous soils by using nine different chemical extraction methods. Leaf and soil samples were collected from nine peach (Prunus persica L.) orchards, each of which included green, slightly chlorotic, and severely chlorotic peach trees. According to the chlorosis degrees of the leaves, total and active Fe contents and some soil properties were determined. Relationships between these parameters and Fe amounts obtained from the methods were correlated. Among the methods tested, method 3 (M3) [0.05 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) + 0.025 N sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)] and method 8 (M8) 0.05 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (pH 7.0) were the most suitable methods to indicate the available Fe status of the soils.     

天水市蔬菜大棚土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

[目的]对甘肃省天水市蔬菜大棚土壤重金属污染程度和生态风险进行评价,为该地区设施农产品安全生产提供科学依据.[方法]以天水市大棚蔬菜主产区21个乡镇的362个土壤样品为研究对象,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定As,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Hg含量,采用内梅罗综合污染指数和潜在生态风险指数对蔬菜大棚土...     

路基边坡土壤重金属污染特征及评价

以盐淮高速公路沿线为研究区域,分析了路基边坡及附近土壤中Cr,Cu,Pb三种重金属的污染特征,并对污染现状进行了评价。结果表明,土壤中三种重金属含量在不同采样区均存在显著差异(P<0.05),填土来源和交通量是造成各采样区土壤重金属含量差异的主要原因;在一定区域内,土壤中各重金属元素的含量随着离路肩距离的增加总体上呈现先降后升的趋势;在所有采样区土壤中,三种重金属含量高低排序为Cr>Cu>Pb,三元素之间具有显著的相关关系(P<0.01);对重金属污染现状潜在生态风险的评价表明,研究区域的生态风险程度为轻微级。     

西安市不同灌溉类型农田土壤重金属污染状况研究

以西安市不同灌溉类型的农田土壤为对象,研究重金属污染现状及其与灌溉类型的关系.结果表明,不同灌溉条件下的农田土壤重金属含量差异较大,沣惠渠灌区土壤重金属Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb平均含量最高,邓家村污水灌区次之,皂河水灌区、井灌区更次之,泾惠渠灌区土壤中的含量最低.Ni,Cr元素含量则以邓家村污水灌区最高,沣惠渠灌区、皂河水灌区、井灌区、泾惠渠灌区依次降低.从污染指数来看,沣惠渠灌区＞邓家村污水灌区＞井灌区＞皂河水灌区＞泾惠渠灌区.沣惠渠、邓家村、皂河灌区重金属主要来源于污水;井灌区重金属主要来源于霸桥热电厂和渭河电厂以及农家肥的施用等;而泾惠渠灌区各重金属受成土母质和成土因素的影响较大.     

EDTA Extraction of Heavy Metals from Different Soil Fractions and Synthetic Soils

A laboratory-prepared contaminated soil was partitioned into four fractions, namely carbonate, Fe/Mn oxides, organic matter and clay mineral, according to the form in which the heavy metal bound with soil constituents. Individual contaminated soil fractions and synthetic soils were prepared for the study of soil extraction using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The effect of contact time and EDTA concentration were evaluated for both individual soil fractions and synthetic soils. The extraction reached equilibrium rapidly, after about 30 min. A 0.01 M EDTA solution was less effective than a 0.05 M or a 0.10 M EDTA. EDTA was proved to be effective for metal removal from the four individual soil fractions and synthetic soils. In general, approximately 90% of metals were removed from synthetic soils by 0.10 M EDTA. EDTA extraction of Pb from a contaminated carbonate fraction was thought to be affected by the formation of lead carbonates. A simple equation based on the sum of the released heavy metal from the individual components is used to check if there are interactions among the different soil components when mixed. The estimated values agreed well with the experimentally measured results only for the 0.10 M EDTA system.     

不同改良剂对重金属污染土壤中小麦镉吸收的影响

为探讨不同改良剂及用量对重金属污染土壤的修复作用和效果,采用土壤盆栽试验,研究不同改良剂(K2HPO4、鸡粪、Na2S)对小麦生物量、不同组织镉吸收量、土壤pH及土壤有效态镉含量的影响。结果表明:3种改良剂均增加了小麦籽粒和茎秆重,对小麦的生长起到了促进作用,24g/kg鸡粪(B3)处理下,小麦籽粒重和茎秆重最高;不同改良剂均可降低小麦地上部和根系镉含量,0.004 8g/kg Na_2S(C3)处理水平下,地上部和根系镉含量与对照相比分别下降了69.72%,59.42%,下降幅度最大。其中,24g/kg鸡粪(B3)处理水平下转运系数最小,对重金属从根系向地上部迁移的抑制力最强;鸡粪(B)、Na_2S(C)可显著降低小麦籽粒中的镉浓度,K2HPO4(A)对降低小麦籽粒镉浓度无显著影响,但随着用量的增加,小麦籽粒镉浓度呈现降低的趋势,3种改良剂对降低小麦籽粒镉浓度的作用效果为Na_2S鸡粪K_2HPO_4;施加改良剂增加了土壤pH,土壤有效态镉含量随改良剂用量的增加呈下降趋势,24g/kg鸡粪(B3)与对照相比下降幅度最大,达48%。     

包头市不同功能区土壤重金属污染评价

为了解包头市城市土壤重金属污染状况,将包头市城区土壤按使用功能不同进行分区,采其表层土壤进行重金属含量的测定,并用地累积指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其进行评价。结果表明:重金属元素除Cr外,包头市各功能区土壤Pb,Zn,Cu和Cd含量均已超过本地区自然土壤重金属元素含量的平均值;地累积指数法显示城区土壤中Pb和Cd为中度污染,其他重金属为轻度污染或者无污染;内梅罗污染指数法显示工业区、商业区和科教区均呈重度污染,居民区和城市绿地为中度污染;包头市城市土壤整体处于"中等"潜在生态风险危害水平,这需要引起相关部门的注意。     

不同利用年限的红壤水稻土中重金属元素含量研究

本文介绍了不同利用年限的红壤水稻土中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量变化,利用年限分别为3、10、15、30和80年。研究结果表明,虽然红壤水稻土中不同的重金属元素含量的变化趋势有所差异,但总体上重金属元素含量随利用年限的延长而降低,并可能达到一个相对稳定的水平;施用未经处理的城市垃圾会导致水稻土中某些重金属元素含量明显升高;研究区的水稻土已发生Cd和Cu污染。     

尾矿库尾砂及周边农田土壤重金属形态分布及其生物有效性

采用BCR（community bureau of reference）连续提取法对大宝山矿山槽对坑尾矿库尾砂和周边农田土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的形态分布及其生物有效性进行了分析。结果表明,尾砂中Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn残渣态占绝对优势,占其总量的百分数均在85%以上。农田土壤中Cd、Cu和Zn都以残渣态为主,分别占其总量的60%、60%和90%以上,Pb以残渣态和可还原态为主,占其总量的93.44%。农田土壤重金属有效性较尾砂大,尾砂和农田土壤重金属生物有效性均以Pb为最高。