Evaluation of canine heat shock transcription factor 4 (HSF4) as a candidate gene for primary cataracts in the Dachshund and the Entlebucher Mountain dog

OBJECTIVE: Testing of the cataract-causing insertion/deletion mutation in the canine HSF4 gene for its linkage and association with primary cataracts (CAT) in Dachshunds and Entlebucher Mountain dogs. MATERIALS: Exon 9 with flanking intronic regions of the canine HSF4 gene was sequenced in 24 Dachshunds and 20 Entlebucher Mountain dogs. The HSF4 cDNA sequence of lens tissue was analyzed in a CAT-unaffected mixed-breed dog and in three CAT-affected dogs of different breeds, including a Wire-haired Dachshund, a Dachshund-mix and a German Shepherd dog. RESULTS: In all dogs investigated here, the previously reported CAT-causing mutation did not exist. We found a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in intron 9, which was neither associated nor linked with the CAT phenotype in the two dog breeds. CONCLUSION: The CAT phenotype in the two dog breeds investigated here was not caused by the same mutation found to be associated with early-onset CAT in the Staffordshire Bull Terrier and Boston Terrier. The intronic SNP may be useful to test HSF4 for linkage with CAT in further dog breeds.     

Inheritance of ectopic ureters in Entlebucher Mountain Dogs

To test the hypothesis of a heritable base of ectopic ureters (EU) in Entlebucher Mountain Dogs (EMD) and to elucidate associated risk factors and mode of inheritance of the disease, 565 EMD were clinically investigated and population genetic analyses performed. Based on the location of the most caudal termination of the ureteral openings, 552 EMD were classified into three phenotype groups trigone, intravesically and extravesically ectopic based on results of abdominal sonography, urethra‐cystoscopy and/or contrast‐enhanced computed tomography. One‐third (32.9%) of the phenotyped animals had normal terminations of both ureters in the bladder trigone, 47.3% had at least one intravesicular ectopic termination and 19.8% had at least one extravesicular ectopic termination. Multivariate mixed logistic regression revealed gender as a risk factor associated with EU as males were more often affected than females. Complex segregation analysis indicated a hereditary basis for EU in EMD and the involvement of a major gene in the occurrence of the extravesicular EU phenotype.     

Genetic analysis of presumed inherited eye diseases in Tibetan Terriers

We analysed the systematic environmental influences and the additive genetic variation for the presumed inherited eye diseases (PIED), membrana pupillaris persistens, distichiasis, primary lens luxation, non-congenital cataract, and progressive retinal atrophy, in Tibetan Terriers. Data were obtained from the International Kennel Club for Tibetan dog breeds in Germany. PIED were recorded in the years 1987 to 2001 by standardised protocols of the Dortmunder Kreis, the association for diagnosis of inherited eye diseases in animals (DOK). The material included 849 Tibetan Terriers from 596 litters in 203 different kennels. The multivariate linear animal model using residual maximum likelihood methods regarded the fixed effects of sex, birth year, experience of the veterinary ophthalmologist, litter size, percentage of examined dogs per litter, inbreeding coefficient, and age at examination. The common environment of the litter and the additive genetic effect of the animal were taken into account as randomly distributed effects. The heritability estimates for PIED in Tibetan Terriers were h2=0.17+/-0.04 (membrana pupillaris persistens), h2=0.04+/-0.03 (distichiasis), h2=0.13+/-0.04 (primary lens luxation), h2=0.13+/-0.04 (non-congenital cataract), and h2=0.49+/-0.08 (progressive retinal atrophy). The additive genetic correlation between non-congenital cataract and progressive retinal atrophy was highly positive rg=0.76+/-0.11, while that between membrana pupillaris persistens and progressive retinal atrophy rg=-0.43+/-0.14 was highly negative. The number of examinations performed by the veterinary ophthalmologists was associated with higher heritabilities for non-congenital cataract and progressive retinal atrophy. We concluded from our analysis that all investigated PIED in Tibetan Terriers are genetically influenced.     

