牡丹实时定量PCR分析中内参基因的选择

实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)是目前研究基因定量表达的重要方法,根据特定实验材料及条件选择qPCR分析中合适的内参基因对于准确校正目的基因的表达至关重要。本研究以牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)不同组织(根、茎、叶和花瓣)、切花开放不同时期及不同处理(乙烯或葡萄糖处理)的花瓣为材料,利用qPCR技术探讨了5种常用看家基因:β-微管蛋白基因(β-tubulin)、泛素基因(ubiquitin)、甘油醛-3-磷酸-脱氢酶基因(GAPDH)、肌动蛋白基因(actin)及18S核糖体RNA(18S rRNA)的表达情况,各看家基因均能特异扩增并显示较高的扩增效率。经geNorm和NormFinder程序统计学计算处理,综合分析结果显示,在牡丹不同组织或切花开放不同时期花瓣中,ubiquitin表达最为稳定;在不同处理的切花花瓣中,GAPDH表达最为稳定,二者分别适宜作为相应条件下的内参基因。本研究认为,各实验条件下使用ubiquitin和GAPDH两个表达最稳定的基因组合,即可获得更为精确的基因表达结果。本研究结果对牡丹中关键基因的定量表达分析具有重要的实用价值。     

中国海南岛香蕉种植潜力的鉴定

Land use alternatives are sought to boost agricultural income and productivity in Hainan Island,China.Regional differences exist in crop limitations,such as typhoon risk,low temperatures,poor soil fertility,and drought.In this study a crop zonation was made for a range of crops,among which is banana,as a way to:1) establish areas for potential expansion for banana,and 2) identifylimitations and options for crop and land management.A spatial soil and terrain database of Hainan Island(1:250000) was linked to the automated land evaluation system(ALES).The qualitative models were verified by comparing suitability maps with actual land use.Theresults may support policy formulation on issues such as alternatives to current land use,assessment of best management practices,and the need for fertilizer programmes.     

基于气候适宜度指数预报玉米产量时旬权重系数的确定方法

利用吉林省1980-2016年春玉米作物资料、50个气象站的逐日气象资料,构建春玉米生长季各旬的气候适宜度模型。分别采用绝对值法、归一化法和相关系数法确定各旬气候适宜度权重系数,进而计算4月上旬-预报日前一旬的气候适宜度指数,分析不同方法得到的气候适宜度指数与春玉米产量气象影响指数的相关性,并进行回归分析,建立产量动态预报模型,对吉林省春玉米单产进行预报。结果表明：三种方法研究的权重系数之间存在一定差异,但总体上随生育期的变化趋势基本一致。利用1981-2012年资料回归分析建立的产量丰歉预报模型多数通过0.05水平的有效性检验,各预报模型历史拟合平均准确率均在85.0%以上,归一化均方根误差NRMSE均小于17.0%,丰歉趋势预报准确率普遍在60.0%～80.0%,三种方法差异不明显。利用模型对2013-2016年春玉米单产进行外推预报,各预报时间准确率存在波动,但绝对值法、归一化法和相关系数法所有预报时间的平均准确率分别为93.5%、90.8%、87.2%,预报结果准确率的标准差分别为32.6、69.4、116.1。且绝对值法各预报时间平均准确率均在85.0%以上。可见绝对值法预报结果的准确率和稳定性均较高,可以满足业务服务需要。     

Integration of cover crops and vermicompost tea for soil and plant health management in a short-term vegetable cropping system

