农村有机生活垃圾等混合物料厌氧发酵产沼气性能

为获得有机生活垃圾、玉米秸秆和牛粪混合物料厌氧发酵产沼气性能,为农村废弃物沼气工程高效运行提供依据,在初始总固体（TS）为12%和中温（35±1）℃条件下,考察了有机生活垃圾、玉米秸秆与牛粪三物料不同湿基质量比（1∶0∶2、1∶0.5∶1.5、1∶1∶1、1∶1.5∶0.5、1∶2∶0）对厌氧发酵过程的影响。结果表明：与双物料混合厌氧发酵相比,三物料混合厌氧消化能显著提高原料产气率,有机生活垃圾、玉米秸秆和牛粪配比为1∶1∶1的组合单位TS累积产气量高于其他处理;不同发酵物料配比能影响厌氧发酵完成时间,随着秸秆比例的增加,完成厌氧发酵的时间逐渐增长,有机生活垃圾和牛粪的组合与三者配比为1∶0.5∶1.5、1∶1∶1、1∶1.5∶0.5和1∶2∶0的处理相比,厌氧发酵完成时间分别缩短了12、15、19、22 d;三物料混合发酵适宜的配比能平衡发酵系统中酸的浓度,防止系统酸化,并能提高纤维素半纤维素降解率。综上认为三物料最佳配比为1∶1∶1。     

柔性膜覆盖车库式厌氧干法发酵系统结构设计与应用

针对目前厌氧发酵中沼液沼渣量大难处理、原料预处理难、耗水量大、原料适应性差等问题,导致沼气工程运行成本高、效率低、劳动强度大、费工费时,该文设计一种柔性膜覆盖车库式厌氧干法发酵系统,可适用于多元有机物料混合厌氧发酵。该系统是将国外车库式干发酵技术和国内柔性膜覆盖技术耦合研制而成,根据厌氧干发酵生产工艺要求,确定了该发酵系统关键结构参数和运行工作参数,进行了干发酵库体的结构设计、冬季发酵增温系统设计、喷淋强化传质传热系统设计与试验。通过生产应用表明:干发酵库体的结构设计合理,增温系统设计能够满足干发酵工程冬季增温工艺要求,喷淋系统能够达到传质传热目的,发酵系统运行状况良好,产气率为0.81 m~3/(m~3·d),CH_4体积分数为67%,原料降解率为48%,该发酵系统运行稳定、可靠,大大提升了处理农村有机废弃物的能力,促进了厌氧干发酵技术的持续、健康、快速发展。     

进料浓度对玉米秸秆与牛粪全混式厌氧发酵特征影响研究

目前,中国大多数沼气工程均采用农作物秸秆与畜禽粪便为主要原料,但对于实际沼气工程的工艺控制,尤其是对于沼气工程进料混配及发酵浓度等控制工艺仍缺少参考和支撑。该研究采用玉米秸秆与牛粪原料,在中温条件下,利用纯牛粪、纯秸秆以及秸秆与牛粪干物质比(S:CM)=1:1、1:3、3:1条件的混合原料,按照不同干物质浓度(total solid,TS)=3%、6%、8%,梯次启动CSTR反应器,系统探讨物料配比与发酵浓度对反应器产气量、甲烷体积分数、pH值、氧化还原电位(oxidation-reductionpotential,ORP)、挥发酸(volatilefattyacids,VFAs)含量等运行特征的影响。结果表明,正常运行时,纯秸秆与纯牛粪条件下厌氧发酵产气效果显著低于混合原料,且所有条件下反应器的产气量基本都随着发酵浓度升高而升高。在发酵浓度为8%条件下,S:CM=3:1和1:1的反应器容积产气率在运行130和150 d后分别达到峰值0.78和0.76 L/(L·d)。随着反应器的持续运行,170 d后各反应器的产气率与pH值降低,而VFAs与ORP升高。S:CM=3:1和1:1的反应器容积产气率降低至0.6 L/(L·d),pH值降低至6.5左右。这主要是由于恒定的搅拌功率条件下,随着反应器内TS升高,搅拌转速降低,进而在反应器内产生搅拌死区与浮渣等问题,导致反应器内局部酸化,造成系统整体失稳。在启动期间,所有5个条件下反应器内ORP呈缓慢上升趋势。运行172 d后,S:CM=1:1条件下ORP迅速增加至高于–300 mV。总体而言,厌氧系统中VFA浓度随着进料中秸秆比例增加而增加,且丙酸积累发生并变得更加严重。这也在一定程度上表明,与采用秸秆与粪便混合原料厌氧发酵相比,采用纯秸秆原料厌氧发酵生产沼气厌氧反应器的运行稳定性较差。     

