Diversity of seed globulins in Lathyrus sativus L. and some related species

Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reduced seed globulins covered 141 accessions of Lathyrus sativus and the following related species: L. amphicarpos, L. blepharicarpus, L. cicera, L. gorgoni, L. marmoratus, L. pseudocicera and L. stenophyllus. In the total examined material 71 globulin polypeptide bands were distinguished. The number of polypeptide bands detected in particular species varied from 14 in L. amphicarpos to 29 in L. sativus; all the species under study showed intraspecific variation due to individual variation and/or differences among accessions. Electrophoretic data were subjected to statistical analysis using hierarchical UPGMA grouping. Frequency distribution of polypeptide bands in L. sativus showed some correlations with geographical origin and certain seed characteristics (seed coat colour, seed weight) of the studied accessions. As regards interspecific relationships, the studied species showed to be distantly related taxa except for the rather closely allied L. cicera and L. marmoratus. The obtained results are compared with the electrophoretic seed albumin data reported earlier for the same taxa.     

Diversity of seed albumins in some Lathyrus species related to L. sativus L.: An electrophoretic study

Electrophoretic analysis of seed albumins covered 66 Lathyrus accessions representing L. amphicarpos, L. blepharicarpus, L. cicera, L. gorgoni, L. marmoratus, L. pseudocicera and L. stenophyllus. The number of major albumin bands recorded in particular species varied from two in L. amphicarpos to eight in L. gorgoni. Apart from L. amphicarpos, all the species under study showed intraspecific variation. In total, 21 bands were distinguished. The results were compared with the corresponding data reported earlier for L. sativus. All the data were statistically analysed. The species examined in this study proved to be distantly related to L. sativus. Distinctness of particular Lathyrus species was quite marked except for L. cicera and L. marmoratus which produced similar electrophoretic seed albumin patterns.     

Variability of phenotypic and morphological characteristics of some Lathyrus sativus L. and Lathyrus cicera L. accessions and nutritional traits of their seeds

The object of the study comprised 54 grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) accessions originating from Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovak Republic, Poland, Ukraine and Russia together with 18 red pea (Lathyrus cicera) accessions from Greece, Spain and Italy. The plants were grown under the same conditions in Poland. Some phenological and morphological traits of plants as well as some seed morphological properties and nutritive value were investigated. Lathyrus sativus seeds contained more protein (average 300?g vs. 255?g?kg^?1 dry matter (DM)), whereas the differences in the average contents of the other basic nutrients between both these species as well as between particular accessions were not substantial. Except for a low level of methionine, the protein of both species showed fairly high concentration of other exogenic amino acids (EAAI around 63–64%). Fat of both L. sativus and L. cicera seeds was found to contain a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (66.9 and 58.6%, respectively), mainly linoleic (57.4 and 47.2%, respectively). The researched L. sativus accessions had a quite low level of β-ODAP (733?mg with a range of 0.583–1.340?mg?kg^?1 DM). Slightly higher content of this ANF (1,168?mg with 911–1,349?mg?kg ^?1 DM) in L. cicera seeds was noted. Average tannin concentration in the L. sativus and L. cicera accessions reached 3.3 and 6.4?g?kg^?1 DM, respectively. Average content of this ANF in L. sativus significantly correlated with the colour of both, flowers and seeds; with generally, a darker colour associated with higher levels of tannins.     