Short-term vegetable crop production often involves frequent tillage and other farm activities that results in disturbed soil food web communities. A less disturbed soil community would have a more structured soil food web which contains soil fauna higher up in the food web hierarchy, thus higher integrity in soil nutrient cycling. The objective of this study is to examine if strip-till cover cropping and drenching soil with vermicompost tea could improve soil food web structure in a short-term agroecosystem. Two field trials were conducted in Waialua, HI, USA to evaluate the effect of strip-till planting of sunn hemp (SH, Crotalaria juncea) or crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) cover crops in a zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) cropping system. At zucchini planting, each cover crop plot was split to receive four soil treatments: fertilizer (F, chicken pellet), compost tea (CT), fertilizer plus compost tea (F + CT), and none. Compost tea was prepared from chicken manure based vermicompost aerated overnight in water at 1:10 (v:v). Planting of SH increased bacterivorous nematodes and suppressed plant-parasitic nematodes throughout both zucchini cropping cycles, but did not enhance the numbers of omnivorous or predatory nematodes. Crimson clover did not enhance beneficial nematodes nor suppress plant-parasitic nematodes. Adding CT to F suppressed the key plant-parasitic nematodes only at the initial stage of the zucchini growth, increased percentage of predatory or omnivorous nematodes only toward the end of zucchini crops, and increased the structure index at harvest in the first trial. Zucchini yield was increased by planting of SH but not by drenching of CT. Despite the benefits of CT in improving the soil food web structure, a correlation analysis revealed that zucchini yields were correlated to the reduction in the percentage of fungivorous nematodes at planting, an increase in the percentage of bacterivorous nematodes at harvest, and to reduction in the percentage of plant-parasitic nematodes at harvest.     

Integration of ANP and Fuzzy set techniques for land suitability assessment based on remote sensing and GIS for irrigated maize cultivation

Land suitability assessment can inform decisions on land uses suitable for maximizing crop yield while making best use, but not impairing the ability of natural resources such as soil to support growth. We assessed the suitability of maize to be produce in 12,000 ha land of Dasht-e-Moghan region of Ardabil province, northwest of Iran. Suitability criteria included soil depth, gypsum (%), CaCO₃ (%), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), slope (%) and climate data. We modified and developed a novel set of techniques to assess suitability: fuzzy set theory, analytic network process (ANP), remote sensing and GIS. A map of suitability was compared a map created using a traditional suitability technique, the square root method. The coefficient of determination between the land suitability index and observed maize yield for square root and ANP-fuzzy methods was 0.747 and 0.919, respectively. Owing to greater flexibility to represent different data sources and derive weightings for meaningful land suitability classes, the ANP-fuzzy method was a superior method to represent land suitability classes than the square root method.     

A comparison of qualitative and quantitative physical land evaluations, using an assessment of the potential for sugar-beet growth in the European Community

Abstract. Qualitative and quantitative physical land evaluations differ in their technical procedures, i.e. use of expert knowledge versus process-orientated simulation models. This paper compares the results of both procedures using the growth potential for sugar-beet in the European Community. Qualitative procedures give suitability expressions, such as land being well suited or moderately suited for a given land use. Less than 30% of EC land was found to be well suited or moderately suited under water-limited conditions. No quantitative expressions for the crop yield potential are, however, produced. The quantitative procedure describes suitability in terms of average crop yield and its temporal variability. Water-limited and potential dry matter yields of sugar-beet were estimated to range from 3.5 to 20 t/ha, and from 6 to 25 t/ha, respectively.
Comparison of results of the qualitative and quantitative procedures for regions showed that the suitability classes obtained by the former can be characterized by different yield distributions derived from the latter. These yield assessments showed that results of qualitative land evaluation procedures aimed at assessing yield potential are meaningful only when they are linked to agroclimatic zones. The comparison also showed that some moderate restrictions, which often can be counteracted by adequate farm management, are not incorporated into the quantitative procedure.     

Development of a land suitability model for saffron (Crocus sativus L.) cultivation in Khost Province of Afghanistan using GIS and AHP techniques

In this study, we have attempted to develop a land suitability model for saffron, an agronomic crop, which is economically viable, environmentally bearable and socially equitable at Khost Province of Afghanistan. The objective was to determine different land suitability classes for saffron cultivation using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS). A decision tree was developed encompassing the physical, economic and social criteria. We used the secondary data (meteorological, remote sensing) from available sources and also substantial primary data generated from soil survey, interviews and experts’ opinion. A total of 30 physical and socio-economic factors were included in the analysis. The final land suitability result showed that out of the total land area of Khost Province, 1.5, 4.5, 8.6 and 85.4% areas were highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable and not suitable, respectively. This modelling approach can be applied to determine the suitability of land for other crops covering a wider geographical region of Afghanistan.     