麦秸与牛粪混合堆沤预处理厌氧干发酵产沼气中试试验

为阐释堆沤预处理对厌氧干发酵的影响,该文以小麦秸秆和牛粪为发酵原料,采用新型柔性顶膜车库式干发酵装置,在环境温度为26~35℃及发酵底物总固体质量分数为20%的条件下,研究麦秸与牛粪混合堆沤预处理后厌氧干发酵产气特性,分析了堆沤预处理以及厌氧发酵前后麦秸组分的变化。结果表明:堆沤预处理可以明显缩短厌氧干发酵的启动时间,提前工程运行中甲烷体积分数达到30%的产气收集要求时间,加快干发酵进程,进而间接加大了干发酵装置的处理能力,同时能使产气中甲烷体积分数提高10%以上,有效提升沼气品质。堆沤过程中虽有部分半纤维素被降解,损失了部分碳源,但堆沤后麦秸中纤维素的降解率提高了7%以上,累计产气量略有减少,但影响不大。     

序批式秸秆牛粪混合厌氧干发酵影响因素研究

为提高中国农业废弃物序批式厌氧干发酵工艺的产甲烷效率,该文研究了不同因素作用下玉米秸秆-牛粪混合原料序批式厌氧干发酵特性及微生物群落特征,探明重要影响因素及其相互作用关系。研究发现,喷淋频率、接种物浓度对促进序批式厌氧干发酵容积产甲烷率具有关键作用,贡献度分别为30.84%和24.96%,细菌群落对序批式厌氧干发酵产气特性影响显著(P0.05),喷淋频率、接种物浓度提高促进了Ruminofilibacter、Hydrogenispora、Ruminiclostridium丰度,提高了体系容积产甲烷率,并具有明显的协同作用关系,对改善序批式厌氧干发酵环境具有重要的调节作用。该研究为优化农业废弃物序批式厌氧干发酵产甲烷工艺关键因素把控提供理论参考。     

畜禽粪便与秸秆厌氧-好氧发酵气肥联产碳氮元素变化研究

传统沼气工程的气肥联产工艺中,厌氧发酵产气与好氧发酵产肥互相独立,产气和产肥周期均较长、有机肥品质差,影响工程的高效运行。为缩短发酵周期、提高产气效率和有机肥品质,该研究将猪粪、鸡粪和秸秆混合进行15和30 d的干法厌氧发酵,将得到的沼渣添加秸秆辅料混合,分别设置65%和70%的发酵物料初始含水率进行15 d的高温好氧发酵,对比分析了不同厌氧-好氧发酵组合对产气和产肥的影响。结果表明:厌氧发酵阶段,混合物料的日产气率自发酵开始后逐渐上升,并在第8天达到最高峰,至第15天降至峰值的50%以下,此时累积产气量达到30 d发酵周期的71%,平均容积产气率达到1.91 m~3/(m~3?d),比发酵30 d平均容积产气率高41.5%。好氧发酵阶段,各处理组碳元素含量持续下降,氮元素含量先下降后增加,所得发酵产物均达到腐熟标准。采用15 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵,所得发酵产物的电导率、腐殖化程度和发芽指数均优于采用30 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵所得的发酵产物,同时总有机碳和总氮含量也较其分别提高了6.0%～21.7%和3.0%～10.2%,不同好氧发酵物料初始含水率对发酵产物的品质影响较不明显。因此,采用厌氧、好氧发酵周期均为15 d的组合,可缩短发酵周期、大幅提高产气效率和发酵产物的碳氮营养元素含量,有利于提高沼气工程运行效率和经济效益。     

射流搅拌提高牛粪中温厌氧发酵产沼气性能

现有中温沼气工程的搅拌方式以机械搅拌和沼液回流搅拌为主,存在产气率低、设备难以维护、长期运行不稳定等问题。该研究设计了一种射流搅拌技术,集沼液回流搅拌和沼气搅拌于一体,试验用于牛粪中温厌氧发酵产沼气。通过沼气产率、营养基质消耗、微生物种类和数量的变化等方面分析射流搅拌强化牛粪中温厌氧发酵产气的效果及机理。结果表明:发酵期30 d内,无搅拌、机械搅拌、沼液回流搅拌和射流搅拌的总产气量分别为52.34、64.30、61.97和71.22 L;原料产气量分别为0.238、0.292、0.282和0.324 L/g,射流搅拌厌氧反应器的原料产气量比无搅拌、机械搅拌、沼液回流搅拌分别提高了36.1%、22.9%、18.4%;射流搅拌方式中化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)降解率最高达到60.8%;在产甲烷高峰期发酵第10天左右,射流搅拌反应器内产甲烷菌最大值达2.0×108个/m L;挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)浓度的降速较其他有搅拌方式快,VFA无积累,不受高浓度VFA的产物反馈抑制或底物抑制。     

