微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分和作物产量影响研究

黄淮海平原部分地区分布着相当大面积矿化度在2～5g/L之间的浅层微咸水,有很大开发利用潜力。如何对其进行安全有效地开发利用是目前急需研究的重要课题。通过微区定位试验,研究了鲁西北低平原地区小麦玉米两熟制下微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分与作物产量的影响以及麦秸覆盖对微咸水灌溉土壤盐分的调控作用。结果表明,麦季利用3～5g/L矿化度的微咸水补充灌溉,两年后没有发生积盐现象,微咸水灌溉带入土体的盐分通过咸淡水轮灌和雨季自然淋洗,1m土体总盐量达到周年平衡。麦秸覆盖能够改善盐分在土体中的垂直分布,使土壤根系分布密集层保持较低盐分水平,缓解盐分对作物的危害,并有显著的增产效果。两年试验结果表明,与淡水灌溉比较,微咸水灌溉配合麦秸覆盖对作物年产量无显著差异,而不配以覆盖则导致减产。     

微咸水灌溉下土壤水盐动态及对作物产量的影响

华北平原农业灌溉用水非常紧缺,水资源日益缺乏与粮食需求日益增多之间的矛盾尖锐。充分利用微咸水资源是缓解这一矛盾的重要途径之一。该文以中国农业大学曲周试验站1997－2005年冬小麦和夏玉米微咸水灌溉田间长期定位试验为基础,研究了充分淡水、充分淡咸水、关键期淡水、关键期淡咸水和不灌溉等5个处理下土壤饱和电导率和含盐量的动态变化,探讨了微咸水灌溉对冬小麦和夏玉米产量的影响。结果表明：土壤水盐动态呈受灌溉和降雨影响的短期波动和受季节更替影响的长期波动;在正常降雨年份,使用微咸水进行灌溉是可行的,不会导致土壤的次生盐渍化;微咸水灌溉虽然导致冬小麦和夏玉米产量降低10%～15%,但节约淡水资源60%～75%。如果降雨量达到多年平均水平以及微咸水灌溉制度制订合理,微咸水用于冬小麦/玉米田间灌溉前景广阔。     

干旱盐渍土区土壤水盐运动数值模拟及调控模式

在干旱绿洲灌区,土壤盐渍化是农业生产和生态保护面临的主要危害之一,而大多盐渍化过程与灌溉水质和地下水埋深密切相关,合理确定灌区水盐调控措施是实现绿洲农业发展的必由之路。该研究基于绿洲农田试验数据,构建了田间尺度二维土壤水盐运移数值模型,并利用监测数据进行了模型校正和验证,结果表明该模型是可信的。该文以小麦作为研究对象,考虑作物需水规律和土壤盐分变化情况,制订了合理灌溉水量和灌溉制度,并以优化后的灌溉水量和灌溉制度,以不同地下水埋深作为宏观调控标准,确定了盐渍土区合理的地下水水盐调控深度。研究结果可为干旱区水资源合理利用和水盐调控提供理论基础。     

