诊断施肥综合法（DRIS）在渭北旱塬红富士 苹果营养诊断中的应用

本研究通过提前叶片采样时期,运用诊断施肥综合法(DRIS)对不同产量水平红富士苹果进行了叶片矿质营养诊断,以期为早期红富士苹果营养诊断与科学施肥提供依据.测定诊断结果表明,渭北旱塬红富士苹果叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn的适宜值分别为26.04±3.50 g·kg-1、2.84+0.74 g·kg-1、15.05±4.08 g·kg-1、14.25±3.04 g·kg-1、3.15±0.73 g·kg-1、12.69±3.14 mg· kg-1、262.87±82.05 mg·kg-1、96.33±33.35 mg·kg-1、23.57±10.13 mg·kg-1.选择的DRIS诊断参数中,除N/Zn、Cu/P、P/Zn、Ca/Zn、Mg/Zn和Cu/Zn外,30种表示形式的变异系数均表现出低产组(＜ 25 kg·tree-1)大于高产组(＜25 kg·tree-1);高产组和低产组的养分不平衡指数(NII)分别为73和88.相对于高产组,低产组元素间关系更不平衡.总体而言,渭北旱塬区红富士苹果园除产量高于41.3kg· tree-需肥顺序排在第一位的元素为Cu外,其它均为P;需肥顺序排在第二位的元素高产为K,低产果园仅当产量低于10.2 kg·tree-1时为K,其余为Zn;而排在第三位的,高产均为Ca,低产均为Mg.     

阿克苏地区灰枣叶片营养DRIS诊断

通过对新疆阿克苏地区31个成龄灰枣园叶样的采集与分析,运用诊断施肥综合法(DRIS)进行叶片营养诊断,旨在为该地区成龄灰枣的营养诊断和平衡施肥提供参考。结果表明,以7月中旬灰枣叶片N、P、K元素浓度测定值作为主要诊断依据,制定了DRIS指数法的营养诊断标准,经检验取得了较高的诊断正确率。按产量组统计施肥顺序,各组营养元素施肥顺序第一的枣园数及其频率分别为：高产组,N—4—37.0%,P—2—18.0%,K—5—45.0%;中产组,N—0,P—13—92.9%,K—1—7.1%;低产组,N—0,P—6—85.7%,K—1—14.3%。DRIS诊断的阿克苏地区灰枣叶片N、P、K营养元素浓度最佳比值范围分别：N/P=11.861±2.859、N/K=1.820±0.306、K/P=6.667±2.027。     

焉耆垦区克瑞森葡萄叶片营养DRIS标准研究

以焉耆垦区干旱戈壁地5年生克瑞森葡萄为研究对象,通过对高产园和低产园的叶片营养分析,进行DRIS营养诊断技术系统研究,确定了DRIS诊断的重要参数:N/P、N*K、P/K;制定了干旱戈壁地克瑞森葡萄DRIS指数诊断法的计算公式;采用"3414"配方施肥设计对焉耆垦区克瑞森葡萄进行了N、P、K三因素四水平大田试验,利用DRIS指数法对配方施肥各个处理进行检验,所诊断的N、P、K的需肥次序与实际施肥情况基本一致,但是很难达到一个相对平衡的状态。建议在生产中指导克瑞森葡萄施肥必须DRIS与其它营养诊断方法结合使用。     

几种杀螨剂防治香梨害螨药效试验

为害新疆库尔勒香梨的害螨主要为土耳其叶螨和李始叶螨。在塔里木垦区1a发生12代。以受精螨在树皮、树干基部的土壤和落叶中越冬。近年来,该虫在梨树生长期均能形成为害。主要为害梨树的叶片、花朵和果实,造成芽体流胶,不能正常开花,果实小而畸形,秋季出现二次开花、结果,严重影响当年和次年的产量。为有效控制害螨,同时确保香梨成为安全、健康的绿色食品。农二师三十三团生产的库尔勒香梨自1999年被批准为绿色食品以来,便注重选择理想的杀螨剂,2002年,该团在13号果园的香梨树上又进行了几种不同药剂防治害螨的对比试验,取得了较好的防治效…     

