以增加催化结构域的基因重构方法提高里氏木霉外切型葡聚糖酶Ⅱ的活性

分别通过增加CBHⅡ和EGⅣ催化结构域的方式对里氏木霉QM9414外切型葡聚糖酶Ⅱ进行基因重构。第一种重构方式是在CBHⅡ基因的上游增加EGⅣ的催化结构域基因，第二种重构方式是在CBHⅡ基因的下游增加其自身的催化结构域基因。通过PCR和基因重构手段获得重组质粒pPICZαA -cdE –cbh2和pPICZαA- cbh2-cdC，并在毕赤酵母GS115中表达，获得重组菌株P.pastoris PEC11和P.pastoris PCC16，在经改良的摇瓶培养条件下能表达具有较高CMCNa酶活性的融合蛋白，培养液的CMC活性分别达到3.87U/ml和7.66U/ml，其中P.pastoris PCC16表达的重构酶活性是毕赤酵母表达的单一CBHⅡ酶活性的2倍。表明采用增加结构域的方式可以有效提高纤维素酶的活性。     

抗对硫磷基因工程抗体ScFv的制备及其初步鉴定

用一段45个核苷酸的片段连接抗对硫磷抗体重链和轻链可变区基因片段VH和VL,获得了抗对硫磷单链抗体(single chain variable fragment,scFv)基因,构建了抗对硫磷scFv基因原核表达载体。SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析显示,该单链抗体基因能在大肠杆菌Origami 2中特异性表达,融合蛋白分子量约为28kD。用Ni-NTA金属亲和层析法对可溶性表达产物进行纯化,得到目的蛋白纯度为74.8%;ELISA反应结果证明,该单链抗体可以与对硫磷发生特异性反应。     

锰超氧化物歧化酶（Mn-SOD）基因的分子改造及在毕赤酵母中的表达

根据毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）的密码子偏好性,以不改变氨基酸序列为原则,对源于蜡样芽孢杆菌M22（Bacillus cerues M22）的Mn-SOD基因进行分子改造,设计、合成新的基因序列Mn-SOD-2。构建酵母表达载体pPICZαA/Mn-SOD-2,并整合至毕赤酵母GS115染色体。结果表明,所构建的酵母工程菌株YM103,经0.5%甲醇诱导表达后,Native-PAGE检测证实有清晰活性条带;SDS-PAGE检测证实重组蛋白的分子量为24kD,与预期大小一致。酶活分析表明,外源蛋白的活性较改造前增加了2.2倍,且表达稳定性良好。     

牛γ-干扰素在大肠杆菌与毕赤酵母中的表达及抗病毒活性比较**

用RT-PCR从经ConA刺激的荷斯坦奶牛外周血淋巴细胞总RNA中扩增了BolFN-γ基因，克隆人pGEM T-easy载体测序。再亚克隆其成熟肽基因，分别构建大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）表达载体pET28a／BolFN-γ和毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）表达载体pPICZα／BolFN-γ前者存Ecoli BL21中经IPTG诱导实现了高效表达，表达蛋白占菌体总蛋白的30％，表达产物以包涵体形式存；后者存P. pastorisGS115中经甲醇诱导实现了高效分泌表达，表达产物直接分泌到培养上清中，表达量约为1．0g／L。分别在CEF／VSV和MDBK／VSV细胞系上对2种表达蛋白的抗病毒活性进行了比较，结果表明，两种重组蛋白在MDBK／VSV抗病毒活性高于在CEF／VSV上的活性，而毕赤酵母表达的蛋白抗病毒活性高于大肠杆表达蛋白，约为前者的2倍。     

α-半乳糖苷酶基因Mell在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达

用PCR方法从酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）AH109中扩增出α-半乳糖苷酶的Mell基因,将其克隆至整合型载体pGAPZαA中构建成组成型分泌表达酶产物的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mell.将线性化的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mell电击转化至毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）KM71,在含有100 mg/mL zeocin和预先涂布有X-α-gal的YPDS平板上选择蓝色阳性菌落.发酵培养酵母的上清经SDS-PAGE分析,在53 kD处有特异带;经非变性PAGE凝胶电泳,与显色底物的反应,检测到α-半乳糖苷酶活性带.重组菌pGAPZα-Mell/KM71摇瓶发酵6 d后,培养液α-半乳糖苷酶粗酶活性为12 U/mL.     