咸水结冰灌溉改良盐碱地的研究进展及展望

冬季咸水结冰灌溉技术是滨海区高矿化度咸水利用和盐碱地改良的有效手段,该项技术依据咸水结冰融化过程中咸淡水分离的基本原理,基于区域气候特点、土壤水盐运移规律以及作物生长发育规律,在冬季抽提当地高矿化度地下咸水对盐碱地进行灌溉,并在冬季低温作用下迅速冻结成咸水冰,春季咸水冰层融化过程中,咸淡水分离入渗,其中先融化的高矿度咸水先入渗,而后融化出的低矿化度微咸水和淡水的入渗对土壤盐分具有较好的淋洗作用,以上过程实现了春季土壤返盐期的土壤脱盐,结合春季地表覆盖抑盐措施和夏季降雨淋盐,土壤的低盐条件得到保持,保证了作物和植物整个生长期的正常生长。该项技术改变了滨海盐碱区土壤水盐运移特征,使春季土壤积盐期变为脱盐期,咸水结冰灌溉后,春季耕层土壤盐分由最初的12g×kg~(-1)迅速降低至4 g×kg~(-1)以下,脱盐率达到66%以上,实现了棉花、油葵、甜菜等作物在滨海重盐碱地中的种植,提高了柽柳、枸杞、白蜡等盐生植物和耐盐植物的扦插移栽成活率,咸水结冰灌溉当年便获得了籽棉产量3 t×hm~(-2)、油葵1.5 t×hm~(-2)、甜菜60 t×hm~(-2),以及90%以上的盐生植物和耐盐植物的扦插成活率,促进了滨海盐碱区盐碱地的开发、农业发展和生态环境建设。近年来,通过系统的研究,我们探明了咸水结冰灌溉过程中咸水冻融咸淡水分离规律,明确了咸水结冰灌溉对土壤盐分的淋洗效果,构建了冬季咸水结冰灌溉改良盐碱地技术体系,确立了冬季咸水结冰灌溉的灌溉时间、灌溉水量和水质等指标体系。本文在以上研究基础上,对盐碱地咸水利用的研究进展进行了总结,并对咸水结冰灌溉基本原理、影响因素以及土壤盐分淋洗效果等方面进行了概述,系统分析了冬季咸水结冰灌溉在盐碱地区农业生产、植被恢复以及咸水利用等方面的作用,并就其未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

Characterization of Slightly and Moderately Saline and Sodic Soils in Irrigated Agricultural Land using Simulated Data of Advanced Land Imaging (EO‐1) Sensor

Around the world, especially in semi‐arid regions, millions of hectares of irrigated agricultural land are abandoned each year because of the adverse effects of irrigation, mainly secondary salinity and sodicity. Accurate information about the extent, magnitude, and spatial distribution of salinity and sodicity will help create sustainable development of agricultural resources. In Morocco, south of the Mediterranean region, the growth of the vegetation and potential yield are limited by the joint influence of high temperatures and water deficit. Consequently, the overuse of surface and groundwater, coupled with agricultural intensification, generates secondary soils salinity and sodicity. This research focuses on the potential and limits of the advance land imaging (EO‐1 ALI) sensor spectral bands for the discrimination of slight and moderate soil salinity and sodicity in the Tadla's irrigated agricultural perimeter, Morocco. To detect affected soils, empirical relationships (second‐order regression analysis) were calculated between the electrical conductivity (EC) and different spectral salinity indices. To achieve our goal, spectroradiometric measurements (350 to 2500 nm), field observation, and laboratory analysis (EC of a solution extracted from a water‐saturated soil), and soil reaction (pH) were used. The spectroradiometric data were acquired using the ASD (analytical spectral device) above 28 bare soil samples with various degrees of soil salinity and sodicity, as well as unaffected soils. All of the spectroradiometric data were resampled and convolved in the solar‐reflective spectral bands of EO‐1 ALI sensor. The results show that the SWIR region is a good indicator of and is more sensitive to different degrees of slight and moderate soil salinity and sodicity. In general, relatively high salinity soils show higher spectral signatures than do sodic soils and unaffected soils. Also, strongly sodic soils present higher spectral responses than moderately sodic soils. However, in spite of the improvement of EO‐1 ALI spectral bands by comparison to Landsat‐ETM+, this research shows the weakness of multispectral systems for the discrimination of slight and moderate soil salinity and sodicity. Although remote sensing offers good potential for mapping strongly saline soils (dry surface crust), slight and moderately saline and sodic soils are not easily identified, because the optical properties of the soil surfaces (color, brightness, roughness, etc.) could mask the salinity and sodicity effects. Consequently, their spatial distribution will probably be underestimated. According to the laboratory results, the proposed Soils Salinity and Sodicity Indices (SSSI) using EO‐1 ALI 9 and 10 spectral bands offers the most significant correlation (52.91%) with the ground reference (EC). They could help to predict different spatial distribution classes of slight and moderate saline and sodic soils using EO‐1 ALI imagery data.     