86例犬间叶组织肿瘤初步分析

随着伴侣动物生活条件的改善,以及宠物医疗水平的提升,犬猫肿瘤的重要性日益增加。由于犬猫与人类生活环境基本一致,研究其自发性肿瘤不仅有益于宠物本身,更有利于为人类肿瘤的研究与治疗提供借鉴。国外发达国家已建立伴侣动物肿瘤的统计分析数据库,而国内相关的小动物肿瘤统计很少,迄今也没有建立相关数据库。论文对临床诊断的犬猫各型肿瘤发生率进行了初步统计,并进一步对发生率较高的间叶组织肿瘤进行统计。结果表明,间叶组织肿瘤在犬猫肿瘤疾病中发生率较高,约占25%;且良性肿瘤与恶性肿瘤比例约为3∶1;但并未发现明显的品种和雌雄性的差异。     

Collie eye anomaly in a mixed-breed dog

A 5-year-old, mixed-breed dog was presented for tetraparesis. Neurologic alterations included a decreased menace response in both eyes. Therefore, an ophthalmic examination was requested. The dog was visual, but menace response, dazzle and pupillary light reflexes were reduced bilaterally. Indirect ophthalmoscopy revealed bilateral optic nerve coloboma and severe choroidal hypoplasia. These lesions closely resembled the ophthalmoscopic features of Collie eye anomaly (CEA). In spite of treatment, the dog's condition worsened and the animal was therefore euthanized. Histology of the globes confirmed severe choroidal hypoplasia and optic disc coloboma in both eyes. The dog was diagnosed to have a lymphoma involving the spinal cord. The two entities were considered not related. As only moderate sight impairment was caused by the posterior segment anomalies, it is by chance that these lesions resembling CEA were found in this mixed-breed dog.     

Clinical approach to prostatic diseases in the dog

In small animal practice, prostatic diseases are increasingly encountered. All dogs may experience prostatic disease, but particular care should be addressed to breeding dogs, in which prostatic affection may lead to decrease in semen quality and fertility. The most common prostatic disease is the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) followed by prostatitis, prostatic neoplasia and prostate squamous metaplasia. These diseases do not have pathognomonic symptoms, therefore, making a correct diagnosis may not be easy. An accurate clinical examination and a correct diagnostic protocol are essential in order to begin the most appropriate treatment, and also to do a good prophylaxis where it is possible. BPH therapy is usually recommended when mild‐severe signs are present or if symptoms disturb the patient. New therapeutic approaches, both medical and surgical, allow to maintain fertility in most animals with prostatic disorders. Prostate cancer is relatively infrequent. Elective therapy is the surgical one, but it is considered palliative and can result in important post‐operative complications. The aim of this paper is to lay down the most appropriate diagnostic process describing the aetiologies of prostatic disease, their symptoms, the right investigative tools and therapy.     

Congenital Ureteral Ectopia in Continent and Incontinent‐Related Entlebucher Mountain Dogs: 13 Cases (2006–2009)

Background: Ectopic ureters (EUs) associated with varying combinations of urinary incontinence, hydronephrosis, and urinary tract infection have been identified in related North American Entlebucher Mountain Dogs. Objectives: To characterize the disease phenotype in affected dogs and evaluate possible modes of inheritance. Animals: Twenty client‐owned Entlebucher Mountain Dogs. Nine dogs had clinical signs of urinary tract disease. Methods: Prospective case series in which 17 dogs were evaluated with excretory urography, ultrasonography, and urethrocystoscopy. Three additional dogs were evaluated by necropsy alone. Clinical and pedigree histories from 165 North American Entlebuchers were compiled for analysis. Results: Eleven female and 2 male dogs were found to have EUs. Six females and 1 male were continent. Bilateral intravesicular ectopic ureters (IVEUs) were identified in 9 dogs, bilateral extravesicular ectopic ureters (EVEUs) in 3 dogs, and 1 dog had IVEU and EVEU. Hydronephrosis was identified in 5 dogs, 3 of which had bilateral IVEUs. Two necropsied dogs had bilateral hydronephrosis with presumed ureterovesical junction obstruction associated with chronic granulation tissue or lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. Twenty‐six dogs with EUs were identified in the pedigree. Because of incomplete penetrance, mode of inheritance could not be determined. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Ureteral ectopia is common in North American Entlebucher Mountain Dogs and clinical signs alone could not reliably predict disease phenotype. EVEUs were associated with urinary incontinence and occasionally hydronephrosis. IVEUs were clinically silent or associated with hydronephrosis. Further analyses are necessary to confirm and characterize the hereditary nature of the disorder.     