Assessing the suitability of recycled plastics used as agricultural soil covers: migration study and experimental harvest

The present work is focused on evaluating the suitability of recycling postconsumer agricultural plastic films again for the same use. The criteria to assess the suitability was based on migration study. Both overall and specific migration tests were performed, and the results obtained (ranging from 0.14 to 1.27 mg/dm(2) for overall migration and from not detectable to 6.98 microg/dm(2) for specific migration) show how, from this point of view, the recycled material can be safely proposed to be used again as agricultural soil covers. A theoretical discussion about the migration process is also presented and a simple mathematical model was applied to the data obtained, showing how total migration which is experimentally detected is theoretically predictable. These conclusions found were used to design and develop a controlled crop of tomato by using this recycled film. The use of the recycled plastic in the whole process and the behavior and properties of the pesticides absorbed in the postconsumer film are discussed.     

Taxonomic and functional diversity of the soil microbiome recruited from alternative crops in a rotation system

Intensive cropping is considered to contribute to negative effects both on soil physiochemical properties and on long-term grain yield, which can be alleviated by appropriate crop rotations. The soil microbial community can vary with different crop rotations, which in turn affect soil quality and grain yield. Therefore, it is of great significance to elucidate the response of the soil microbial community to crop rotation. In this study, the structural and functional changes of microbial community in different crop rotations were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics analysis in a field experiment. The continuous winter wheat-summer maize cropping system was the control, and three crop rotations were established in October 2016 as follows: (1) spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize, (2) winter wheat-summer peanut→winter wheat-summer maize and (3) spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize. Soil samples were collected in September 2021 for soil microbial assessment. The results showed that the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota in the soil of spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize was significantly higher (15.2%) than that in the control. The relative abundance of Ascomycota was significantly higher (19.8%–23.2%) in the soil following crop rotation compared with the control. Compared with the control, spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize enriched energy metabolism genes, and spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize reduced the genes related to plant–pathogen interaction. Compared with the control, crop rotation significantly decreased the relative abundance of the inorganic phosphorus solubilization gene (gcd) and the phosphorus transport gene (upgE) and increased the abundance of organic phosphorus mineralization genes (phoA and phyA). Based on these results, we concluded that the composition of the soil microbial community and functional genes can be altered by crop rotation, and spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize and spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize had more significant effects. This study provided a reference for the selection of crop rotations in the North China Plain based on the soil microbial community and its function.     

基于景观适宜性评价的建设用地管制分区研究

[目的]开展建设用地适宜性评价并进行评价分区方案优选,为完善建设用地适宜性评价方法、优化建设用地空间布局提供参考。[方法]通过构建科学的建设用地适宜性评价指标体系,合理划定适宜性等级,根据适宜性等级的不同组合确定建设用地管制分区供选方案,构造景观生态质量评价模型,开展供选方案的优选。[结果]建设用地适宜性评价结果为6级适宜性等级区,面积分别为6.03,13.83,27.75,45.66,168.24,108.05km2;适宜性分区方案1具有较高的景观生态质量,为方案优选结果。[结论]基于适宜性评价的建设用地管制区方案具有较低的干扰度、较高的稳定度,景观生态质量综合指数较高。通过综合比较,方案1具有较高景观生态质量,它优化了城乡建设用地拓展空间,有利于提高景观生态系统的可持续性。     

Assessing potential production of maize using simulation models for land evaluation in Brazil

Abstract. The paper highlights the advantages of modelling to simulate dynamic processes and to couple environmental data more closely with effects on crops. The CERES-Maize crop model and the DSSAT software package were selected for the work and the region of the Triângulo Mineiro in the state of Minas Gerais was selected as the study area. The results showed that there are differences in the potential production of the Latosols of the Triângulo Mineiro and this should be taken into account when extrapolating or transferring technology for other regions within the same cerrado ecosystem of central-west Brazil. It is essential to improve the number of points with weather data collection since, as demonstrated for Frutal, the climate of the Triângulo can determine differences in potential agricultural production as well as risk for production. The study showed that the use of crop models can improve land suitability evaluations, for land use planning, or establishing strategies for rural funding.     