咸水安全利用农田调控技术措施研究进展

淡水资源短缺已经成为全球性的问题,开发利用地下咸水资源,发展农业灌溉已成为各国关注的焦点问题。微咸水或咸水代替部分淡水进行农业灌溉,在一定程度上可缓解淡水资源的不足,但咸水和微咸水灌溉带来的土壤积盐和作物减产等问题始终是研究的重点和难点。本文从咸水或微咸水灌溉带来的潜在土壤盐渍化危害入手,就如何应对咸水和微咸水灌溉带来的次生盐渍化问题,通过总结前人大量的研究成果,分析了减轻土壤盐渍化对作物危害的各种途径,从微咸水灌溉和咸水灌溉两个层面就优化农田管理农艺措施、生物措施、水利工程措施等方面进行概述。重点介绍了咸水或微咸水灌溉对土壤微环境的影响,优化田间管理农业措施(如合理的灌溉制度和灌溉方式、覆盖、深耕等),土壤中施入有机物质(如植物秸秆、有机肥、绿肥、生物质炭等)和无机土壤改良剂(如石膏、沸石等)、施用根际促生菌肥、种植盐土植物和耐盐作物品种等,以及咸水结冰灌溉、暗管排盐等水利工程措施,这些都是降低咸水灌溉带来的土壤盐害行之有效的方法。以微咸水或咸水补灌为核心,结合雨水资源利用,通过种植耐盐植物品种、增施土壤微生物肥、土壤调理剂等措施提高土壤缓冲能力,配套垄作和地膜覆盖等降低土壤蒸发措施,抑制土壤盐分表层积聚,配套秸秆还田和土壤耕作技术,提高土壤蓄雨淋盐和养分快速提升,集成微咸水安全高效灌溉技术模式,制定规范化的技术应用规程,有机地结合各种改良措施,可有效控制咸水和微咸水灌区土壤次生盐渍化,达到咸水资源的高效安全可持续利用,提升水资源保障能力。     

Extent and characterisation of salt‐affected soils in Iran and strategies for their amelioration and management

Salinisation of land resources is a major impediment to their optimal utilisation in many arid and semi‐arid regions of the world including Iran. Estimates suggest that about 34 million ha, including 4·1 million ha of the irrigated land, are salt‐affected in Iran as the consequence of naturally occurring phenomena and anthropogenic activities. The annual economic losses due to salinisation in the country are more than US$ 1 billion. With variable levels of success, different approaches—salt leaching and drainage interventions, crop‐based management, chemical amendments and fertilisers and integrated application of these approaches—have been used to enhance the productivity of salt‐affected soils in the Country. From sustainable management perspective, it is revealed from the past research that integrated salinity management and mitigation approaches have the potential to successfully address the complex problems of salt‐induced land degradation in Iran. As the growing need to produce more food and fibre for the expanding Iranian population necessitates the increased use of salt‐affected land resources in the foreseeable future, there is an urgent need to develop and implement a pertinent National Strategic Plan. In addition to establishing networks for monitoring spatial and temporal changes in soil salinity and water quality, this plan should integrate the management of salt‐affected environments into the overall management of land and water resources in the country. It should also address different management aspects of salt‐affected land resources in a holistic manner by considering the biophysical and environmental conditions of the target areas as well as livelihoods of the affected communities. The involvement of the communities will facilitate in developing a greater understanding about the potential uses and markets of the agricultural products produced from salt‐affected areas. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Amelioration strategies for saline soils: a review

