泡塑富集ICP-MS测定土壤中痕量金(英文)

The aim of this study is to determine the trace amount of gold in soil sample using plastic foam enrichment-ICP-MS method.The national standard reference materials including GAu-2,GAu-10,GAu-11 and GAu-13 were used for parallel determination by ICPMS.The results showed that the method performed well in detection limit,precision and accuracy,indicating that the plastic foam enrichment-ICP-MS method could be used to determine the trace amounts of gold in soil sample.     

Determination of Trace Amounts of Gold in Soil Sample Using Plastic Foam Enrichment-ICP-MS Method

The aim of this study is to determine the trace amount of gold in soil sample using plastic foam enrichment-ICP-MS method.The national standard reference materials including GAu-2,GAu-10,GAu-11 and GAu-13 were used for parallel determination by ICPMS.The results showed that the method performed well in detection limit,precision and accuracy,indicating that the plastic foam enrichment-ICP-MS method could be used to determine the trace amounts of gold in soil sample.     

Dissipation and residue of ethephon in maize field

A rapid and reliable method was developed for analysis of ethephon residues in maize, in combination with the investigation of its dissipation in field condition and stabilities during the sample storage. The residue analytical method in maize plant, maize kernel and soil was developed based on the quantification of ethylene produced from the derivatization of ethephon residue by adding the saturated potassium hydroxide solution to the sample. The determination was carried out by using the head space gas chromatography with flame ionization detector(HS-GC-FID). The limit of quantification(LOQ) of the method for maize plant was 0.05, 0.02 mg kg–1 for maize kernel and 0.05 mg kg–1 for soil, respectively. The fortified recoveries of the method were from 84.6–102.6%, with relative standard deviations of 7.9–3.8%. Using the methods, the dissipation of ephethon in maize plant or soil was investigated. The half life of ethephon degradation was from 0.6 to 3.3 d for plant and 0.7 to 5.7 d for soil, respectively. The storage stabilities of ethephon residues were determined in fresh and dry kernels with homogenization and without homogenization process. And the result showed that ethephon residues in maize kernels were stable under –18°C for 6 mon. The results were helpful to monitor the residue dissipation of ethephon in the maize ecosystem for further ecological risk assessment.     

Spatial Interpolation and Sample Size Optimization for Soil Copper （Cu） Investigation in Cropland Soil at County Scale Using Cokriging

Knowledge on spatial distribution and sampling size optimization of soil copper （Cu） could lay solid foundations for environmetal quality survey of agricultural soils at county scale. In this investigation, cokriging method was used to conduct the interpolation of Cu concentraiton in cropland soil in Shuangliu County, Sichuan Province, China. Based on the original 623 physicochmically measured soil samples, 560, 498, and 432 sub-samples were randomly selected as target variable and soil organic matter （SOM） of the whole original samples as auxiliary variable. Interpolation results using Cokriging under different sampling numbers were evaluated for their applicability in estimating the spatial distribution of soil Cu at county sacle. The results showed that the root mean square error （RMSE） produced by Cokriging decreased from 0.9 to 7.77%, correlation coefficient between the predicted values and the measured increased from 1.76 to 9.76% in comparison with the ordinary Kriging under the corresponding sample sizes. The prediction accuracy using Cokriging was still higher than original 623 data using ordinary Kriging even as sample size reduced 10%, and their interpolation maps were highly in agreement. Therefore, Cokriging was proven to be a more accurate and economic method which could provide more information and benefit for the studies on spatial distribution of soil pollutants at county scale.     

Spatial Interpolation of Soil Texture Using Compositional Kriging and Regression Kriging with Consideration of the Characteristics of Compositional Data and Environment Variables

The spatial interpolation for soil texture does not necessarily satisfy the constant sum and nonnegativity constraints. Meanwhile, although numeric and categorical variables have been used as auxiliary variables to improve prediction accuracy of soil attributes such as soil organic matter, they (especially the categorical variables) are rarely used in spatial prediction of soil texture. The objective of our study was to comparing the performance of the methods for spatial prediction of soil texture with consideration of the characteristics of compositional data and auxiliary variables. These methods include the ordinary kriging with the symmetry logratio transform, regression kriging with the symmetry logratio transform, and compositional kriging (CK) approaches. The root mean squared error (RMSE), the relative improvement value of RMSE and Aitchison’s distance (D_A) were all utilized to assess the accuracy of prediction and the mean squared deviation ratio was used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the theoretical estimate of error. The results showed that the prediction methods utilized in this paper could enable interpolation results of soil texture to satisfy the constant sum and nonnegativity constraints. Prediction accuracy and model fitting effect of the CK approach were better, suggesting that the CK method was more appropriate for predicting soil texture. The CK method is directly interpolated on soil texture, which ensures that it is optimal unbiased estimator. If the environment variables are appropriately selected as auxiliary variables, spatial variability of soil texture can be predicted reasonably and accordingly the predicted results will be satisfied.     