基于三温模型和热红外遥感的不同大豆品种蒸腾特征研究

蒸腾耗水是水循环中重要的水分存在形式之一,是准确量化水分利用效率的关键参数,对研究碳水循环关系及节水农业有重要意义。本研究以大豆品种‘晋21’(J21)和‘Union’(C08)为研究对象,设置两种水分处理[当地经验灌水定额的75%(A0)和37.5%(A1)],基于三温模型(3TModel)和热红外遥感,定量研究不同品种和不同水分胁迫下的大豆蒸腾速率,揭示其时空特征差异,从而为抗旱节水大豆品种筛选提供参考。研究结果表明:1)不同处理下大豆的蒸腾速率日变化趋势与气温、太阳净辐射和冠层温度的基本一致,呈先增加后减小的单峰曲线,且于午间达到峰值,峰值为1.2～2.5mm·h~(-1);各处理的大豆冠层温度和蒸腾速率均呈现出明显的空间异质性。2)J21与C08大豆的冠层温度A0处理分别低于A1处理6.55K和5.91K,蒸腾速率A0处理高于A1处理0.28 mm·h~(-1)和0.29 mm·h~(-1);大豆蒸腾速率与灌水量呈正相关、与冠层温度呈负相关。3)在相同水分胁迫下,大豆冠层温度J21低于C08 1.83～2.47 K,蒸腾速率J21高于C08 0.13～0.14 mm·h~(-1)。本研究与传统方法相比,所需要的参数较少,避开了空气动力学阻抗等难获取的参数,对农田尺度更具有适宜性,更能揭示不同农田环境下作物的蒸腾时空异质性,在农业水分高效利用和节水品种筛选上有十分重要的科学意义。     

鲁北地区地膜覆盖对棉花需水量、作物系数及水分利用效率的影响

作物系数和需水量是制定作物灌溉制度和计算区域水资源平衡的重要参数,不同气候和不同栽培条件下作物系数和需水量会发生变化。本文通过大田试验,以水量平衡法计算作物需水量、以Penman-Monteith公式计算参照作物蒸散量和作物系数。结果表明,鲁北地区棉花地膜覆盖栽培比露地栽培生育期内作物需水量减少101.5mm,作物系数降低17.6%,水分利用效率增加29.3%。     

内蒙古宜耕沙地作物适宜性评价与节水灌溉方式配置

内蒙古自治区拥有大量宜耕沙地,但普遍都面临干旱缺水、土壤漏水漏肥、地表高温、微地形复杂等问题,经营管理不善不仅会进一步加剧水资源危机,而且还会因土地生产力水平低下而导致土地撂荒与沙化。为了在作物种植结构优化与灌溉方式选配方面给当地农户提供参考依据,该研究从内蒙古宜耕沙地可持续利用过程中所遇到的共性问题出发,以内蒙古自治区近5 a产量和种植面积都居前的7种农作物(春玉米、春小麦、谷子、大豆、油菜、水稻、马铃薯)为评价对象,从需水量、有效积温、土壤pH值、增温响应、经济效益、耐旱性能等6方面对其适宜性进行分析与比较。同时,又以该地区近10 a种植面积居前的8种牧草(冰草属牧草、沙蒿、柠条锦鸡儿、批碱草属牧草、羊草、紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、无芒雀麦)和1种近年来得到广泛关注的牧草(青贮玉米)为评价对象,从降水量、气温、土壤pH值、营养价值等四方面对其适宜性进行了分析与比较。然后,针对各种作物的种植模式,结合各种灌溉方式的自身特点以及内蒙古宜耕沙地主要的土壤、气候、地形地貌特征,以提高水分与养分利用效率为主要目标,为各种作物选配了适宜的节水灌溉方式。结果表明适宜在内蒙古宜耕沙地上种植的农作物依次为春玉米、春小麦、谷子、大豆、油菜、水稻、马铃薯,牧草依次为冰草属牧草、沙蒿、青贮玉米、柠条锦鸡儿、批碱草属牧草、羊草、紫花苜蓿/沙打旺、无芒雀麦。在条件许可的情况下建议玉米、水稻、大豆、马铃薯等疏植作物选用滴灌甚至膜下滴灌,其他密植作物(包括牧草)选用喷灌。因该研究在对作物适宜性进行评价时所采纳的数据均来自于公开发表的文献资料,试验条件存在较大差异,并且所采纳的评价指标以及权重因子在一定程度上仍存在主观性,导致评价方法仍有待进一步改进与完善,但相关结果仍可为内蒙古宜耕沙地可持续高效利用提供借鉴。     