26例犬免疫介导性血小板减少症回顾性分析

旨在调查犬免疫介导性血小板减少症(immune thrombocytopenia,ITP)的发病和治疗情况,并探讨预后相关因素。本研究自2018―2019年于中国农业大学动物医院接诊的病例中筛选出26例符合要求的ITP病例,记录患犬的基本信息、临床表现、实验室检查结果以及治疗和预后情况,并进行统计学分析。结果显示,贵宾犬为主要的发病品种(58%);伊文氏综合征(Evans syndrome)与诊断后短期内(14 d)死亡显著相关(P=0.02);初诊时,所有患犬皆具有出血的临床表现,根据一种新型犬ITP出血评估工具(DOGiBAT)所得出的评分范围为3~10分,其中,评分>5的患犬与诊断后短期内死亡显著相关(P=0.03),提示出血评分对判断疾病转归有一定的指导意义。此外,出血评分>5的犬C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)检测结果显著高于出血评分≤5的犬(P=0.01),初步提示CRP具有辅助判断ITP严重程度的意义。本研究建议在评估ITP预后时引入出血评分工具,相比单一的临床表现更能量化疾病的严重程度,并提供可靠的预后判断。     

The risk of passive regurgitation during general anaesthesia in a population of referred dogs in the UK

Objective To evaluate the risk of passive regurgitation during anaesthesia, and to identify major factors associated with this in dogs attending the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (QMHA), the Royal Veterinary College. Study design A case‐control study nested within the cohort of dogs undergoing anaesthesia with inhalation agents. Animal population All dogs undergoing general anaesthesia at the referral hospital between October 2006 and September 2008 (4271 cases). Methods All dogs anaesthetized at the QMHA during the study period were included. Regurgitating cases were defined as dogs for which reflux material was observed at the external nares or in the mouth, either during anaesthesia or before return to normal consciousness immediately after general anaesthesia. The risk of regurgitation was estimated and risk factors for regurgitation were evaluated with multivariable logistic regression (p < 0.05). Results The overall risk of regurgitation was 0.96% (41 cases out of 4271 anaesthetics, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.67–1.25%). Exclusion of animals where pre‐existing disease was considered a contributing factor to regurgitation (n = 14) resulted in a risk of passive regurgitation of 0.63% (27 cases of 4257 anaesthetics, 95% CI 0.40–0.87%). In the multivariable logistic regression model, procedure and patient weight were significantly associated with regurgitation. Dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery were 26.7 times more likely to regurgitate compared to dogs undergoing only diagnostic procedures. Dogs weighing more than 40 kg were approximately five times more likely to regurgitate than those weighing <20 kg. Conclusions and clinical relevance This study highlights the rare but important occurrence of perioperative regurgitation and identifies that dogs undergoing orthopaedic procedures, and those weighing more than 40 kg, are particularly at risk. Further work is required to evaluate the reasons for these observations.     

犬肝硬化模型的建立

于犬背部皮下多点注射60％四氯化碳菜籽油乳剂(1.5mL/kg）,每10d注射1次,共6次,并饮用10％乙醇,8周后肝硬化形成,饮乙醇犬肝硬化形成时间较饮常用水缩短10～15d,且病变明显。     

Determination and Analysis of Blood Biochemical Indexes of Police Dogs in Different Altitudes

The difference of blood biochemical indicators between dogs in plateau and in plain was compared in this experiment, which would provide the basic data for understanding the plateau environment adaptability of the dogs. We collected blood samples of Kunming dogs and Malinois in plateau and plain areas, respectively.And 4 blood indicators including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were tested. The results showed that compared with the Kunming dogs in plateau and plain, the difference of SOD and GSH-Px was significant (P< 0.05),the difference of LDH was extremely significant (P< 0.01), and the difference of CK was not significant (P> 0.05). Compared with the Malinoises in plateau and plain, the difference of SOD and LDH was significant (P< 0.05), the difference of GSH-Px was extremely significant (P< 0.01), and the difference of CK was not significant (P> 0.05). Compared with the Kunming dogs and Malinoises in plateau,the difference of GSH-Px and LDH was extremely significant (P< 0.01), the difference of CK and SOD was not significant (P> 0.05). It indicated that the Kunming dog had an altitude acclimatization, which provided a new idea for establishment of the animal model of plateau disease, and was more suitable for the working dog.     

某警犬基地警犬死亡情况调查及原因分析

犬病防治一直是警犬工作的一个重要内容,直接关系到警犬的繁殖、训练和使用.近几年某警犬基地犬大量死亡情况时有发生,临床症状多种多样,死亡年龄大多在出生后2月龄以内,虽然在饲养管理、饲养方式和疾病防治上都采取了多种措施,但效果都不明显.笔者根据以往临床资料和临诊报告,对该基地警犬近几年的死亡情况进行了调查分析.结果表明,从2005年-2008年2月以来,死亡警犬共337头,死亡年龄主要集中在1月龄到2月龄的仔犬,不同年份死亡数量为:2005年59头,2006年73头,2007年165头,2008年仅2月份之前达36头;死亡类别可分为初生死胎114头,先天发育不良死亡47头,因病死亡153头,死因不明23头;引起死亡的主要疾病为犬细小病毒感染性疾病.     