抗菌肽模式肽PGYa的分子设计、克隆及在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

在α-螺旋抗菌肽序列比较和两亲性分析的基础上,提取序列模板,计算机辅助（螺旋轮法）设计出新型抗菌肽模式肽PGYa(Peptide以Gly开头,以Tyr-NH2结尾),然后选用毕赤酵母偏爱密码子,设计合成了PGYa基因（rPCR法）。所合成的基因全长为94bp,并在其N端引入kex2裂解位点,以保证表达抗菌肽具有天然N端。基因克隆入pPICZα-A质粒,构建分泌型酵母表达载体pPICZα-A-PGYa。在AOX1 (醇氧化酶)启动子调控下,PGYa蛋白获得分泌表达,其表达量达到132 mg/L。初步抑菌（E.coli DH5α）活性显示：PGYa有较好的抗菌活性。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯酶基因(aiiA)在毕赤酵母中的优化表达

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯酶基因(auto inducer inactivation A,aiiA)编码的N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯酶(N-acylhomoserine lactonase,AiiA)能够水解植物病原菌群体效应的信号分子N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(N-acylhomoserine lactone,AHL),进而使革兰氏阴性细菌群体感应受到抑制,减弱病原菌的致病性。本研究将aiiA基因连接至分泌型穿梭表达载体pPICZαB,获得重组表达质粒p PICZαB-aiiA,线性化后电击转化毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115,获得重组工程菌GS115-p PICZαBaiiA。利用定点突变技术,对aiiA基因进行密码子优化,获得重组工程菌GS115-p PICZαB-MaiiA。以终浓度为1%的甲醇、28℃条件下诱导表达,重组工程菌GS115-p PICZαB-aiiA和GS115-p PICZαB-MaiiA均成功表达并分泌出AiiA蛋白。抗病性分析表明,分泌表达的AiiA蛋白能有效抑制胡萝卜软腐欧文氏杆菌(Erwinia carotovora)的致病性。AiiA蛋白在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达,拓宽了AiiA蛋白的获取途径,为AiiA蛋白的产业化提供理论依据。密码子优化为今后改造AiiA蛋白,提高AiiA蛋白的表达效率提供了新的思路。     

草酸青霉外切葡聚糖酶基因(cbh1)克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达和重组外切葡聚糖酶特性分析

木霉的纤维素酶系中通常缺少β-葡萄糖苷酶,导致了终产物抑制,木霉生长速度明显没有青霉快,因此,来源于青霉的纤维素酶受到了越来越多的重视.通过热不对称交错PCR(TAIL-PCR)技术从草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)M菌株中克隆得到外切葡聚糖酶基因cbh1(GenBank登录号:HQ843504).该基因全长为1 641 bp,无内含子序列,编码547个氨基酸,具有Glu236,Asp238和Glu241典型催化残基,推测属于糖基水解酶第7家族.将cbh1克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9中,构建重组表达质粒pPIC9-cbh1,电击转入毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris )GS 115菌株.阳性重组子经测序及活性分析表明,cbh1基因成功分泌表达,表明来源于草酸青霉的外切葡聚糖酶基因首次在毕赤酵母中获得成功表达.重组酶活性分析表明,其活性可达56IU/mg,最适反应pH、温度分别为6.0和55℃,且pH和温度稳定性均较好.研究结果认为,cbh1基因的克隆丰富了纤维素酶的基因资源,其在毕赤酵母中的成功表达也为该类纤维素酶基因高效工程菌株的构建提供了基础.     

Constitutive Expression of α-galactosidase Mel1 Gene in Pichia pastoris

用PCR方法从酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) AH109中扩增出α-半乳糖苷酶的Mel1基因，将其克隆至整合型载体pGAPZαA中构建成组成型分泌表达酶产物的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mel1。将线性化的重组质粒pGAPZα-Mel1电击转化至毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris ) KM71，在含有100 mg/mL zeocin和预先涂布有X-α-gal的YPDS平板上选择蓝色阳性菌落。发酵培养酵母的上清经SDS-PAGE分析，在53 kD处有特异带；经非变性PAGE凝胶电泳，与显色底物的反应，检测到α-半乳糖苷酶活性带。重组菌pGAPZα-Mel1 /KM71摇瓶发酵6 d后，培养液α-半乳糖苷酶粗酶活性为12 U/mL。     

