NaCl胁迫对菜用大豆种子抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

采用蛭石栽培,在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,对耐盐性不同的两个菜用大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]品种种子的过氧化氢(H2O2)含量及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环进行了研究。结果显示,NaCl胁迫显著增加了菜用大豆种子的H2O2含量,但耐盐品种"绿领特早"的增幅低于盐敏感品种"理想高产95-1"。NaCl胁迫期间,"绿领特早"种子中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,AsA、GSH含量以及AsA/DHA值和GSH/GSSG值的增幅高于同期的"理想高产95-1",或降幅低于同期的"理想高产95-1";脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量的增幅低于同期的"理想高产95-1"。表明"绿领特早"种子在胁迫期间能够保持较高的AsA-GSH循环效率,可有效地抑制H2O2的积累,这可能是其耐盐性较强的重要原因之一。     

棉花幼苗AsA-GSH循环对低温胁迫的响应机制研究

为探究棉花幼苗营养器官抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环系统对低温胁迫的响应机制,以新陆早57号为试验材料,研究4℃低温胁迫不同时间(0、1和2 d)对根、茎和叶中抗氧化物质含量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,与对照(0 d)相比,随着低温胁迫时间延长,棉花幼苗根中还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量及单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性呈上升趋势,氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)含量先减少后增加,氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性先升高后降低,谷胱甘肽氧化还原状态(GSH/GSSG比率)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性总体呈下降趋势,抗坏血酸氧化还原状态(AsA/DHA比率)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性无显著性差异;茎和叶中AsA和GSH含量、AsA/DHA比率及APX、MDHAR和GR活性总体呈上升趋势,且茎中DHAR活性升高,DHA和GSSG含量先减少后增加,GSH/GSSG比率和GPX活性无显著性差异,而叶中DHA含量和GSH/GSSG比率先不变后增加,DHAR活性先升高后降低,GSSG含量和GPX活性无显著性差异。综合分析显示,棉花幼苗通过调节根、茎和叶中抗氧化物质含量和酶活性来清除活性氧,从而适应低温胁迫,减轻低温伤害。此外,低温对根中AsA-GSH循环影响最大。本研究结果为揭示低温胁迫对棉花幼苗AsA-GSH循环代谢机制提供了理论依据。     

H_2S对低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房AsA-GSH循环的响应

为了探究H_2S对甜樱桃花器官低温伤害的缓解机理,以甜樱桃品种早大果为试材,分析了不同浓度H_2S供体NaHS对低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房AsA-GSH循环系统的影响。结果表明,喷施0.02、0.05、0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的NaHS均可降低低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房超氧阴离子(O_2~-)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,显著提高还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量(P0.05),降低氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,使AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG比值显著升高(P0.05),以0.05 mmol·L~(-1)NaHS效果最显著;0.02、0.05、0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的NaHS均显著提高低温胁迫下柱头和子房AsA-GSH循环中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)的活性(P0.05),以0.05 mmol·L~(-1)NaHS提高上述酶活性的幅度最大。NaHS的浓度大于0.2 mmol·L~(-1)不再提高低温胁迫下AsA-GSH循环效率;低温胁迫下添加NaHS的同时添加H_2S清除剂HT可解除H_2S的效果。综上所述,喷施适量外源H_2S可有效降低低温胁迫下O_2~-、H_2O,和MDA积累,提高AsA-GSH循环效率,减轻低温对甜樱桃柱头和子房的氧化伤害。本研究结果为明确H_2S缓解甜樱桃花器官低温伤害作用机制以及生产上花期低温伤害预防提供了理论依据。     

外源NO对Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下番茄叶片活性氧损伤的缓解效应

为探讨外源一氧化氮(NO)对次生盐渍胁迫下植物抗氧化系统的调节作用,以番茄品种‘秦丰保冠’为试材,在营养液栽培条件下研究叶面喷施外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对80mmol·L~(-1)Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、叶片光合、活性氧物质、抗氧化酶活性和抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环的影响。结果表明,Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下喷施SNP处理的番茄幼苗叶片超氧阴离子(O_2~(·-))的产生速率以及过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)的含量和电解质渗漏率显著降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)的活性显著升高或得以维持,同时叶片抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及其还原力(AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG值)显著升高,叶片活性氧损伤得到有效缓解,叶绿素降解和光合速率的下降得到有效抑制,进而促进了植株的生长发育,提高了番茄幼苗的耐盐能力。     