Effects of Soil Water Content on Cotton Root Growth and Distribution Under Mulched Drip Irrigation

The relation between soil water content and the growth of cotton root was studied for the scheme of field water and cotton yield under mulched drip irrigation. Based on the field experiments, three treatments of soil water content were conducted with 90%, 75%θf, and 60%θf （θfis field water capacity）. Cotton roots and root-shoot ratio were studied with digging method, and the soil moisture was observed with TDR （time domain reflector）, and cotton yield was measured. The results indicated that the growth of cotton root accorded with Logistic growth curve in the three treatments, the cotton root grew quickly and its weight was very high under 75%θf because of the suitable soil water condition, while grew slowly and its weight was lower under 90%θf due to water moisture beyond the suitable condition, and the root weight was in between under 60%θf For the three water treatments, the cotton root weight decreased with soil depth, and decreased more significantly in deeper soil layer with the soil moisture increasing. And the ratio of cotton root weight in 0-30 cm soil layer to the total root weight was the highest under 75%θf. The cotton root system was distributed mainly in the soil of narrow row and wide row mulched with plastic film, and little in the soil outside plastic film. The weight of cotton root was the highest in the soil of narrow row or wide row mulched with plastic film under 75%θf. Root-shoot ratio decreased with the soil moisture increasing. The soil water content affected cotton yields, and cotton yield was the highest under 75%θf. The higher soil moisture level is unfavorable to the growth of cotton root system and yield of cotton under mulched drip irrigation.     

A Fractal Method of Estimating Soil Structure Changes Under Different Vegetations on Ziwuling Mountains of the Loess Plateau, China

Fractal method is a new method to estimate soil structure. It has been shown to be a useful tool in studies related to physical properties of soil as well as erosion and other hydrological processes. Fractal dimension was used to study the soil structure in soil at different stages of vegetative succession on the Ziwuling Mountains. The land use and vegetation types included cultivated land, abandoned land, grassland, two types of shrub land, and three types of forests. The grassland, shrub land, and forested areas represented a continuum in vegetative succession that had occurred naturally, as the land was abandoned in 1862. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from ten vegetation types from depths of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm on the Ziwuling Mountains, at a site with an elevation of about 1 500 m. Particle size distribution was determined by the pipette method and aggregate size distribution was determined by wet sieving. The results were used to calculate the particle and aggregate fractal dimension. The results showed that particle and aggregate fractal dimensions varied between vegetation types. There was a positive correlation between the particle fractal dimension and the weight of particles with diameter 〈 0.001 mm, but no relationship between particle fractal dimension and the other particle size classes. Particle fractal dimension was lower in vegetated soils compared to cropland and there was no consistent relationship between fractal dimension and vegetation type. Aggregate fractal dimension was positively correlated with the weight of 〉 0.25 mm aggregates. Aggregate fractal dimension was lower in vegetated soils compared with cropland. In contrast to particle fractal dimension, aggregate fractal dimension described changes in soil structure associated with vegetative succession. The results of this study indicate that aggregate fractal dimension is more effective in describing soil structure and function compared with particle fractal dimension.     

Effect of Soil Texture on Starch Accumulation and Activities of Key Enzymes of Starch Synthesis in the Kernel of ZM 9023

Three kinds of soil texture （clay-loam, mid-loam, and sand-loam soil） were used to study the effects of soil texture on starch accumulating rate and the changes in activities of the key enzymes of starch synthesis in the kernel during grain filling in high gluten content wheat ZM 9023, under conditions of pond culture. The content of starch and its components were measured according to the method of double-wave length described by Bao （1996）. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase （AGPP） activity was tested according to the method described by Doehlert et al. （1988）. Soluble starch synthase （SSS） and starch branching enzyme （SBE） activities were tested according to the method described by Nakamura et al. （1989）. The amylose, amylopectin, and total starch accumulating rate in the kernel of ZM 9023 were found to be a single-peak curve in three different soil textures during grain filling, and peaked 20, 15, and 15 d after anthesis, respectively. The activities of the enzymes, AGPP, SSS, and SBE, in the kernel of ZM 9023 had a single-peaked curve, which peaked 20, 15, and 15 d after anthesis, respectively. The activities of the above three enzymes of ZM 9023 were higher in the sand-loam soil. The accumulating peak of amylose formed later compared to that of amylopectin. The sand-loam soil could help high gluten content cultivars to synthesize starch.     

Determination of Thioglucoside in Cabbage by Using the Ultraviolet—visible Light Spectrophotometer

The ultraviolet-visible light spectrophotometer method was adopted to determine thioglucoside in cab-bage with the seeds.Individual plant of cabbage was used as test materials,palladium chloride as complexing agent and sodium cellulose glycolate as dispersing agent.The results showed that palladiumd thioglucoside metod could be taken as a quick,easy and precise quantitative analysis method to determine thioglucoside in cabbage.     