秸秆批式和半连续式发酵物料浓度对沼气产率的影响

为比较秸秆批式发酵和半连续发酵工艺的产沼气效果,以水稻秸秆为单一发酵底物,开展了室内中温批式发酵和半连续发酵对比试验,以容积产气率和原料产气率为特征指标,研究不同料液浓度对秸秆批式和半连续发酵产沼气的影响,以期获得秸秆沼气工程适宜的运行参数。结果表明,批式发酵容积产气率随着TS浓度的增加而增加,但增幅逐渐减少;与静态批式发酵相比,间歇搅拌有助于提高批式发酵容积产气率,特别对高TS浓度处理容积产气率的提升效果更加明显;而半连续进料条件下更有利于高TS浓度处理容积产气率的提高,但各处理原料产气率均随着固物滞留时间(solid retention time,SRT)缩短而逐渐降低。综合考虑产气情况及工程应用实际,建议秸秆批式发酵底物质量分数不超过8%,而半连续发酵TS质量分数8%时SRT设计为20 d(容积产气率1.00 m3/(m3·d)),若发酵TS质量分数6%时,SRT设计为15 d,容积产气率0.75 m3/(m3·d),该运行参数为秸秆沼气工程发展提供了理论依据。     

序批式玉米秸秆牛粪混合厌氧干发酵产甲烷工艺优化研究

随着中国农业集约化水平的提高,秸秆、畜禽粪便等资源相对集中,为序批式厌氧干发酵产甲烷技术应用创造了良好条件。而国内对干发酵技术研究尚不成熟,尤其是关键因素对发酵性质的影响极其相互作用关系尚不明确,限制了工艺优化效果。该文着重研究了不同喷淋频率、接种量、物料配比作用下,玉米秸秆-牛粪混合原料序批式厌氧干发酵产甲烷、中间产物生成特性及其相互关系。结果表明:不同物料配比下,喷淋频率和接种量促进甲烷产量的作用方式不同,增加牛粪比例可显著提高产甲烷效率和产量。在甲烷产量快速增加阶段(第7～20天),不同关键因素的变化对中间产物总量及其组分影响显著(P0.05),丙酸积累至约350mg/L以上时导致干发酵体系产甲烷能力下降,而氨氮浓度提高则有利于甲烷产量的提高。最优工艺参数,秸秆-牛粪干物质比为3∶7、喷淋频率为间隔6 h,接种量为30%获得最大甲烷产量为135.7 L/kg。该研究可为规模化养殖场利用序批式厌氧干发酵技术处理农业废弃物高效生产清洁能源提供理论指导。     

不同预处理方式下水稻秸秆厌氧消化性能比较

以水稻秸秆为原料,在恒温35℃和料液总固体质量分数为5%的条件下,以实验室内培养的不产气厌氧活性污泥为接种物,研究了稀碱水解、尿素氨化、生物酶解以及沼液预处理4种不同方式对秸秆厌氧发酵物能转化率、发酵周期、失重率以及木质纤维含量等方面的影响。结果表明,1.5%NaOH及6d生物预处理可明显改善水稻秸秆干物质(totalsolid,TS)产气率,较空白分别提高44.0%和44.6%。0.4%低质量分数尿素预处理无法有效改善水稻秸秆的甲烷转化率,但通过调节C/N比可明显缩短发酵周期。与其他3种预处理相比,沼液预处理在提高秸秆物能转化率、缩短产气周期方面均有优势,其TS产气率达到333.9mL/g,TS产甲烷率达到180.7mL/g,分别较空白提高27.9%和21.2%。通过对厌氧发酵前后稻秆木质纤维含量比较分析,产气率与失重率有一定的关联,1.5%NaOH处理样品发酵后纤维素、半纤维素损失最大,但沼液中高浓度的COD增加了后续处理的难度。因此秸秆沼气工程预处理方式的选择不仅需要考虑产气率的提升,也要顾及沼液后续处理等问题。沼液预处理可能成为今后水稻秸秆沼气工程较理想的方式。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.