NaCl 胁迫下外源壳聚糖对菜用大豆叶绿体抗氧化系统的影响

【目的】 叶绿体是植物体产生活性氧 (ROS)、且对盐最敏感的细胞器,本试验研究了外源壳聚糖对 NaCl 胁迫下菜用大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]叶绿体内抗氧化系统的影响,以期探讨壳聚糖对 NaCl 胁迫下光合作用的调节机制。 【方法】 试验于 2014 年 4 月至 6 月在内蒙古民族大学试验基地日光温室内进行。采用蛭石栽培,选用菜用大豆盐敏感品种 ‘理想高产 95-1’ (LX)、耐盐品种‘绿领特早’ (LL)为试材。试验设 4 个处理:1) 叶面喷洒清水,根部浇灌营养液 (对照);2) 叶面喷洒壳聚糖溶液,根部浇灌营养液;3) 叶面喷洒清水,根部浇灌溶有 NaCl 的营养液;4) 叶面喷洒壳聚糖溶液,根部浇灌溶有 NaCl 的营养液。 【结果】 外源壳聚糖显著降低了 NaCl 胁迫下两品种菜用大豆叶绿体 H₂O₂的含量,显著提高了过氧化物酶 (POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 (APX）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶 (MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GPX)活性以及胁迫中期还原型抗坏血酸 (AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH)含量;与盐敏感品种 LX 相比,耐盐品种 LL 在胁迫 6～15 d 期间维持了相对较低的 H₂O₂含量,相对较高的 DHAR 活性及 AsA 含量,在整个胁迫期间维持了相对较高的 APX、GR、GPX 活性,在胁迫后期(12 d、15 d)维持了相对较高的 GSH 含量。 【结论】 外源壳聚糖对 NaCl 胁迫下菜用大豆叶绿体内 POD 活性及 AsA-GSH 循环产生了显著诱导作用,但对不同品种的诱导效果不同,耐盐品种 LL 的 AsA-GSH 循环维持了相对较强的活性氧清除能力,这可能是其维持较强光合能力,进而维持较旺盛生长的重要原因之一。      

Cr^（3＋）胁迫对青菜中植物络合素含量及AsA-GSH代谢关键酶活性的影响

采用不同浓度Cr3＋处理,测定不同耐铬性青菜品种叶片中抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）代谢关键酶活性及植物络合素含量等生理指标。结果表明,随着处理浓度的增加,两个青菜品种叶片中植物络合素及抗氧化剂含量呈增加趋势。高浓度Cr3＋（250mg·L-1）处理下,耐铬性强的矮抗青品种叶片中超氧阴离子（O-2·）含量与对照相比增幅较小,耐铬性差的绿秀品种则增幅较大;耐铬性强的矮抗青叶片中还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量显著高于对照（P〈0.05）,而绿秀品种则略增,差异不显著（P〉0.05）;耐铬性强的矮抗青品种叶片中脱氢抗坏血酸（DHA）、氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量分别是对照的1.87、1.72倍,低于耐性差的绿秀品种（1.98、1.94倍）。随着铬处理浓度的增加,AsA-GSH关键酶活性呈先增后降趋势。高浓度Cr3＋处理下,耐铬性强的矮抗青品种叶片中植物络合素（PCs）含量、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）及脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）活性分别比对照增加了30.9%、38.9%、45.2%,而耐性差的绿秀分别增加了11.5%、30.5%、43.0%。综合分析表明,矮抗青在Cr3＋处理下具有较高的AsA-GSH代谢关键酶活性和非酶物质含量,可能是不同青菜品种对Cr3＋耐受性差异的内在生理原因。     

