高产优质多抗芝麻新品种周芝12号的选育及配套栽培技术

周芝12号是周口市农业科学院通过有性杂交和混合法选择选育而成的芝麻新品种。2016～2017年参加国家黄淮区芝麻品种区域试验,两年平均产量1647. 3 kg/hm^2,比豫芝4号(CK)增产12. 1%; 2018年参加国家黄淮区芝麻新品种展示试验,平均产量1253. 3 kg/hm^2,较豫芝4号(CK)增产19. 1%,其粗脂肪含量56. 1%,粗蛋白质含量19. 3%。该品种具有高产、稳产、优质、耐渍、抗病、适应性广、抗倒伏能力强等特点。介绍了周芝12号的选育经过及配套栽培技术。     

芝麻新品种漯芝15号

芝麻新品种漯芝15号是漯河市农业科学院以系统育种法从豫芝四号中选出的优良变异单株。2007年5月通过河南省农作物新品种鉴定委员会鉴定,鉴定证号：豫品鉴芝麻2007002。     

导入外源DNA进行芝麻抗性育种的研究

利用花粉管通道将刚果野芝麻、危地马拉野芝麻和高粱等不同作物的外源DNA导入芝麻品种豫芝四号,获得了较为广泛的变异,经过逐代选择鉴定,育成了一些抗性较强的芝麻新品系,并提出了花粉管通道的操作方法的最佳时间为受粉后4～6h.     

高产优质多抗芝麻新品种‘豫芝21号’的选育与应用

‘豫芝21号’是河南省农业科学院芝麻研究中心利用有性聚合杂交与混合系谱法选择相结合选育的芝麻新品种。2012~2014年参加河南省芝麻新品种试验,平均产量1492.35 kg/hm2,粗脂肪含量58.33%,粗蛋白质含量17.92%,具有高产、优质、抗病,抗逆性好,抗倒伏能力强等特点。介绍了该品种的选育经过、特征特性及栽培技术要点。     

豫芝七号介绍

豫芝七号介绍李贵生，张应转，孙梅英，高峰（河南省驻马店地区农科所驻马店４６３０００）赵宝山，贾春玲（驻马店地区种子公司）豫芝七号是河南省驻马店地区农科所选育的芝麻新品种。该品种耐渍、抗旱、抗病，丰产潜力大，含油量高，品质较好。目前正在我国豫、皖、鄂等...     

中国农科院油料所获得一批白、黑芝麻雄性核不育系

自 1 996年武汉市科委下达芝麻雄性不育选育课题后 ,油料所的芝麻核不育选育及其配套技术列入重点攻关项目。根据芝麻高产、优质、多抗的育种目标 ,对杂交芝麻种豫芝 9号分离出来的不育株 ,进行针对性地转育。现已获得白芝麻核不育系 40份 ,其中有 9份不育率连续 3代稳定在 50 %左右 ,代表系有 :97( su.c.W ) ms36,97( su.c.W) ms40 ;黑芝麻核不育率稳定在 50 %左右的有 2 9个株系 ,其中 97( su.c.B) ms0 1性状稳定。用上述不育系所配制的杂优组合 ,在 1 999年测产试验 (小区面积 1 3m2 ,3次重复 )中 ,白芝麻6个组合均比同类型的杂交种增…     

豫西夏播芝麻生长动态研究

通过定期挖株调查，对豫芝11号夏播芝麻生长动态进行了研究。研究结果表明，夏播芝麻光合产物积累速度以播后47-62d最快，平均每公顷每天为103.13kg。主根长度及支根数量在62d以前增加较快，62d以后趋于稳定，但重量不断增加。茎秆增长高峰、叶面积系数最大值均出理在播后47-62d,62d后增长缓慢。77d以后45%以上光合产物都分配于生殖生长上，单株粒重、千粒重也迅速增加。千粒重、蒴果重均与芝麻产量密切相关。收获时经济系数为27.54%。     

芝麻对涝害的反应及适应性变异：Ⅰ.模拟涝害胁迫下芝麻基因 …

采用双因素裂区设计,在大田人工淹水条件下研究了５种芝麻基因型对渍害的适应性反应。结果表明,心叶缺铁性黄化,新生根产生,生物量及籽粒产量下降,植株茎延伸生长为典型的渍水胁迫症状;芝麻对渍水敏感期为初花期,生育早期渍水驯化能显著改善芝麻的耐渍性。基因型间,野芝７号耐渍性最强,心叶黄化不明显,新生白根数多,产量损失很小,相对产量为０．９６７,生物量下降后恢复能力强。豫芝１号、武昌九根头新生白根较多,生物     

芝麻隐性核不育材料0176A、54-8A等利用研究

通过对芝麻隐性核不育材料0176A、54-8A等利用研究，探寻芝麻雄性不育育性遗传机制，创建隐性核不育高效恢保系统，选育强优杂交种。初步的遗传分析、配合力鉴定、杂交制种试验和F1杂种优势研究结果表明：芝麻不育系0176A、54-8A等雄性不育性状除受细胞核内主效隐性不育基因控制外，可能还受一组微效修饰基因影响；对8份综合性状较好的不育系、6份恢复系及其配组的48个测交F1进行配合力分析，有3份不育系g.c.a＞0，17个杂交组合F1s.c.a ＞0，其中优良组合0176A×0222、54-8A×0221双亲g.c.a及F1s.c.a均较高； 0176A×0222制种最高产量达到640.5kg/hm2；皖杂芝1号（0176A×0222）和合杂芝1号（54-8A×0221）分别于2005年、2006年参加安徽省芝麻新品种区域鉴定试验，平均产量1477.05 kg/hm2和1678.95 kg/hm2，比对照豫芝4号增产8.36%和25.61%，表现出较强的杂种优势，成为安徽省第一个和第二个芝麻杂交种。     

芝麻干物质积累和分配研究初报

豫芝4号芝麻现蕾前积蓄的光合产物对产量贡献很小。现蕾至终花约40天内是芝麻产量形成的关键时期。这一时期营养生长和生殖生长竞争激烈,对外界环境敏感,栽培措施应以调节干物质分配流向为主,争取早发、稳长。封顶后,全株及蒴果干物质积累仍维持较高水平,延长后期光合器官功能,防止早衰,将有利于减少秕粒,提高千粒重。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).