Soil salinization is one of the major causes of declining agricultural productivity in many arid and semiarid regions of the world. Excessive salt concentrations in soils, in most cases, cannot be reduced with time by routine irrigation and crop management practices. Such situations demand soil amelioration. Various means used to ameliorate saline soils include: (a) movement of excess soluble salts from upper to lower soil depths via leaching, which may be accomplished by continuous ponding, intermittent ponding, or sprinkling; (b) surface flushing of salts from soils that contain salt crusts at the surface, a shallow watertable, or a highly impermeable profile; (c) biological reduction of salts by harvest of high‐salt accumulating aerial plant parts, in areas with negligible irrigation water or rainfall available for leaching; and (d) amelioration of saline soils under cropping and leaching. Among these methods, cropping in conjunction with leaching has been found as the most successful and sustainable way to ameliorate saline soils. Cropping during leaching or between leachings causes an increase in salt‐leaching efficiency because a decrease in soil water content occurs under unsaturated water flow conditions with a concurrent decrease in large pore bypass and drainage volume. Consequently, anaerobic conditions in soil may occur during leaching that can affect crop growth. Thus, in addition to the existing salt‐tolerant crop genotypes, research is needed to seek out or develop genotypes with increased tolerances to salinity and hypoxia. Since salt leaching is interacted by many factors, evaluation of the traditional concepts such as the leaching requirement (LR), the leaching fraction (LF) and the salt balance index (SBI) demands incorporation of a rapid, efficient and economical way of monitoring changes in soil salinity during amelioration. Besides this, numerous models that have been developed for simulating movement and reactions of salts in soils need evaluation under actual field conditions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滨海重度盐碱地微咸水滴灌水盐调控及月季根系生长响应研究

滨海盐碱地是滨海地区重要的土地资源,随着滨海地区城镇化进程及生态文明建设的发展,迫切需要低成本、快速、可持续的滨海盐碱地原土植被构建技术。针对滨海盐碱地原土建植与咸水/微咸水资源的利用,该研究以月季(Rosa chinensis)为例,采用微咸水滴灌技术进行滨海盐碱地水盐调控植被构建。试验在渤海湾曹妃甸区吹沙造田形成的典型沙质滨海盐渍土上进行,设计了灌溉水电导率(ECiw)为0.8、3.1、4.7、6.3、7.8 dS/m的5个处理,研究滴灌水盐调控对土壤盐分淋洗及月季根系生长和分布特征的影响。结果表明:在渤海湾滨海地区气候条件下,先进行淡水滴灌盐分强化淋洗和缓苗灌溉,随后采用7.8 dS/m的微咸水滴灌,0～100 cm土层土壤盐分得到了有效的淋洗,尤其是根层0～40 cm土壤盐分经过一个月左右,由初始28.33 dS/m降低到均小于4 dS/m,一个低盐适生的土壤环境得到快速营造;随着ECiw的增加,0～40 cm土层土壤最终趋于稳定的盐分呈增加趋势,土壤脱盐过程可以被logistic方程描述,脱盐过程可划分为快速脱盐、缓慢脱盐和盐分趋于稳定3个阶段;94%以上的月季根系主要分布在0～20cm的表层土壤中,随着ECiw的增加,根系生物量显著降低,根系受盐分胁迫生理干旱影响向土壤深处生长以扩大水分空间。研究认为,采用短期淡水滴灌盐分强化淋洗和缓苗淡水滴灌、随后进行微咸水滴灌的方法,可以实现土壤盐分的快速淋洗并维持在较低水平,但受盐分对根系生长的影响会作用于植物地上部分生长及植物存活,因此需要结合植物耐盐性及生产目标(产量、景观)确定适宜灌溉水矿化度阈值。     

ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE BY IMPROVING WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF SOILS IN DRY AREAS

Considering extreme events of climate change and declining availability of appropriate quality water and/or highly productive soil resources for agriculture in dryland regions, the need to produce more food, forage and fibre will necessitate the effective utilization of marginal‐quality water and soil resources. Recent research and practices have demonstrated that effective utilization of these natural resources in dry areas can improve agricultural productivity per unit area and per unit water applied. This paper focuses on the following three case studies as examples: (1) low productivity soils affected by high levels of magnesium in soil solution and on the cation exchange complex; (2) degraded sandy soils under rainfed conditions characterized by low water‐holding capacity, organic matter and clay content and (3) abandoned irrigated soils with elevated levels of salts inhibiting growth of income generating crops. The results of these studies demonstrate that application of calcium‐supplying phosphogypsum to high‐magnesium soils, addition of clays to light textured degraded soils and phytoremediation of abandoned salt‐affected soils significantly improved productivity of these soils. Furthermore, under most circumstances, these interventions were economically viable, revealing that the efficient use of marginal‐quality water and soil resources has the potential to improve livelihoods amid growing populations in dry areas while reversing the natural resource degradation trend. However, considerably more investment and policy‐level interventions are needed to tackle soil degradation/remediation issues across both irrigated and dryland agricultural environments if the major challenge of producing enough food, forage and fibre is to be met. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