Isozymic polymorphism and phylogeny of 10 Lathyrus species

Isozyme variation and phylogenetic relationships between ten annual andperennial Lathyrus species: L.aphaca, L.articulatus, L.cicera, L.hirsutus, L.latifolius, L.nissolia, L.odoratus, L.ochrus, L.sativus and L.sylvestris were studied. Four enzyme systems,leucine-amino-peptidase (LAP), 6-phosphogluconatedeshydrogenase (6-PGD), glutamateoxalo-acetate transaminase (GOT) and phosphoglucoisomerase(PGI) were analyzed, using gel electrophoresis. Fivepolymorphic loci were detected and eleven alleles were identified at these loci.Zymogram data revealed that almost all-present species studied exhibited isozymepolymorphism. L. latifolius andL. sylvestris maintain high levels ofisozyme diversity, which is probably associated with the perenniality of thesetwo species and their predominantly outcrossing reproduction system. Incontrast, the low level of genetic diversity observed in other species isattributed to their breeding systems. These species are annuals and have higherproportions of selfing. The distribution of genetic variation within and amongspecies showed large genetic differences between the analysed species.PGD-1 andPGD-2 loci contributed the most to thedistinction between species. GOT-2,LAP-1 and PGI-1loci contributed to the distinction within species. The low level of gene flowrevealed could be partly related to the high level of autogamy in the majorityof species. The regroupement of species revealed by Nei's genetic similarityagrees only in parte with Kupicha's classification based on morphologicalcharacters. Thus, these isozymic markers are important in germplasm collectionand conservation.     

Selection of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in Lathyrus sativus L. under different development stages and drought stress

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a robust legume crop with high protein content and good stress tolerance. However, it needs genetic improvement due to the...     

Effects of cadmium stress on seedlings of various rangeland plant species (Avena fatua L., Lathyrus sativus L., and Lolium temulentum L.): Growth,physiological traits,and cadmium accumulation

A pot culture experiment was performed to study the effect of cadmium stress (Cd stress) on seedling growth, physiological traits, and remediation potency of Avena fatua, Lathyrus sativus, and Lolium temulentum. The seedlings of these native rangeland plant species were treated with 0, 2, 4, and 6 mM cadmium nitrate concentrations. Based on the results of analysis of variance (p < 0.05), the shoot height, shoot dry weight, root length, root dry weight, root: shoot ratio, total chlorophyll content, soluble sugars, and protein contentof A. fatua, L. sativus, and L. temulentum significantly decreased with increased cadmium concentrations. Generally, translocation factor (TF) and tolerance index (TI) decreased significantly as the concentration of cadmium increased. The maximum TF and TI of studied plants in various concentrations of Cd were observed in L. temulentum followed by L. sativus and A. fatua. The root concentration factor (RCF) values of all studied plants were higher than 1 under different cadmium concentrations. Our results indicate that Lolium temulentum could be labeled as an accumulator of Cd asthe values of TF and RCF are greater than 1. A. fatua and L. sativus showed a potential to be used in the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils.     

Effects of salinity,drought, and priming treatments on seed germination and growth parameters of Lathyrus sativus L.

Germination of plants is one of the most important stages during their growth, which is often influenced by environmental stresses, especially drought and salinity. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of salinity and drought on seed germination and growth of Lathyrus sativus. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in four replications. Salinity treatments were 0, 2, and 4 dS/m and drought treatments included 0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 MPa. Salinity and drought treatments were prepared by using sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol 6000, respectively. The results showed that salinity and drought stresses decreased germination percentage, and root and radicle length.     

Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) accessions collected from North-Western Ethiopia using SSR markers

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a legume crop known to be an excellent source of protein, tolerant to drought, waterlogging, and salinity. The crop is used...     

Ecogeographic analysis of pea collection sites from China to determine potential sites with abiotic stresses

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is grown widely throughout China and has undergone natural selection throughout its agricultural range over 2,000 years. Here we characterize collection site habitats to develop an understanding of the key selection pressures likely to be imposed by each environment to facilitate the investigation of specific adaptation. We characterized 240 collection sites of 529 pea landraces, across 25 provinces and 3 municipalities of China comprising the main pea cropping regions for climatic variables. Multivariate analyses showed that collection sites tended to cluster along geographic and abiotic stress clines. Spring sown sites and winter sown sites were clearly separated into 6 and 7 habitat type clusters respectively. In addition, regions which experience extreme abiotic stresses of frost, drought and high temperature in the reproductive period for pea landraces, were identified as targets for germplasm to be tested for respective tolerances to these stresses.     