里氏木霉木聚糖酶基因Ⅱ在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达及其酶学性质研究

利用RT-PCR技术从高产木聚糖酶菌株T. reesei Rut C-30中成功扩增出其主要木聚糖酶基因XynⅡ,经序列分析证实,在该菌株诱变选育过程中其成熟肽序列有两处碱基发生突变;将不带原基因信号肽的XynⅡ克隆到毕赤酵母高效表达载体pPICZαA上,线性化后经电击转化到毕赤酵母中,经Zeocin及PCR筛选后得到的转化子用1%甲醇诱导。SDS-PAGE证实,重组子实现了分泌表达,且发酵上清中几无杂蛋白;对该重组酶酶学性质分析表明,该酶最适反应温度为60℃,最适反应pH值为6.0,该酶热稳定性较好,在50℃下保温30 min仍能保留其95%以上活性。     

犬白细胞介素2在毕赤酵母中的诱导表达及生物活性的测定

以ConA刺激的犬外周血淋巴细胞总RNA为模板，通过RT-PCR方法扩增出犬IL-2成熟蛋白基因，将目的片段连接到pMD18-T载体，测序结果显示，扩增片段与GenBank上发表的序列一致。然后将目的片段连接到酵母表达载体pPICZa-A上，得到重组酵母犬IL-2表达载体pPICZaA-CaIL-2，经SacⅠ酶切线性化后电转化导入毕赤酵母菌株X-33。PCR方法筛选重组酵母菌，甲醇诱导表达，SDS-PAGE结果显示表达上清中有大小约20kDa的目的条带，比实际分子量略大，推测蛋白可能发生糖基化。MTT法测定生物学活性结果表明，重组犬IL-2能够极显著促进犬外周血淋巴细胞增殖。证明酵母表达的犬重组IL-2具有良好的生物学活性。     

Cloning and characterization of an antifungal class III chitinase from suspension-cultured bamboo ( Bambusa oldhamii ) cells

A class III chitinase cDNA (BoChi3-1) was cloned using a cDNA library from suspension-cultured bamboo ( Bambusa oldhamii ) cells and then transformed into yeast ( Pichia pastoris X-33) for expression. Two recombinant chitinases with molecular masses of 28.3 and 35.7 kDa, respectively, were purified from the yeast's culture broth to electrophoretic homogeneity using sequential ammonium sulfate fractionation, Phenyl-Sepharose hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and Con A-Sepharose chromatography steps. N-Terminal sequencing and immunoblotting revealed that both recombinant chitinases were encoded by BoChi3-1, whereas SDS-PAGE and glycoprotein staining showed that the 35.7 kDa isoform (35.7 kDa BoCHI3-1) was glycosylated and the 28.3 kDa isoform (28.3 kDa BoCHI3-1) was not. For hydrolysis of ethylene glycol chitin (EGC), the optimal pH values were 3 and 4 for 35.7 and 28.3 kDa BoCHI3-1, respectively; the optimal temperatures were 80 and 70 degrees C, and the K(m) values were 1.35 and 0.65 mg/mL. The purified 35.7 kDa BoCHI3-1 hydrolyzed EGC more efficiently than the 28.3 kDa isoform, as compared with their specific activity and activation energy. Both recombinant BoCHI3-1 isoforms showed antifungal activity against Scolecobasidium longiphorum and displayed remarkable thermal (up to 70 degrees C) and storage (up to a year at 4 degrees C) stabilities.     

High-level production of recombinant chicken cystatin by Pichia pastoris and its application in mackerel surimi

A high level of the secreted form of recombinant chicken cystatin was expressed in Pichia pastoris X-33 by chromosomal integration of multiple copies of an expression cassette containing chicken cystatin under the control of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter. The inhibition ability of the recombinant for papain-like proteinase was found to correspond to those of natural chicken cystatin. The recombinant cystatin substantially inhibited the proteolysis of myosin and gel softening, which consequently improved the gel properties of mackerel surimi.     