盐碱地水盐调控研究

高效安全利用咸水资源是提高环渤海低平原区农业生产可持续发展的重要保障。本文针对该区淡水缺乏、咸水充沛和土壤盐碱贫瘠等因素制约农业生产的问题,回顾了20世纪80年代以来在以中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站为典型代表站点的黄淮海缺水盐渍区开展的以盐碱地治理和农田生产力提升为目标的农田水盐运移过程及调控研究成果。20世纪50—60年代,该区域的工作主要是通过建立排水系统减少区域洪涝灾害发生。20世纪80年代,通过研究提出了控制盐碱的合理浅层地下水水位阈值,形成了以浅层地下水优化治理盐碱地提高农业生产的技术体系;20世纪90年代以来形成了微咸水资源安全灌溉理论及技术体系,冬小麦咸水灌溉阈值从3 g·L~(-1)提升到5 g·L~(-1),并阐述了微咸水灌溉阈值提升的理论基础;近10年来研究并阐明了农田生态系统水盐运移过程及主要限制因子调控机理,研发了以集蓄雨水、咸水利用、合理引水和节约淡水为核心的农田多水源综合利用技术,集成了农田多水源综合利用模式。根据多年的研究积累,以突破水土资源限制农业生产的问题为导向,实施了国家区域战略性增粮工程渤海粮仓科技示范工程,取得了明显的社会、经济和生态效益。在农田水盐研究方面,未来将以提高综合效益和资源利用效率为核心,开展基于生态平衡的作物产量、质量和资源利用效率的协同提升研究,适应区域水土资源的农业绿色发展研究,微咸水高效安全利用的机理过程、技术研发及示范工作,为该区农业可持续健康发展提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

基于DRAINMOD模型估算灌区浅层地下水利用量及盐分累积

在灌溉季节,尤其是下游灌区,农田地下水位较高,作物可就地利用部分浅层地下水,从而减少灌溉需水量,达到节水减排的双重目的。大田作物对浅层地下水利用量的估算是合理制定灌溉淋洗制度及控制土壤盐碱化的前提,但其估算存在一定困难。该文假设当农田灌溉、排水等水文气象条件一致时,某一作物对浅层地下水的利用量等于该田块有、无作物(即裸地)2种情况下造成地下水位差异的水量。据此,首先建立了浅层地下水利用量的计算模型,并以某一半干旱灌区为例,利用田间水文模型-DRAINMOD模拟出有、无作物2种条件下农田地下水位变化过程,然后,计算了棉花、小麦轮作期内对浅层地下水的利用量;在此基础上,进一步分析了浅层地下水利用条件下土壤剖面的盐分平衡。结果显示,该文提出的计算模型能够较好的反映大田实际情况;研究时段内,田间地下水埋深平均值为2.1 m,单位面积上作物利用浅层地下水量为305.8 mm,主要发生在作物生长阶段,其中棉花生长季内地下水利用量约为160 mm。盐分平衡计算结果显示,浅层地下水的利用使得水位以上土壤剖面盐分含量增加,但1 m以内根区土壤盐分在降雨和灌溉作用下得到一定的淋洗,未超出作物耐盐极限,不会对产量造成显著影响。研究成果可为相关灌区制定合理的灌溉制度及提高水资源利用效率提供科学依据。     

Sodicity‐induced land degradation and its sustainable management: problems and prospects