Ecogeographic and genetic diversity based on morphological characters of indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Yunnan, China

Yunnan is one of the largest centres of genetic ecological diversity and the richest area for elite germplasm of rice (O. sativa L.) resources in the world. Its indigenous rice average diversity index of six ecological groups are, in turn, javanica (1.2319) > aman (1.1738) > communis (1.1726) > nuda (1.1618) > aus (1.1371) > boro (0.9889), and there are great differences between indica (1.1454) and japonica (1.2081). The indigenous rice in Yunnan can be divided into 58 varieties, almost the total number found in China, and the cultivars account for 8.6% of the total cultivars in China. A great difference in ecological diversity index of rice resources between prefectures or counties in Yunnan province also exists, with the southwest part (Lincang, Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Simao) and southeast part (Wenshan) having been found to be the largest centre of genetic diversity, as their average genetic diversity index ranges from 1.2735 to 1.2036, especially. The average diversity index of the Cangyuan, Gengma, Zhenkang, Yongde, Yingjiang, Jinghong, Menghai, Shuangjiang, Ruili, Longchuan, Mojiang, Wenshan and Guangnan counties, in particular, have an average diversity index ranging from 0.8 to1.0. On the contrary, in Diqing, Dongchuan, Kunming, Lijiang, Qujing, Chuxiong, it is comparatively low, i.e., 0.7843–1.1075. Differences in the ecological diversity index of rice resources between rice regions are small, only 1.1322 to 1.2849.     

Nutrient distribution and phenolic antioxidants in air-classified fractions of beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus L.)

Beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus L.) cotyledons and hulls were air-classified into different fractions. The crude protein content (%N x 6.25) of samples ranged from 32.8 to 35.3% in cotyledons and 14.7 to 16.8% in hulls. Crude fiber content was higher in hulls fraction 1 (37.13%) and fraction 2 (36.85%) than in cotyledons (2.83, 2.99, and 3.08% in fractions 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Condensed tannins of cotyledons ranged from 5.76 to 6.90% and of hulls ranged from 52.49 to 57.24%, expressed as catechin equivalents. Minerals, namely P, K, and Zn, were higher in cotyledons, but Ca and Mn were more prevalent in hulls. Nonprotein nitrogen was concentrated in hulls, whereas phytic acid was more abundant in the cotyledons. The UV absorption pattern showed that flavonoids were present in fractions (I-III) from hulls separated on Sephadex LH-20. Fraction III from hulls had the highest content of total phenolics and condensed tannins, but no condensed tannins were detected in fractions I and II from hulls. The antioxidant activity of fractions separated on Sephadex LH-20 from hulls and crude extracts in a beta-carotene-linoleate model system was in the order of fraction III > crude extract > fraction II > fraction I. Spots on silica gel TLC plates, sprayed with a solution of beta-carotene and linoleic acid, indicated that many of the individual compounds were antioxidative in nature. Further, separation of fraction III from hulls on a semipreparative HPLC showed the presence of (+) catechin and (-) epicatechin as the main low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds present.     

Isoenzyme variation within the wildSecale L. species

Summary The degree of inter- and intra-specific variation in the populations of allogamous and autogamousSecale L. species was estimated in support of isoenzyme markers. Totally, 11 different species ofSecale were analysed including perennial species:S. kuprijanovii Grossh.,S. chaldicum Fed.,S. montanum Guss.,S. anatolicum Boiss., and annual species:S. silvestre Host.,S. vavilovii Grossh.,S. ancestrale Zhuk.,S. dighoricum Vav.,S. afghanicum Vav.,S. segetale Roshev.; as well as the cultivated ryeS. cereale L. cv. Dakowskie Zote. Isoenzymes were analysed in the first leaf of single young seedlings grown in controlled conditions using starch-gel slab electrophoresis technique and the electrophoretic forms of two different enzyme systems were detected: nonspecific esterases (E. C. 3. 1. 1) and peroxidase (E. C. 1. 11. 1. 7). It was found that the breeding system of rye species has a distinct affect on the isoenzyme variation in their populations. The selffertile annual species,S. silvestre, was monomorphic for both enzyme systems. A very low esterases polymorphism was also found in other autogamous species,S. vavilovii, however a similar degree of polymorphism in allogamous annual species,S. segetale andS. dighoricum, was observed. Generally, the perennialSecale species were more polymorphic than the annual ones, and the isoenzyme variation in the population of cultivated ryeS. cereale was similar to some other wild annual species. It was observed that the intra-specific isoenzyme variation inSecale was bigger than the inter-specific. Esterases electrophoretic forms showed to be very sensitive markers of variation in rye species.