Effect of glycosylation modification (N-Q-(108)I --> N-Q-(108)T) on the freezing stability of recombinant chicken Cystatin overexpressed in Pichia pastoris X-33

The cDNAs encoding chicken cystatin and its N-glycosylation-modified mutant (Asn(106)-Ile(108)-->Asn(106)-Thr(108)) were cloned into the pGAPZ alpha C expression vector, using the GAP as promoter and Zeocin as resistant agent, and transformed into Pichia pastoris X-33 expression host. The effect of N-glycosylation on the stability of recombinant chicken cystatin was investigated. A large quantity of recombinant chicken cystatin and the Asn(106)-glycosylated cystatins were expressed and secreted into broth using alpha-factor preprosequence. The K(i) of the recombinant chicken cystatin (0.08 nM) was similar to that of wild-type chicken cystatin (0.05 nM). They acted as a competitive inhibition reaction against papain. According to the K(i), the inhibition ability of Asn(106)-glycosylated mutant cystatin (K(i) = 9.5 nM) was weaker than that of the wild-type one. However, N-glycosylation at Asn(106) substantially enhanced the freezing stability of recombinant chicken cystatin overexpressed in P. pastoris.     

内切葡聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中高效表达及表达条件研究

根据枯草芽孢杆菌内切葡聚糖酶基因序列设计引物,采用PCR扩增到获得去除信号肽后约1.4Kb的内切葡聚糖酶表达片段。以此片段成功构建了pPIC-End载体,并转化至巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115。经过MD、MM平板筛选和酶活性测定,获得了高效表达的转化子GS115-pPIC-EndⅠ、GS115-pPIC-EndⅦ、GS115-pPIC-EndⅧ。在摇瓶培养条件下,对酵母工程菌表达条件进行了优化研究：在pH4-8条件下均能稳定表达,诱导起始OD600=5表达水平最高,甲醇诱导最佳浓度为0.5%-1%,加大培养通气量对表达有显著的促进作用。三种工程菌在优化条件后诱导培养,酶活性可达860.7U、760.3U、786.2U,分别为原始菌株酶活（63.78U）的13.5倍、11.9倍和12.3倍。SDS-PAGE分析表明表达产物分子量约为79.82KDa,热稳定性分析表明该酶在65℃保温30min可保持最高酶活的80%以上。     

Production of a single-chain variable fragment antibody against fumonisin B1

The selection of synthetic antibody fragments from large phage libraries has become a common method for the generation of specific antibodies. The technique is particularly valuable when antibodies against small, non-immunogenic molecules (haptens) or highly toxic substances have to be produced. In addition, haptens are usually coupled to protein carriers, bearing the risk that the free hapten is not detectable. Here, a single variable chain antibody (scFv) against the highly toxic mycotoxin fumonisin B1 has been produced. The hapten was coupled via a linker to biotin. Using this conjugate and a naive scFv library, it was possible to circumvent both the necessity of immunization and the risk of a disguised hapten. The scFv obtained after three panning rounds was found to bind specifically to both free fumonisin B1 and fumonisin-biotin conjugate. Also fumonisin B2 was bound by the scFv. Modeling of both scFv and fumonisin B1 molecule revealed a good fitting of structures. The antibody obtained can potentially be used for developing a rapid and affordable immunoassay for detection of food contamination and can be applied in immunoaffinity chromatography, usually carried out prior to HPLC analysis of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed.     

Production and characterization of human extracellular superoxide dismutase in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

Reactive oxygen species are associated with various diseases including cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and pulmonary diseases. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) is an antioxidant enzyme secreted by cells to prevent overproduction of reactive oxygen species. We expressed an ECSOD gene isolated from a human aortic smooth muscle cDNA library in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. A synthetic secretion cassette was constructed with the inducible promoter of the alcohol oxidase 1 gene (AOX1) and the yeast alpha-mating factor signal peptide. As much as 25% of the total protein was ECSOD in some transformants grown under inducing conditions. After 36 h of methanol induction, ECSOD was exported into the culture medium at a concentration of approximately 440 mg/L with an antioxidative activity of 760 +/- 20 U/mg ECSOD. Transformed yeast cells were more resistant to heat shock and H(2)O(2) oxidative stress, indicating that the human ECSOD expressed by P. pastoris had multiple biological functions. Our data suggest that the methylotrophic yeast inducible system is suitable for large-scale production of enzymatically active human ECSOD.