Currently at least 20 per cent of the world's irrigated land is salt‐affected. However, projections of global population growth, and of an increased demand for food and fibre, suggest that larger areas of salt‐affected soil will need to be cropped in the future. About 60 per cent of salt‐affected soils are sodic, and much of this land is farmed by smallholders. Ameliorating such soils requires the application of a source of calcium (Ca²⁺), which replaces excess sodium (Na⁺) at the cation exchange sites. The displaced Na⁺ is then leached from the root zone through excess irrigation, a process that requires adequate flows of water through the soil. However, it must now be recognized that we can no longer conduct sodic soil amelioration and management solely with the aim of achieving high levels of crop productivity. The economic, social, and environmental impacts of different soil‐amelioration options must also be considered. A holistic approach is therefore needed. This should consider the cost and availability of the inputs needed for amelioration, the soil depth, the level to which sodicity needs to be reduced to allow cropping, the volume and quality of drainage water generated during amelioration, and the options available for drainage‐water disposal or reuse. The quality and cost of water available for post‐amelioration crops, and the economic value of the crops grown during and after amelioration should also be taken into account, as should farmers' livelihoods, the environmental implications of amelioration (such as carbon sequestration), and the long‐term sustainable use of the ameliorated site (in terms of productivity and market value). Consideration of these factors, with the participation of key stakeholders, could sustainably improve sodic soil productivity and help to transform such soils into a useful economic resource. Such an approach would also aid environmental conservation, by minimizing the chances of secondary sodicity developing in soils, particularly under irrigated agriculture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滴灌模式对棉花根系分布和水分利用效率的影响

理解膜下滴灌参数对土壤盐分运移和作物生长的影响是制定科学滴灌制度、合理利用水资源的重要环节。毛管布置方式和滴灌水质是膜下滴灌的重要参数,为研究其对土壤盐分变化、棉花根系分布及水分利用效率的影响,设计了2种毛管布置方式（一管四行（Ms）和一管两行（Md））和3个滴灌水质水平（淡水0.24?dS/m、微咸水4.68?dS/m、咸水7.42?dS/m）。结果表明,滴管布置方式对土壤盐分变化和根系分布有显著影响。在相同滴灌水质条件下,Ms处理有利于降低棉花根区土壤含盐量。所有处理根系主要分布于0～40?cm土层内,矿质水滴灌时Md中根系受抑制程度明显高于Ms,但其主要影响根系密度δR＞0.5?kg/m3区域的分布范围,对δR＞0.2?kg/m3区域范围分布无明显影响。生育期内棉花总耗水量随滴灌水矿化度的上升而降低,与滴管布置无关。相对淡水滴灌而言,矿质水滴灌时Ms处理产量有所降低,但其水分利用效率随灌水矿化度上升而升高;而Md处理产量和水分利用效率均随灌水矿化度上升而下降。     

Sustainable land and water management policies and practices: a pathway to environmental sustainability in large irrigation systems

Water cycle, land management, and environmental sustainability are intimately linked. Sustainable land and water management practices are vital for sustaining agricultural productivity and regional development. Unsustainable land and water management practices that violate the system's carrying capacity constraint over long periods can impose significant costs in terms of lost opportunities in farm production and regional development, say by causing waterlogging and salinity. On‐farm and regional salt and water balance dynamics are modeled as a sustainability or carrying capacity constraint, proxied by regional salt and water balance; on‐farm land and water management practices are then adjusted to meet the constraint, such that individual actions do not lead to a net change in the ground water and salt balance. Common actions across the farms would achieve the overall environmental sustainability. An irrigated area in southern Murray‐Darling Basin in Australia serves as a case study example. Integrated hydrologic, economic, agricultural, and environmental models called SWAGMAN series are used to evaluate the impacts of a range of on‐farm interventions on farm income and environmental sustainability. The results show that policies such as restrictions on area under certain crops, and tradable groundwater recharge/salinity credits both offer higher total gross margin and net present value than the business as usual scenario, specifically in the long run—win–win options for the farmers and the environment. The modeling results thus confirm the widely held view that unsustainable land and water management practices that violate the system's carrying capacity can impose significant costs on regional communities. In‐depth hydrological and economic analyses are needed to shape and guide society's vision for sustainable land and water management. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于HYDRUS-1D模型的华北低平原区不同微咸水 利用模式下土壤水盐运移的模拟