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Isoenzym-Variation bei Wildarten der GattungSecale L.

Zusammenfassung Der Grad der inter- und intraspezifischen Variation in Populationen von allogamen und autogamen Arten der GattungSecale L. wurde mit Hilfe von Isoenzymmerkmalen geschätzt. Insgesamt wurden 11 verschiedene Arten vonSecale einschließlich der mehrjährigen Arten analysiert:S. kuprijanovii Grossh.,S. chaldicum Fed.,S. montanum Guss.,S. anatolicum Boiss. und die einjährigen Arten:S. silvestre Host.,S. vavilovii Grossh.,S. ancestrale Zhuk.,S. dighoricum Vav.,S. afghanicum Vav.,S. segetale Roshev., wie auch des KulturroggensS. cereale L. cv. Dankowskie Zote. Die Isoenzyme wurden am ersten Blatt junger Einzelsämlinge, die unter kontrollierten Bedingungen angezogen wurden, unter Anwendung der Stärkegel-Plattenelektrophorese-Technik geprüft, und die elektrophoretischen Formen von zwei verschiedenen Enzymsystemen wurden nachgewiesen: nichtspezifische Esterasen (E. C.3.1. 1.)und Peroxidase (E. C. 1. 11. 1. 7.). Es wurde gefunden, daß das Fortpflanzungssystem der Roggen-Arten eine bestimmte Wirkung auf die Isoenzymvariation in ihren Populationen hat. Die selbstfertile einjährige Art,Secale silvestris, war hinsichtlich beider Enzymsysteme monomorph. Ein sehr schwach ausgeprägter Esterasenpolymorphismus wurde in einer anderen autogamen Art,S. vavilovii, gefunden, jedoch wurde ein ähnlicher Grad von Polymorphismus in allogamen einjährigen Arten,S. segetale undS. dighoricum, beobachtet. Grundsätzlich waren die mehrjährigenSecale-Arten polymorpher als die einjährigen, und die Isoenzym-Variation der Populationen des kultivierten RoggensS. cereale war ähnlich der einiger anderer einjähriger Wildarten. Es wurde beobachtet, daß die intraspezifische Enzym-Variation vonSecale größer war als die interspezifische. Die esterase-elektrophoretischen Formen erwiesen sich als sehr empfindliche Indikatoren für die Variation der Roggenarten.

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Secale L.

Secale L. . 11 ; :S. kuprijanovii Grossh.,S. chaldicum Fed.,S. montanum Guss.,S. anatolicum Boiss.; : S. silvestreHost,S. vavilovii Grossh.,S. ancestrale Zhuk.,S. dighoricum Vav.,S. afghanicum Vav.,S. segetale Roshev. S. cereale L., . , , ( — ). : (. . 3. 1. 1.) (. . 1. 11. 1. 7.). , ë . S. silvestre . ,S. vavilovii, ,S. segetale S. dighoricum. , , , . Secale , . .

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Presented as poster     

Phenotypic diversity and morphological characterization of Amygdalus L. species in Lebanon

In this paper, we report on morphological diversity of Amygdalus L. species native to Lebanon, following a countrywide survey of almond germplasm whereby a total of 149 accessions were collected throughout the country and characterized by thirteen quantitative and four qualitative traits. The results indicated that the genetic diversity of Amygdalus communis L., Amygdalus korshinskyi Hand.-Mazz., and Amygdalus orientalis Duh. in Lebanon is high. Principal component analysis revealed that nut weight, nut volume, nut width, kernel volume and shell strength had highest loading in the first component that accounted for 38.7% and 46.7% of total variation in A. communis and A. orientalis, respectively. In contrast, leaf traits were present in the second component which accounted for 18% and 23.2% of total variation in each species, respectively. No significant correlations were detected between leaf parameters and fruit traits in both species. The results indicated that quantitative leaf characters for all three species were determined by rainfall and not altitude whereby adjacent accessions located in drier areas had smaller leaf sizes than those located in more humid regions. Quantitative fruit characters did not seem to vary accordingly. Qualitative leaf traits in all three species reflected a variability which was independent of rainfall. A. communis populations showed high variability, suggesting that they could be a valuable source in almond improvement programs.     