陕西省红富士苹果叶片营养诊断研究

测定陕西省渭北不同地区优质示范园红富士果树叶片的养分含量,并运用DRIS、M-DRIS和DOP三种不同方法对果树的营养状况进行诊断.结果表明,陕西省各地区的叶片养分含量差异显著.延安市、铜川市和宝鸡市苹果叶片内最缺的养分是Cu,渭南市苹果叶片内最缺的是Ca,咸阳市苹果叶片内最缺的是Mn.五个地区相比,铜川地区苹果叶片内养分最不平衡.最后,给出了陕西省渭北各市示范园红富士果树各种养分需求顺序.     

库尔勒香梨腐烂病发生的影响因素及药剂防效

为探明新疆库尔勒香梨腐烂病发生的影响因素以及筛选有效的防治药剂,调查了树龄、施肥量与香梨腐烂病发生的关系,并用刮治结合涂抹药剂法测定了5种杀菌剂防治香梨腐烂病的效果。调查结果表明,随香梨树龄的增加,腐烂病发生趋于严重;增施有机肥可提高树势,减轻病情。刮治病斑后,涂抹43%戊唑醇悬浮剂200倍液能够较为有效防治香梨腐烂病,防治效果为65.0%。     

新疆库尔勒香梨火疫病的发生特点及防控建议

梨火疫病(fire blight)是由解淀粉欧文氏菌Erwinia amylovora引起的蔷薇科果树毁灭性病害。2017年首次在新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州发生,对库尔勒香梨产业造成严重危害和经济损失。本文总结5年来库尔勒香梨火疫病发生危害特点,详细描述了病害的田间症状表现,提出了防治建议,并对当前库尔勒香梨火疫病防治中存在的问题进行了讨论。     

橄榄片盾蚧发生危害与防治

橄榄片盾蚧 [Ｐａｒｌａｔｏｒｉａｏｌｅａｅ (Ｃｏｌｖｅｅ) ]属同翅目 ,盾蚧科 ,片盾蚧属 ,最早发现于新疆乌苏县的苹果和梨上 ,是近年危害库尔勒香梨的新害虫。为了有效控制该虫的发生危害 ,1999～ 2 0 0 1年 ,我们对橄榄片盾蚧在库尔勒香梨上的发生危害进行了调查研究 ,制     

割草对典型草原植物营养元素贮量及分配的影响 Ⅲ.刈割对植物营养元素含量变化的影响

根据三年取样分析的结果 ,典型草原割草地的羊草、洽草、其它草和群落地上生物量的 N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn的含量变化是割草区的样品有75 %高于对照区。另外 ,多数割取部分的营养元素含量高于留茬部分。上述植物地下生物量 9种营养元素的含量变化也是割草区有 75 %的样品高于对照区。说明了刈割使割草地植物营养元素含量增加的总趋势     

中国梨喀木虱严重危害库尔勒香梨

中国梨喀木虱Ｃａｃｏｐｓｙｕａｃｈｉｎｅｎｉｓ (ＹａｎｇｅｔＬｉ)是近几年传入新疆梨树上的重要害虫。 1997年首次发现于和静县良种场及周围垦区 ,次年爆发成灾 ,梨树减产 75 % ,经济损失惨重。 2 0 0 0年该虫扩散到库尔勒香梨产区 ,5月 18日在库尔勒市城郊香梨园调查发现 ,其发展蔓延十分迅猛 ,到 8月中下旬发生危害面积已达 1万ｈｍ2 ,局部地区造成严重危害 ,该虫已成为威胁库尔勒香梨生产的最危险害虫之一。此虫主要以成虫和若虫取食芽、花、叶片、嫩枝和果实汁液 ,影响梨树生长发育 ,果实出现黑斑 ,果小 ,提早大量落叶。该虫还分泌…     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.