灌溉对大麦/玉米带田土壤硝态氮累积和淋失的影响

以甘肃省河西走廊灌区为试验地点，分别在0、150、300 kg/hm²氮水平和816、1632 m³/hm²灌水量下，对3次灌水前、后大麦/玉米带田0～200 cm土壤NO^-₃-N含量变化和灌水后135 cm处渗漏液NO^-₃-N浓度进行了测定。结果表明：灌水明显影响土壤硝态氮累积量，随灌水次数增加，土壤硝态氮累积量降低，而且在高灌水条件下土壤硝态氮累积量变化比低灌水量时大。从渗漏液硝态氮浓度来看，大麦带和玉米带都是以第1次灌水最高，浓度分别为8.04～17.21和3.30～14.57 mg/L。3次灌水土壤硝态氮淋失量，玉米带以N 150 kg/hm²和灌水量1632 m³/hm²最高，平均为4.31 kg/hm²；大麦带以N 150 kg/hm²及灌水量1632 m³/hm²和N 150 kg/hm²及灌水量816 m³/hm²比较高，平均为6.82 kg/hm²。     

基于物质平衡的循环水养殖系统设计

针对工厂化循环水养殖系统中快速去除水中的溶解性氨氮和增加溶解氧等系统设计的核心问题,采用物质平衡关系建立氨氮、溶解氧的平衡方程式,推导出系统设计的计算公式,并根据工程实践的经验对部分公式进行了修正,得到了一组较贴近实际情况的设计参数,如：系统补水量、供氧量、循环量、循环次数、生物过滤器有效体积等。同时构建了一个工厂化循环水养殖系统设计的基本流程。以设计一套年产50 t鮰鱼（Ictalurus）,养殖密度为50 kg/m³的高密度工厂化循环水养殖系统为例,可以计算得到系统的补水量为30 m³/d,系统补水率为6%,系统供氧为11.0 kg/h,系统循环量740 m³/h,循环次数为36次/d,生物过滤器有效体积为44.2 m³。     

秸秆过滤养猪废水UASB厌氧发酵及微生物群落分析

养猪废水成分复杂,所含悬浮性固体对其生物发酵过程影响显著;利用经过粉碎压实后的玉米秸秆对养猪废水进行负压抽滤,吸附截留废水中的悬浮性固体。再利用上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB,up-flow anaerobic sludge bed/blanket）反应器对过滤后的养猪废水进厌氧发酵,探究发酵过程中随着有机负荷的增加,化学需氧量（COD,chemical oxygen demand）去除率、pH值、产气量的变化规律,并采用高通量测序技术分析最优负荷时厌氧消化污泥中的细菌与古菌群落组成。过滤试验表明,在过滤压差为40kPa、滤层厚度为15cm、滤料压实度为1.6倍密度（148.8kg/m³）时有较好的过滤效果,此时总固体（TS,total solid）、挥发性固体（VS,volatile solid）、COD的去除率分别为33.08%、28.05%、23.01%。厌氧发酵试验结果表明,在温度为(35±1)℃时反应器稳定运行的最高负荷为11 kg/(m³·d);反应器处理效果最优的负荷为10 kg/(m³·d）,此时进水COD浓度为5 000 mg/L、COD去除率为76.46%、容积产气率为1.51m³/(m³·d)。高通量测序结果表明,厌氧发酵过程由多种微生物菌群协同作用,主要的细菌群类是Firmicutes、Bacteroidota,主要古菌群类为Halobacterota,且高效产甲烷菌分布丰富。试验结果为利用作物秸秆过滤养猪废水进行以废治废的技术应用提供了依据。     

间歇灌与农艺措施结合节水高产机理研究

针对阻碍农田水利用效率的关键因素及提高水利用效率的途径,采取把间歇灌灌溉技术、覆盖秸秆技术、化控、密植等农水措施溶于一体,取得了显著的节水增产效益和具有较强的可操作性。小麦、夏玉米产量分别为5250kg/hm²和8250kg/hm²,水分利用效率达1.61kg/m³和2.42kg/m³,平均为2.01kg/m³的较高水平。并对其节水高产机理作了探讨。     

不同水氮供应对日光温室番茄土壤酶活性及生物环境影响的研究

采用2水平灌水量(4541.0和2270.6 m³/hm²)×3水平氮肥追施量(747.4、373.9 kg/hm²和0),以番茄品种Skala为试材,研究了不同水、氮供应水平对日光温室越冬栽培番茄土壤中脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶等活性及细菌、放线菌、真菌等微生物数量的影响。结果表明：高灌水(4541.0 m³/hm²)或高施氮量(747.4 kg/hm²)可显著降低土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性;水、氮协调供应有利于土壤蔗糖酶活性和土壤微生物数量的提高;通过多目标评价,在该试验条件下,当灌水量4541.0 m³/hm²、氮肥追施量373.9 kg/hm²可获得最优的土壤生物环境。     