华北低平原区深层地下水的不断超采不仅造成淡水资源的枯竭,还引发了地面沉降、土壤盐渍化等一系列生态环境问题。微咸水在农业上的利用已成为缓解水资源危机的研究重点。为了研究不同咸水灌溉模式的可持续性,本文以华北低平原区的河北省南皮县为例,利用Hydrus-1D模型,基于8种不同微咸水灌溉方案,模拟2008—2013年6年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下,2 m土体水盐通量变化。模拟结果表明,土体剖面盐分积盐区主要集中在下层土壤(100~200 cm);上层土壤(0~100 cm)溶液盐分浓度大部分时间保持在2 g·L~(-1)左右,能保证作物正常生长;但土壤剖面盐分浓度在冬小麦灌浆末期出现峰值且随灌水盐分浓度增加而逐渐升高。土体盐分充分淋洗的关键在于降雨强度,7月份降雨强度是土体脱盐与否的主要影响因素;同时,在丰水年型夏玉米播种后结合出苗水适当灌溉洗盐对土体达到有效脱盐起到重要作用。本文通过综合分析水文年型、土壤剖面盐分的动态分布特征以及结合夏玉米出苗水的洗盐淡水用量3方面因素对土壤盐分迁移的影响,提出华北低平原区两种适宜的微咸水灌溉制度:(1)冬前浇灌小于2 g·L~(-1)的冬小麦越冬水,春后在冬小麦拔节期浇灌一次2~4 g·L~(-1)微咸水;(2)冬前不灌越冬水,春后分别在冬小麦拔节期和灌浆期浇灌2 g·L~(-1)微咸水。两种灌溉制度年均结合夏玉米出苗水的洗盐淡水用量和总耗水量分别为60~70 mm和250~260 mm。本文结果旨在为华北低平原区微咸水利用的节水潜力及其可持续性提供理论指导。     

基于遥感数据分析干旱区人工绿洲灌区的水盐时空分异特征

干旱区人工绿洲的土壤盐渍化产生和演化过程是一个多要素参与、多层次驱动、多过程耦合的复杂过程。为揭示干旱扬水灌区区域尺度的水盐时空分异特征,以地处腾格里沙漠边缘的甘肃省景泰川电力提灌工程一期灌区为研究区,选取1994、2001、2008、2015年的直接参与驱动区域土壤水盐分异过程的地表盐分、土壤含盐量、地下水矿化度、地表灌水量、地下水埋深等5个指标因子。运用可拓层次分析法确定各指标因子权重,借助ArcGIS软件中监督分类以及空间分析技术,获取各指标因子的空间分布栅格图件,将各栅格图件进行标准化处理后按照指标权重进行空间嵌套并叠加,定量化地分析了研究区区域尺度的水盐时空分异特征。结果表明:研究区次生盐碱地主要分布在东部的封闭型水文地质单元,总体看,研究区内轻度盐碱地面积最大,中度盐碱地次之,重度盐碱地面积最小;从解译的进程发展态势可知,研究区盐碱地还处于发展过程中,并呈现出加速增长趋势;由可拓层次分析法分析各指标因子权重排序为地下水埋深(0.3190)地下水矿化度(0.2710)土壤含盐量地表盐分地表灌水量,可见,区域内的地下水埋深和地下水矿化度是影响区域尺度水盐时空分异进程的主要驱动因素;研究区水盐时空分布态势与总体地势相关,呈现出西低东高的总体分布特征,由西南向东北以弧线状递增的发展趋势,灌区内东北部封闭型水文地质单元地下水位抬升明显,土壤盐渍化发展迅速。     

Reclamation and salt leaching efficiency for tile drained saline‐sodic soil using marginal quality water for irrigating rice and wheat crops