硒镉伴生对富硒土壤柑橘生长及生理代谢的影响

为保障富硒柑橘的安全生产,明确富硒土壤硒镉伴生现象对柑橘生长、硒镉吸收转运和抗氧化能力的影响,采用盆栽试验,以一年生大雅柑橘为试验材料,研究添加硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet,CK,模拟富硒土壤)和添加SeMet与镉(模拟富硒土壤硒镉伴生)对富硒土壤柑橘的生长指标、硒镉含量、叶片还原型抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环效率的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,富硒土壤中,硒镉伴生增加了柑橘叶片叶绿素a+b、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量,但对株高、新梢长度、新梢数量以及根茎叶的干物质量影响不显著;在富硒土壤中,硒镉伴生显著增加了大雅柑橘硒含量和硒的富集系数(BCF),降低了硒的转运系数(TF);硒和镉主要分布在根系,其次是叶片和茎;在AsA-GSH循环中,硒镉伴生使过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量显著上升,脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)含量上升但未达到显著水平,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性显著上升,而GSH和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量下降,AsA/(AsA+DHA)和GSH/(GSH+GSSG)比值降低,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性显著降低。本研究为阐明镉胁迫对富硒土壤柑橘的生理影响机制提供了理论依据。     

水分胁迫对玉米根系AsA-GSH H202含量的影响

以“鲁玉14”、“掖单13”2个不同抗旱性玉米品种为材料，研究不同浓度聚乙二醇－6000（PEG－6000）处理下根系抗坏血酸－谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH)循环中关键酶和抗氧化剂的变化及其对过氧化氢（H2O2）含量的影响结果表明，谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性及谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量变化为当聚乙二醇溶液浓度低于100g/kg时，随水分胁迫的增强而上升，当聚乙二醇溶液浓度高于150g/kg时，随水分胁迫的增强而下降。抗坏血酸（AsA)含量随水分胁迫的增加而持续下降，H2O2含量随水分胁迫的加剧而增加。聚乙二醇溶液浓度为150－250g/kg处理下H2O2含量的增加与抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量的下降呈显著正相关。2品种比较，抗旱性强的品种具有较强的抗氧化能力。     

耐盐和非耐盐大麦幼苗叶片抗氧化及抗坏血酸–谷胱甘肽循环系统对 NaCl 胁迫的反应差异

【目的】研究NaCl胁迫下,耐盐和非耐盐品系大麦幼苗叶片抗氧化系统及抗坏血酸–谷胱甘肽循环的反应差异。【方法】以耐盐品系12pj-118和非耐盐品系12pj-045为材料进行了水培试验。营养液中设定了6个NaCl浓度:0、100、200、300、400、500 mmol/L。在大麦苗生长至3叶1心时,取样分析测定叶片中活性氧代谢、抗氧化酶活性以及抗坏血酸–谷胱甘肽循环变化。【结果】随着NaCl胁迫的增加,2个品系的O_2~-产生速率、H_2O_2含量和MDA含量均逐渐增加,耐盐品系12pj-118的增幅均小于非耐盐品系12pj-045;SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR活性、As A含量、GSH含量和As A/DHA比值均呈先上升后下降的趋势。12pj-118的SOD、POD、CAT活性在各NaCl浓度胁迫下的增幅大于12pj-045,降幅小于12pj-045;12pj-118的APX、GR活性在同一盐浓度胁迫下的增幅均大于非耐盐品系12pj-045,降幅小于12pj-045;在各NaCl浓度下,12pj-118的As A含量和As A/DHA比值较对照增幅均大于12pj-045;GSH/GSSG比值呈波状变化,12pj-118在较高NaCl浓度下,仍能够维持较高的GSH含量和GSH/GSSG比值。显示12pj-118较12pj-045有较强的耐盐性。【结论】耐盐和非耐盐品系大麦叶片抗氧化及抗坏血酸–谷胱甘肽循环系统在NaCl胁迫下的反应不同。在一定范围内,随着盐胁迫增强,耐盐品系12pj-118叶片SOD、POD、CAT、APX和GR活性、As A和GSH含量增幅均大于非耐盐品系12pj-045,降幅小于12pj-045,表明叶片抗氧化及抗坏血酸–谷胱甘肽循环系统与大麦幼苗抗盐性密切相关。     