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth potential in the Slovak rural landscape

By the application of geographic information system (GIS) based on existing databases on soil characteristics, it is possible to quantify and assess categories of soil suitability important for crop cultivation. In this article we demonstrate such methods for winter wheat. The objective was to differentiate the Slovak rural landscape with respect to the possibility of effective winter wheat cultivation. The differentiation was based on soil climatic and production economic parameters. For soil categorization, correlation relationships between the site properties (soil and climatic conditions) and crop biological and agro-technical requirements were considered. The prediction was subsequently interpolated into four suitability categories: soils not suitable for wheat cultivation, less suitable soils, suitable soils, and very suitable soils. The database was developed and each area was added to it as well as the particular category of suitability for wheat cultivation. By using the GIS distribution in Slovakia, the maps of soil suitability categories for wheat cultivation were generated. In Slovakia, 29% of farmland was found to be very suitable for wheat cultivation, 25% suitable, 9% less suitable and 37% non-suitable by our calculations. These categories are characterized in detail and specified from the point of view of geographic, soil, climatic, production, economic and energetic parameters.     

黄土区退耕背景下的土地利用适宜性评价——以安塞县马家沟流域为例

 采用坡度、土壤侵蚀强度和地貌部位等指标,对黄土丘陵区马家沟流域1990年和退耕后近10年的2008年的土地利用情况进行适宜性评价。结果表明:1)退耕还林作用影响下,1990—2008年间,流域中农用地减少了11.74%,林地增加了11.54%,园地增加了1.82%,主要发生在>15°陡坡地段;2)马家沟流域土地利用相对合理指数由1990年的0.64变为2008年的0.67;3)2008年农、林、草主要地类占流域面积分别为21.17%、19.57%和56.62%。农用地类型中,高适宜性地类(适宜性指数A>0.8)和中适宜性地类(0.5≤A≤0.8)面积分别为1.31%和21.27%,低适宜性地类(A0.7)、中(0.5≤A≤0.7)、低适宜性(A0.7)和中适宜性(0.4≤A≤0.7)地类面积分别占24.87%和75.13%。     

新疆地区棉花和甜菜需水量的统计降尺度模型预测

气候变化情景下新疆地区作物需水量空间分布规律的研究,可作为农业用水规划的参考依据。基于新疆维吾尔自治区41个气象站1961-2010年逐日气象数据,分别采用FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式和单作物系数法计算各站参考作物腾发量和作物系数,由两者的乘积获得棉花和甜菜需水量(crop water requirement,ETc);运用统计降尺度模型SDSM4.2软件,预测2015-2099年高排放和低排放两种气候情景下各站棉花和甜菜的日ETc时间序列。结果表明,新疆地区1961-2010年棉花和甜菜在不同生育阶段作物系数变化范围为0.58~1.08,棉花和甜菜生育期多年平均ETc的空间分布由南部向北部逐渐减小。统计降尺度预测过程中的26个预报因子中,地表平均比湿和地表平均气温与ETc在多数站点相关性较好。2015-2099年高排放和低排放情景下的ETc空间分布规律与1961-2010年的类似,但数值小的多。总体上,全疆历史和未来的棉花和甜菜ETc均以不同程度下降。该研究可为新疆地区灌溉决策及节水规划提供依据。     

Simulating NaCl accumulation in a closed hydroponic crop of zucchini: Impact on macronutrient uptake,growth, yield,and photosynthesis

Zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) plants were grown in a closed‐loop hydroponic system and supplied with nutrient solution (NS) containing NaCl at different concentrations (0.7, 3, 5, and 7 mM). The primary aim of the study was to define the relationship between the concentration of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in the root zone solution and the respective Na⁺/water or Cl⁻/water uptake ratios (uptake concentrations, UC). A second objective was to determine the UC of macronutrients (i.e ., N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and to test whether they are influenced by the gradual increase of the root zone salinity due to progressive NaCl accumulation. Two experiments were conducted, of which one (spring crop) was used to parameterize an existing empirical model, while the second one (autumn‐winter crop) was commissioned to test the validity of the determined model parameters. Both Cl⁻ and Na⁺ ions accumulated progressively in the root zone solution over time, showing a tendency to stabilize at final concentrations according to the corresponding NaCl treatment. The relationship between the Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations in the root zone and the Na⁺/water or Cl⁻/water uptake ratios was exponential and the model parameters successfully fitted to data from crops cultivated in different growth seasons. This model may be used to monitor Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations in the root environment of zucchini crops as relationships of the plant water consumption. The exposure of plants to NaCl affected the UC of N, K, Ca, and Mg, but the results for some nutrients were not consistent in both growth seasons. The measurements of plant growth characteristics (i.e ., biomass, yield, fruit quality, and photosynthesis) revealed that water resources containing up to 3 mM NaCl do not cause unacceptable yield losses in zucchini crops grown in completely closed hydroponic systems.     

Land suitability assessment for perennial crops using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems: A case study in northwestern Egypt

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to develop a Geographic Information Systems-based model for land suitability assessment for guava, olive and date palm in the North-western coast of Egypt. Soil, climatic and landscape database as well as satellite image have been integrated through Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A Landsat ETM+ image dated 2001, was classified using maximum likelihood classifier to produce land use/land cover map. Physical and chemical analyses of 57 soil profiles were interpolated to produce continuous land characteristic maps that are relevant to the requirement of the considered crops. These maps with climate and land cover map were integrated using GIS to produce land suitability maps for guava, olive and date palm. Two types of land suitability maps were produced in this study namely: Continuous land suitability maps and conventional land suitability classified maps. For each of them six land suitability maps were produced for the three crops in which three are for actual land suitability and the other three for potential land suitability. It was found that the suitability was higher for date palm followed by olive and the lowest suitability was assigned for guava.     

NDVI时序相似性对冬小麦种植面积总量控制的制图精度影响

遥感技术获取的区域作物面积与作物面积统计数据间常常存在不一致的问题,这在一定程度上影响了作物分布遥感制图信息的应用。为获得与作物面积统计数据一致的高精度作物分布遥感制图信息,该研究以河北省衡水市武邑县为研究区,以时序Sentinel-2遥感影像生成的归一化差值植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI)为研究数据,将冬小麦面积目视解译数据作为遥感提取的区域冬小麦面积总量参考,提出基于复合型混合演化算法(Shuffled Complex Evolution-University of Arizona, SCE-UA)和区域作物种植面积总量控制的NDVI时序相似性阈值优化冬小麦分布制图方法,并进行精度验证。在此基础上,进一步开展不同生育阶段NDVI时序相似性及其相似性组合的冬小麦分布提取精度对比研究。结果表明,利用全生育期NDVI时序相似性获得的冬小麦分布制图结果总量精度达99.99%以上,总体精度达98.08%,Kappa系数为0.96,可以保证遥感提取的区域冬小麦面积与冬小麦种植面积总量控制参考间的高度一致性且能获得较高的作物遥感识别精度。从不同生育阶段NDVI时序相似性及其相似性组合的冬小麦分布提取结果可知,利用出苗期-分蘖期、返青期-拔节期的NDVI时序可获得高精度冬小麦分布提取结果,而利用抽穗期-成熟期的NDVI时序数据提取冬小麦结果则精度较低,且综合不同生育阶段NDVI时序数据有利于冬小麦制图精度的提高。该研究可为高精度冬小麦分布提取和制图技术及其方案优化提供一定参考依据,也可为遥感数据和作物面积统计数据融合的大范围农作物分布遥感制图及统计数据空间化提供一定技术方法参考和思路借鉴。