不同海拔地区警犬血液生化指标检测分析

本试验旨在比较高原警犬和平原警犬的血液生化指标的差异,为深入了解警犬的高原环境适应性提供基础数据。分别在高原地区和平原地区采集昆明犬、马里努阿犬的血样,检测超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、肌酸激酶（CK）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）共4项血液生化指标,并对数据进行统计分析。结果显示,高原昆明犬与平原昆明犬相比,SOD、GSH-Px差异显著（P< 0.05）,LDH差异极显著（P< 0.01）,CK差异不显著（P> 0.05）;高原马里努阿犬与平原马里努阿犬相比,SOD、LDH差异显著（P< 0.05）,GSH-Px差异极显著（P< 0.01）,CK差异不显著（P> 0.05）;高原昆明犬与高原马里努阿犬相比,GSH-Px、LDH差异极显著（P< 0.01）,SOD、CK差异不显著（P> 0.05）。研究结果表明,昆明犬具有低氧适应的生理特征,更适合作为高原地区执行任务的工作犬种。     

24例20种犬肿瘤的病理组织学观察

对犬的皮脂腺瘤、肛周腺腺瘤、肛周腺癌、毛基质瘤、间叶性软骨肉瘤、腺样型基底细胞上皮瘤、囊样型基底细胞上皮瘤、水母样型基底细胞上皮瘤、混合型基底细胞上皮瘤、基底鳞状细胞上皮瘤、甲状腺腺瘤、肥大细胞瘤、组织细胞瘤、乳腺良性混合瘤(软骨腺瘤)、乳腺良性混合瘤(肌上皮腺瘤)、恶性肌上皮细胞瘤、乳腺恶性混合瘤(癌肉瘤)、汗腺囊性增生、汗腺腺瘤、汗腺癌等20种24例肿瘤(良性肿瘤14种,恶性肿瘤6种)作了详细的病理组织学描述。     

犬静脉泌尿系造影术研究

选本地健康成年犬20只(体重为10.5～25.0kg),在全麻状态下取腹背位评定,主要采用腹部压迫法摄取造影片。结果:(1)kVP=体厚(cm) 55,mAs=50(中速钨酸钙增感屏);(2)以跖外静脉及隐静脉为注射部位,60％复方泛影葡胺(0.50～0.75mL/kg在1min左右注完);(3)摄取肾实质、肾盂及全尿路的最佳时机分别为1、15及30min左右;(4)肾脏位于脊柱两侧T_(13)～L_4水平处。肾长径约为横径的2倍,约为L_2长度的3倍。肾盂属于肾内型,多呈漏斗状或三角形。肾盂的髓质边缘处有6～8对锯齿状肾盂盲囊。个别犬的输尿管有迂曲现象。     

氯胺酮对犬脑电图影响的研究

以１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重的氯胺酮行肌肉注射，实验狗的脑电图５分钟时，波幅显著升高，１０分钟时极显著升高，然后逐渐降低，６０分钟内差异仍显著，犬脑电图特征为同步性高频高幅快节律，临床上出现显著的镇痛作用，然后逐渐恢复正常，但与其它麻醉药的不同之处是频率有出理显著。     

中国部分地区犬源伪中间葡萄球菌的流行特征分析

旨在调查犬源伪中间葡萄球菌的耐药性和分子特征,本研究自2017年11月—2019年4月收集601份送检至中国农业大学动物医院检验科和第三方检测机构的犬源临床样本,分离鉴定伪中间葡萄球菌;采用琼脂稀释法检测伪中间葡萄球菌对14种抗菌药物的敏感性;所有分离菌株均进行全基因组测序（WGS）,并从WGS结果中获取耐药基因、多位点序列分型（ST）和葡萄球菌染色体基因盒（SCCmec）分型。结果显示,共分离到75株伪中间葡萄球菌（分离率为12.5%）,其中包括42株（56%）耐甲氧西林伪中间葡萄球菌（MRSP）和33株（44%）甲氧西林敏感伪中间葡萄球菌（MSSP）;所有菌株均对青霉素、阿奇霉素、克林霉素、多西环素、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、苯唑西林和氯霉素高度耐药,对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、阿米卡星和利福平敏感,多重耐药率达90.7%;所有MRSP均具有多重耐药性;75株伪中间葡萄球菌中检测到19种耐药基因,blaZ和aac（6'）-aph（2″）检出率最高,均为92%（69/75）;共发现70种ST型,54种为新ST型,无优势ST型;23株（54.7%） MRSP为SCCmec V型。综上表明,犬源伪中间葡萄球菌存在严重的多重耐药性;MRSP和MSSP均具有较大的遗传多样性。