Diversity of seed albumins in the grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.): an electrophoretic study

Electrophoretic analysis of seed albumins covered 105 Lathyrus sativus accessions originating from different geographical regions. Four major albumin bands were responsible for the detected variation. Due to differences in the number and combination of these bands, eleven electrophoretic seed albumin patterns were distinguished; four of them were rare phenotypes found in less than 1% of the 817 examined individuals. Electrophoretic data were subjected to statistical analysis using hierarchical UPGMA grouping and biplot techniques. Generally, no correlation was found between occurrence of either the seed albumin patterns or the major albumin bands and geographical origin of the forms under study. On the other hand, data concerning frequency distribution of the major albumin bands tended to separate two groups of accessions, white-seeded with large seeds and coloured-seeded with relatively small seeds; coloured-seeded accessions with rather large seeds mixed with the above groups.     

Genetic analysis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and related species with SSR markers

Genetic diversity among 19 Triticum aestivum accessions and 73 accessions of closely related species was analyzed using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Forty-four out of 497 SSR markers were polymorphic. In total 274 alleles were detected (mean 6.32 alleles per locus). The polymorphic information content (PIC) of the loci ranged from 0.3589 to 0.8854 (mean 0.7538). The D genome contained the highest mean number of alleles (6.32) followed by the A and B genomes (6.13 and 5.94, respectively). The correlation between PIC and allele number was significant in all genome groups (0.7540, 0.7361 and 0.7482 for A, B and D genomes, respectively). Among the seven homologous chromosome groups, genetic diversity was lowest in group 7 and highest in group 5. In cluster and principal component analyses, all accessions grouped according to their genomes were consistent with their taxonomic classification. Accessions with the A and D genomes were clustered into two distinct groups, and AABB accessions showed abundant genetic diversity and a close relationship. Triticum durum and T. turgidum were clustered together, consistent with their morphological similarity. Cluster analysis indicated emmer is closely related to hexaploid wheat. Compared with common wheat, higher genetic variation was detected in spelt, T. aestivum subsp. yunnanense and subsp. tibetanum. In addition, a close genetic relationship between T. polonicum and T. macha was observed. The results of the clustering and principal component analyses were essentially consistent, but the latter method more explicitly displayed the relationships among wheat and closely related species.     

Phenotypic diversity of Ethiopian grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) in relation to geographical regions and altitudinal range

Fifty grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) populations collected from different administrative regions and altitude classes in Ethiopia, were evaluated for variations of five morphological traits. Shannon-Weaver diversity index was calculated for traits, populations and altitude classes. Monomorphism was recorded in flower color (blue) for most of the populations. Olive seed colour was dominantly distributed in all regions with mean frequency of 50% while black seed colour is rare with mean frequency of 4% in Ethiopia. Much variability was observed within populations. High diversity values for pattern of testa colour and leaflet size were recorded in populations of highland origin (>2550 m.a.s.l.). Shannon's diversity index is highest in Gondar (H = 0.65) followed by Tigray region (H = 0.64) even though there was no significant variation in H values between regions. These regions with high diversity are recommended for immediate in situ and ex situ conservation.     

New botanical variants ofTriticum sphaerococcum Perc. andTriticum spelta L. developed by hybridization of species from the genusAegilops L. withTriticum aestivum L

Summary As a result of the hybridization ofAegilops ovata auct. non L. with theTriticum aestivum L. cultivar Bezostaja 1, new biological variants ofT. sphaerococ-cum Perc. have been obtained. Besides the basic morphological and biological characters, they possess also some new useful features, such as better expressed winter hardiness, resistance to fungal diseases, and higher content of protein. New botanical varieties ofT. spelta L. are a result of hybridization betweenAe. crassa Boiss. ssp.vavilovii Zhuk. (2n = 42) and different cultivars ofT. aestivum. Some of them have useful biological and agricultural characters and are considered to be of interest to further utilization in plant breeding. Thus, on the basis of all these results, new suggestions about the origin of the genusTriticum are made. At the same time, the new biological variants of both of these species increase the possibilities of their practical utilization in wheat breeding.