水分胁迫对玉米根系AsA-GSH循环及H2O2含量的影响

以"鲁玉14"、"掖单13"2个不同抗旱性玉米品种为材料,研究不同浓度聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)处理下根系抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环中关键酶和抗氧化剂的变化及其对过氧化氢(H2O2)含量的影响结果表明,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量变化为当聚乙二醇溶液浓度低于100g/kg时,随水分胁迫的增强而上升,当聚乙二醇溶液浓度高于150g/kg时,随水分胁迫的增强而下降.抗坏血酸(AsA)含量随水分胁迫的增加而持续下降,H2O2含量随水分胁迫的加剧而增加.聚乙二醇溶液浓度为150～250g/kg处理下H2O2含量的增加与抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量的下降呈显著正相关.2品种比较,抗旱性强的品种具有较强的抗氧化能力.     

Compost as a soil supplement increases the level of antioxidant compounds and oxygen radical absorbance capacity in strawberries

Compost as a soil supplement significantly enhanced levels of ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) and ratios of AsA/dehydroascorbic acid (DHAsA) and GSH/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in fruit of two strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cultivars, Allstar and Honeoye. The peroxyl radical (ROO(*)) as well as the superoxide radical (O(2)(*)(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), hydroxyl radical (OH(*)), and singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) absorbance capacity in strawberries increased significantly with increasing fertilizer strength and compost use. The planting medium (compost) x fertilizer interaction for phenolics and flavonoids was significant. Fruit from plants grown in full-strength fertilizer with 50% soil plus 50% compost and 100% compost yielded fruit with the highest levels of phenolics, flavonol, and anthocyanin content. A positive relationship between antioxidant activities and contents of AsA and GSH and ratios of AsA/DHAsA and GSH/GSSG existed in fruit of both strawberry cultivars. Correlation coefficients for the content of antioxidant components versus antioxidant activity [against ROO(*), O(2)(*)(-), H(2)O(2), OH(*), or (1)O(2)] ranged from r( )()= 0.7706 for H(2)O(2) versus GSH/GSSH in cv. Allstar to r = 0.9832 for O(2)(*)(-) versus total flavonoids in cv. Allstar.     

Effect of l-Ascorbic Acid on the Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour-Water Dough

L-Ascorbic acid (AsA) and its related compounds play an important role as improvers in bread production. Addition of AsA and its related compounds, such as dehydro-L-AsA (DHA) and 2,3-diketo-L-gulonic acid (DKG), affected the rheological properties of flour-water dough during mixing, especially hardness. Addition of 10 or 100 ppm AsA increased the dough hardness of samples as compared with the control dough. Addition of DHA or DKG to dough only slightly increased hardness. Addition of p-quinone significantly increased the hardness. Both glutathione (GSH) and its oxidized form (GSSG) drastically decreased the hardness. Contents of AsA in the treated dough decreased and contents of DHA increased during mixing, suggesting that oxidation occurred. The oxidation rate of AsA was influenced by the concentration of AsA added. The improving effect of AsA on the rheological properties of flour-water dough seemed to be mostly dependent on reactive intermediate oxidation products such as O₂^-, while the contribution of DHA was rather limited.     