大棚番茄群体结构及光分布特性与中早期产量形成关系的研究

试验研究了大棚内不同栽培密度条件下的番茄群体结构特点(叶倾角、株形、叶容量、冠层叶面积密度)及光的分布特性(相对照度、光量子数、辐射量)与产量之间的关系。试验表明:大棚番茄高架栽培群体最适密度为5.56株/m²其中早期最高产量达5940kg/亩;最适宜生理指标为:冠层叶面积密度LAD0.942m²/m²,叶容量98.6片/m²。此冠层接受的辐射量为45.6％,光量子数40.3％,冠层的相对照度38.5％,群体消光系数1.04。     

辅热集箱式畜禽粪便沼气系统研究

设计了一种新型厌氧发酵系统——辅热集箱式畜禽粪便沼气系统,该系统采用太阳能和生物质辅助加热方式,由若干个集箱式发酵单元组成,可根据养殖规模集装成50、100、200、300、500 m³等不同规模的沼气工程。并在其应用示范工程上完成了运行试验和技术经济评价,结果表明,该系统池容平均产气率为0.80 m³/(m³·d),所产沼气的热值为25.40 MJ/m³,处理后的猪粪污水COD浓度由36500 mg/L降至6500 mg/L,去除率达82.2%,悬浮物浓度由17000 mg/L降至1900 mg/L,去除率达88.8%;其净现值为183530.5元,静态投资回收期为3.58 a。该技术及其成套设备的技术经济可行性较高,具有商业化前景。     

旱地棉田渗灌补水效应研究

该文着重研究了渗灌不同补水量和渗水管道埋深对旱地土壤含水率和棉花生长发育的影响。试验结果表明，在棉花关键需水期进行渗灌补水，增产增收效果显著。丰水年每次渗水225～300 m³/hm²，皮棉产量可提高196.8～310.7 kg/hm²，增产率为17.3%～27.3%；干旱年份，每次渗水225～300 m³/hm²，比对照增产24.35%～42.55%。与大水漫灌相比，渗灌补水既避免了表层蒸发，又没有形成重力水下渗，大幅度提高了水分利用率。渗水管道埋深在13～20 cm较为合适。     

三江平原稻田能量通量研究

基于三江平原稻田2005~2007年5~10月涡度相关通量观测数据, 分析了该区稻田能量通量的日变化、季节变化和能量分配特征以及能量平衡状况。结果表明: 三江平原稻田净辐射和潜热通量日变化均表现为明显的单峰特征, 感热通量日变化在水稻发育进入成熟期后才较明显, 而土壤热通量在水稻整个发育期内日变化特征都不明显。稻田净辐射季节变化特征显著, 6月下旬至7月上旬达到最大值18~20 MJ·m^-2·d^-1。潜热通量季节变化与净辐射同步, 最大值为13~19 MJ·m^-2·d^-1。相比之下感热通量较小, 观测期间变化于-3.90~ 3.94 MJ·m^-2·d^-1, 且没有明显的季节变化。5~10月土壤热通量呈下降趋势, 变化于-2.67~3.62 MJ·m^-2·d^-1。三江平原地区稻田能量分配特征明显, 潜热通量占净辐射的比例(LE/Rn) 5~10月平均值为0.67, 表明净辐射大部分以潜热通量形式所消耗, 但生长旺季LE/Rn略大于生长季初期和末期。感热通量占净辐射的比例(Hs/Rn)的季节变化特征与LE/Rn比值相反, 观测期间平均值为0.10。这导致波文比在水稻生长旺季较小而在初期和末期较大。5~10月土壤热通量占净辐射的比例(G/Rn)呈逐渐下降趋势, 其月平均值由5月的0.14下降到10月的-0.08。线性回归法和能量平衡比率均表明三江平原稻田能量明显不闭合, 2005、2006年5~10月能量不闭合度分别为22%和16%, 而2007年能量“过闭合”, 能量平衡比率平均值为1.07。     

土壤吸附砷酸盐动力学的初步研究

本研究目的是了解陕西省的几种土壤吸附和解吸附砷酸盐的速率和过程,以及其吸附能量。Kuo和Lotse导出的双常数速率公式拟合试验资料优于一级、二级、三级反应公式,抛物线扩散和Elovich公式等五个公式。用双常数速率公式(C=k·C₀·t^1/m)分两段拟合能进一步提高拟合优度。根据Arrhenius公式计算出的吸附活化能是0.70—3.40千卡/克分子。低的活化能表明,供试土壤对砷酸盐的吸附作用是一种完全不同于真溶液条件化学反应的物理学过程。土壤吸附和解吸附砷酸盐的速度和容量受作用时间、温度、溶液∶土壤比率,加入的砷量和浓度,以及土壤特性的影响。粘土的吸附反应常数(k),吸附量比沙壤土大。而沙壤土有高的解吸附反应速度常数(k_-1^'),砷酸盐容易被解吸附而释放出来。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.