Due to increased population and urbanization, freshwater demand for domestic purposes has increased resulting in a smaller proportion for irrigation of crops. We carried out a 3‐year field experiment in the Indus Plains of Pakistan on salt‐affected soil (EC_e 15·67–23·96 dS m⁻¹, pH_s 8·35–8·93, SAR 70–120, infiltration rate 0·72–0·78 cm h⁻¹, ρ _b 1·70–1·80 Mg m⁻³) having tile drainage in place. The 3‐year cropping sequence consisted of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops in rotation. These crops were irrigated with groundwater having electrical conductivity (EC) 2·7 dS m⁻¹, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 8·0 (mmol L⁻¹)^1/2 and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) 1·3 mmol_c L⁻¹. Treatments were: (1) irrigation with brackish water without amendment (control); (2) Sesbania (Sesbania aculeata) green manure each year before rice (SM); (3) applied gypsum at 100 per cent soil gypsum requirement (SGR) and (4) applied gypsum as in treatment 3 plus sesbania green manure each year (GSM). A decrease in soil salinity and sodicity and favourable infiltration rate and bulk density over pre‐experiment levels are recorded. GSM resulted in the largest decrease in soil salinity and sodicity. There was a positive relationship between crop yield and economic benefits and improvement in soil physical and chemical properties. On the basis of six crops, the greatest net benefit was obtained from GSM. Based on this long‐term study, combined use of gypsum at 100 per cent soil gypsum requirement along with sesbania each year is recommended for soil amelioration and crop production. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance of some under‐explored crops under saline irrigation in a semiarid climate in Northwest India

Growing salt‐tolerant under‐explored crops utilizing saline ground water can provide for an economic use of abandoned semiarid lands. Field trials were conducted between 1999 and 2003 on a calcareous soil in a semiarid region of northwest India. Woody perennials were planted at the sill of furrows and irrigated with water of high salinity (EC 10–28 dS m⁻¹), low salinity (EC 5–9 dS m⁻¹) and alternately with these two waters. Woody species included Azadirachta indica, Cordia rothii, Salvadora persica, Jatropha curcas, J. gossipifolia, Ricinus communis, Catharanthus roseus, Adhatoda vasica and Aloe barbadensis. Most of these could be grown successfully but S. persica—a highly salt‐tolerant halophyte—though it produced huge biomass, could not yield mature fruit due to frost injury. The salinity build up in the soil was greater during low‐rainfall years, but a good rainfall year, e.g. 714 mm in 2001, helped to leach out the accumulated salts. The uptake of Na⁺ in plants was greater when irrigated with water of high salinity, while K⁺ accumulation was greater with water of low salinity. Na⁺ accumulation was higher in roots as compared to other parts except in Jatropha and Salvadora, while K⁺ accumulation was greater in leaves. There was a negative correlation between Na⁺ and K⁺ accumulation and a positive correlation between Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. Thus, saline water (ECiw 12 dS m⁻¹) can successfully be used for growing several under‐explored crops of high economic value. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SALTIRSOIL: a simulation model for the mid to long‐term prediction of soil salinity in irrigated agriculture

The SALTIRSOIL model predicts soil salinity, sodicity and alkalinity in irrigated land using basic information on soil, climate, crop, irrigation management and water quality. It extends the concept of the WATSUIT model to include irrigation and crop management practices, advances in the calculation of evapotranspiration and new algorithms for the water stress coefficient and calculation of electrical conductivity. SALTIRSOIL calculates the soil water balance and soil solution concentration over the year. A second module, SALSOLCHEM, calculates the inorganic ion composition of the soil solution at equilibrium with soil calcite and gypsum at the soil’s CO₂ partial pressure. Results from comparing predicted and experimentally determined concentrations, observations and predictions of pH, alkalinity and calcium concentration in calcite‐saturated solutions agree to the second significant figure; in gypsum‐saturated solutions the standard difference between observations and predictions is <3% in absolute values. The algorithms in SALTIRSOIL have been verified and SALSOLCHEM validated for the reliable calculation of soil salinity, sodicity and alkalinity at water saturation in well‐drained irrigated lands. In simulations for horticultural crops in southeast Spain, soil solution concentration factors at water saturation, quotients of electrical conductivity (EC₂₅) at saturation to electrical conductivity in the irrigation water, and quotients of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are very similar to average measured values for the area.