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Neue botanische Varietäten vonTriticum sphaerococcum Perc. undTriticum spelta L. aus Kreuzungen von Arten der GattungAegilops L. mitTriticum aesti-vum L.

Zusammenfassung Durch Kreuzungen vonAegilops ovata auct. non L. mit der Sorte Bezostaja 1 vonTriticum aestivum L. wurden neue biologische Varianten vonT. sphaero-coccum Perc. erhalten. Neben den morphologischen und biologischen Merkmalen besitzen sie auch einige neue nützliche Eigenschaften, wie bessere Winterfestigkeit, Resistenz gegenüber Pilzkrankheiten, und einen höheren Proteingehalt. Neue botanische Varianten vonT. spelta L. sind Ergebnis von Kreuzungen zwischenAe. crassa Boiss. ssp.vavilovii Zhuk. (2n=42) und verschiedenen Sorten vonT. aestivum. Einige von ihnen weisen nützliche biologische und pflanzenbauliche Eigenschaften auf und können daher für eine künftige Anwendung in der Pflanzenzüchtung interessant sein. Auf der Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse werden neue Vermutungen über den Ursprung der GattungTriticum angestellt. Die neuen biologischen Varianten beider Arten erweitern die Möglichkeiten ihrer praktischen Nutzung in der Weizenzüchtung.

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Triticum sphaerococcum Perc. .spelta L.

Aegilops L. . aestivum L. ë Aegilops ovata auct. non. L. 1 (Triticum aestivum L.) . sphaerococcum perc. , . , , . ,. spelta L. . crassa Boiss. ssp.vavilovii Zhuk. (2n=42) . aestivum. . Triticum. .

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According to the author's request the term variety was used for the hybrid derivatives. Editors     

Relationships among species of Hystrix Moench and Elymus L. assessed by RAPDs

To assess the generic delimitation and the interspecific relationships between Hystrix and Elymus, three Hystrix and 10 Elymus species were used for random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) assay. Of the 54 primers tested, 26 (48%) produced polymorphic products. A total of 167 products amplified from 16 primers were selected for RAPD analysis, among which 156 (93.4%) amplified products were found to be polymorphic among the 13 species. The polymorphism produced by each primer ranged from 4 to 13, with an average of 9.8. Data were used to generate Jaccard's similarity coefficients and to construct a dendrogram using UPGMA in the NTSYS computer programs. It is concluded from this study that: (1) there were clear differences between Hystrix and Elymus, which possibly suggest that Hystrix is a valid genus; (2) great diversity existed among the species of Hystrix and Elymus; (3) the species similar to each other in morphological characters were grouped together; (4) the species from neighboring geographical regions were clustered; (5) the species with the same genomes and polyploidy level were clustered together; (6) RAPD results are comparable with those obtained from studies on morphology and cytology. It is a useful additional method for assessing the relationships among genera and species in Triticeae.     

RAPD analysis of genetic relationships of seven flax species in the genus Linum L

The wild progenitor of the cultivated flax (Linumusitatissimum L.) has been long hypothesized to beL. angustifolium Huds., largely fromseveral phytogeographic cytogenetic and phenotypic studies, but no molecularstudies on the issue are found. In this study, we genotyped 12 flax accessionsrepresenting seven flax species in the genus Linum with 527RAPD loci from 29 informative RAPD primers and analyzed their geneticrelationships with simple matching, Dice's and Jaccard's similaritycoefficients. Large RAPD variations were found among the flax species.L. usitatissimum andL. angustifolium had a higher RAPDsimilarity than the other pairs of flax species and these two species wereconsistently clustered in the same group with all of the similarity coefficientsused. This molecular finding provides an additional support for the hypothesisof L. angustifolium as the wildprogenitor of cultivated flax.