Effect of SHAKTI and KUBOTA power tillers on physical properties of soil and rice yield under Sawah production system in Nigeria

The use of the power tillers （walking tractors） are increasingly popular in Nigeria among farmers adopting Sawah rice production technology. This study compares the effects of two types of power tillers on physical properties of soil and rice yield. because soil properties determine to a large extents rice yield. Data on soil properties and rice yield were collected and subjected to t-test statistics. The results show that, significant differences exit for all the physical properties of soils rice yields from fields where the two power tiller were used with yields from rice field where SHAKTI was used was higher than KUBOTA. It is important that farmers using these models of power tillers for rice production should not only focus on the purchase cost of these power tillers but their overall efficiency in order to achieve the desired high level of yield.     

土壤中痕量有机污染物监测分离富集预处理研究进展

土壤样品中痕量有机污染物分离富集预处理是土壤有机污染物分析的关键。该文介绍几种用于土壤环境样品中痕量有机污染物分析的样品提取方法,并对其进行了比较,同时预测它们在分析土壤中挥发性有机污染物方面的应用前景。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中痕量钴

分析测定土壤中痕量钴的含量对于土壤污染调查具有切实意义。用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的重金属钴,通过对标准土样的测定结果表明,该方法容易操作、准确、可靠。     

ICP—AES测定酸性土壤中有效磷的研究

采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法（ICP—AES）测定土壤中有效磷的含量。本法测定国家土壤标准样品（GBW7416）的结果平均值与标准值较好的吻合,并且与分光光度法测定结果无显著性差异。ICP-AES法具有较多优点,简单、灵敏度高、准确性好,符合土壤中有效磷分析的要求。     

ICP-MS测定无公害农产品土壤样中的铅·镉

[目的]简便快速测定无公害农产品土壤样中铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）的含量。[方法]采用湿法消解样品,在硝酸介质中用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定Pb、Cd的含量。[结果]在最佳测定条件下,Pb、Cd的质量分数分别在1.70～1000.00mg/kg、0.05～100.00mg/kg范围内呈线性关系。相对标准偏差分别小于3.4%和5.2%。[结论]该法具有简便快速、检出限低等特点,可满足土壤样中Pb、Cd的测定。     

ICP-AES测定海娜植物及土壤中镉、铜、铅、锌

测定海娜植物及其种植地土壤中的镉、铜、铅、锌。方法:采用微波消解海娜样品,用全谱直读电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定海娜植物及土壤中的镉、铜、铅、锌的含量。结果表明:海娜植物和土壤中4种元素的含量不高,样品回收率在95.8%~101.3%,RSD均小于2%。结论:实验方法快速、准确可靠,是测定植物及土壤中重金属等微量元素含量的有效方法。     

Atomistic mechanisms and dynamics of adhesion, nanoindentation, and fracture

Molecular dynamics simulations and atomic force microscopy are used to investigate the atomistic mechanisms of adhesion, contact formation, nanoindentation, separation, and fracture that occur when a nickel tip interacts with a gold surface. The theoretically predicted and experimentally measured hysteresis in the force versus tip-to-sample distance relationship, found upon approach and subsequent separation of the tip from the sample, is related to inelastic deformation of the sample surface characterized by adhesion of gold atoms to the nickel tip and formation of a connective neck of atoms. At small tipsample distances, mechanical instability causes the tip and surface to jump-to-contact, which in turn leads to adhesion-induced wetting of the nickel tip by gold atoms. Subsequent indentation of the substrate results in the onset of plastic deformation of the gold surface. The atomic-scale mechanisms underlying the formation and elongation of a connective neck, which forms upon separation, consist of structural transformations involving elastic and yielding stages.     

石墨炉原子吸收法高温灰化二次方程拟合快速测定土壤样品全量铅

用石墨炉原子吸收法(GFAAS)测定土壤样品中全量铅的含量,通过设定高温灰化温度、缩短灰化时间、二次方程拟合计算等试验条件,实现土壤样品全量铅的快速检测。结果表明:试验方法扩大了仪器检测的线性范围,能够直接测定土壤样品溶液中较高含量的铅,避免由于样品溶液稀释而引入的实验误差,同时减少了实验环节,缩短分析时间,提高检测效率。分别测试方法的准确度和精密度等技术指标测试结果表明,所测土壤标准物质的结果落在标准值范围内,加标回收率为(100±10)%,相对标准偏差5.0%,结果令人满意。     

乡镇级农用地土壤质量综合评价研究—以仙居县上张乡为例

为了解上张乡土壤质量水平,对耕作层土壤样品进行采集、测试分析;取得了上张乡农用土地中不同利用方式的田块土壤养分、微量元素有效态和土壤环境等数据,通过分级-赋值给分-综合评价等步骤,确定了上张乡3种利用方式中各田块的土壤肥力、土壤环境等级、微量元素含量水平。评定结果为:该乡农田质量环境优良,综合肥力中等,部分田块肥力不足,主要表现为缺磷;微量元素铁、锌丰富,硼缺乏;旱地质量环境优良,综合肥力中等,局部肥力偏低,微量元素铁、锌丰富,缺铜、硼;园地质量土壤环境优良,综合肥力中等为主。有效微量元素铁、锌丰富,少锰缺铜、硼;上张乡土壤质量评定对合理确定土地功能和价值,优化土地利用规划,科学利用土地资源的具有现实意义。