烟嘧磺隆胁迫对甜玉米幼苗活性氧积累、抗氧化系统及相关基因表达的影响

为减轻烟嘧磺隆对甜玉米(Zea mays L. seccharata Sturt)的药害作用,探究甜玉米幼苗抗氧化系统对烟嘧磺隆胁迫的响应机制,本研究以一对甜玉米姊妹系(对烟嘧磺隆表现耐药性的甜玉米自交系HK301和对烟嘧磺隆表现敏感的甜玉米自交系HK320)为试材,研究烟嘧磺隆胁迫对不同耐药性甜玉米品种氧化压力、抗氧化酶、抗氧化系统非酶类物质和抗氧化酶关键基因表达量的影响。结果表明,烟嘧磺隆胁迫后,与对照(HK301-CK)相比,HK301的超氧阴离子自由基( {\mathrm{O}}_2^{\frac{-}{·}} )产生速率、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量先增加后减少,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,抗坏血酸(AsA)含量、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量先增加后减少,氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量持续增加,抗坏血酸氧化还原状态(AsA/DHA比值)显著降低,谷胱甘肽氧化还原状态(GSH/GSSG比值)无显著差异。与对照(HK320-CK)相比,HK320的 {\mathrm{O}}_2^{\frac{-}{·}} 产生速率和H₂O₂含量显著增加, CAT、APX、DHAR、GR活性先升高后下降,SOD、MDHAR活性和GSH含量、GSH/GSSG 比值、AsA/DHA 比值呈下降趋势,DHA含量持续增加,GSSG含量无显著差异。烟嘧磺隆胁迫后,相较于HK320,HK301显著上调了SOD、CAT、APX、MDHAR、DHAR和GR基因的相对表达量。综合分析显示,不同耐药性甜玉米幼苗通过调节体内抗氧化物质含量和酶活性来清除活性氧,从而提高幼苗对除草剂的耐药性。本研究为揭示烟嘧磺隆胁迫下甜玉米幼苗抗氧化系统的代谢机制提供了理论依据。     

Correlation of antioxidant capacities to oxygen radical scavenging enzyme activities in blackberry

The activities of the oxygen radical scavenging enzymes [glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD)], hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzymes in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle [ascorbate peroxidase (AsA-POD), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR)], the nonenzyme components [ascorbate (AsA), dehydroascorbate (DHAsA), glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)], and their antioxidant capacity [oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)] were measured in the juice of six different thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.) cultivars. The 'Hull Thornless' cultivar contained the highest levels, whereas 'Black Satin' consistently had the lowest activities for all the enzymes tested in this study. ORAC values were also the highest in 'Hull Thornless' and lowest in 'Black Satin'. The highest levels of AsA and DHAsA were in the juice of 'Hull Thornless' blackberries with 1. 09 and 0.15 micromol/g fresh wt, respectively. 'Hull Thornless' also had the highest ratio of AsA/DHAsA among the six blackberry cultivars studied. The 'Smoothstem' cultivar contained the lowest amounts of AsA and DHAsA. 'Hull Thornless' had the highest GSH content with 78.7 nmol/g fresh wt, while 'Chester Thornless' contained the largest amount of GSSG. The highest GSH/GSSG ratio was 4.90 which was seen in the 'Hull Thornless' cultivar. The correlation coefficient between ORAC values and AsA/DHAsA ratios was as high as 0.972. A correlation (r = 0.901) was also detected between ORAC values and GSH content. The antioxidant activity in blackberry juice was positively correlated to the activities of most antioxidant enzymes (r = 0.902 with SOD; r = 0.858 with GSH-POD; r = 0.896 with ASA-POD; and r = 0.862 with GR).     

Elevated carbon dioxide increases contents of antioxidant compounds in field-grown strawberries

The effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on the antioxidant capacity and flavonoid content in strawberry fruit (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) were studied under field conditions. Increased CO(2) (300 and 600 micromol mol(-1) above ambient) concentrations resulted in increases in ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH), and ratios of AsA to dehydroascorbic acid (DHAsA) and GSH to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and a decrease in DHAsA in strawberry fruit. High anthocyanin and phenolic content were also found in fruit of CO(2) treated plants. Growing strawberry plants under CO(2) enrichment conditions significantly enhanced fruit p-coumaroylglucose, dihydroflavonol, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-glucuronide, and kaempferol 3-glucoside contents, as well as cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside-succinate content. Fruit of strawberry plants grown in the CO(2) enrichment conditions also had high oxygen radical absorbance activity against ROO(*), O(2)(*-), H(2)O(2), OH(*), and (1)O(2) radicals.