Some physico-chemical characteristics of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes from Northeast Anatolia region of Turkey

In this study, some selected physico-chemical properties (antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, fatty acids, fruit colour, fruit juice yield, fruit weight, organic acids, pH, total phenolic and total soluble solid contents) of five black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes grown in the Northeast Anatolia region of Turkey was investigated. The total phenolic and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of black mulberry fruits were determined according to Folin-Ciocalteu and β-carotene bleaching method assays, respectively. Fatty acids of mulberry fruits were determined by using gas chromatography. Total phenolic content was observed in black mulberry fruits between 1943 and 2237 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh mass. The vitamin C content of genotypes varied between 14.9 and 18.7 mg/100 ml. The major fatty acids in all mulberry fruits were linoleic acid (53.57–64.41%) and palmitic acid (11.36–16.41%). Antioxidant activity of black mulberry genotypes was found between 63% and 76%, which lower than standard BHA and BHT. Regarding organic acid content, malic acid was the most predominant with a range of 123–218 mg/g followed by citric acid (21–41 mg/g). The results of the study are helpful for attempting crop improvement in black mulberry for bringing to cultivation.     

Investigation into Some Causes of Differing Alpha-Acid Content of Hop (Humulus Lupulus L.) Samples

Methods are described to assess various components which determine the alpha-acid content of hop cones. The reasons for cultivar, farm-to-farm and experimental differences in the alpha-acid contents were investigated and these were shown to be due to differences in resin gland numbers per unit weight of cone material and/or differences in the alpha-acid content of the glands. The results are discussed in relation to present knowledge of the initiation and development of hop cones.     

枸杞种质资源若干植物学数量性状描述指标的探讨

对60份枸杞种质(品种) 资源的平均新梢日生长量、落果率、花径、叶片长度、叶片宽度、 叶片厚、叶柄长、节间长和第一花序长等9项植物学数量性状指标进行研究和统计分析。结果表明, 9项 指标变异系数均在18%以上, 其次数分布图均为正态分布。根据分布状况, 提出5级分级指标, 其中3级 作为中间级, 是概率分布最高的范围。每个性状的每个等级有1～2个公认或广泛栽培的品种作参照品种。     

Pomological Characteristics of Some Autochthonous Genotypes of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is a perennial deciduous shrub, widespread in forest populations in Southeast Europe with tolerance against some pests and diseases and rich in nutrients such as organic acids, carotenoids, anthocyanins, polyphenols, vitamin C and vitamin E. The aim of this paper was to determine basic pomological and technological characteristics of Cornelian cherry using three forest populations at Visegrad, Gorazde and Drvar in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the two years, 2010 and 2011. The Cornelian cherries weighted from 1.8 g (Gorazde in 2011) to 2.6 g per fruit (Drvar in 2010), did not ripen homogenously on a tree as shown by the large variation in their red colour CIE- a values of between 7.5 (Drvar), 14.2 (Gorazde) and 18.3 (Visegrad) and soluble solids between 16.1 (Visegrad) and 17.6?% (Gorazde). The most abundant organic acid in Cornelian cherry was malic acid with 35–43 g kg^?1 FM, followed by tartaric (1.1–2.8 g kg^?1 FM) and citric acid (0.1–1.8 g kg^?1 FM) and smaller amounts of quinic, shikimic and fumaric acid below 0.05 g kg^?1 FM each, resulting in sugar:acid ratios of 3.3:4.7 and slightly acidic or bitter flavour. The concentration of the phenolic compounds of the Cornelian cherry fruits, as determined by HPLC-MS, was influenced by the growing region with large concentrations of the anthocyanin procyanidin B1 (0.7–0.9 g kg^?1 FM) and B2 (0.1–0.2 g kg^?1 FM) and the peonidin 3-glucoside (0.2–0.7 g kg^?1 FM) and the flavonol quercetin 3-O-robinobioside (1.8–2.6 mg kg^?1 FM), which is larger than in many sweet and sour cherries, raspberry, red current and gooseberry.     

Total Phenolics Content,Antioxidant Capacity,Physicochemical Attributes,and Browning Susceptibility of Different Apple Cultivars for Minimal Processing

The total phenolics content, browning susceptibility, antioxidant capacity, and other physicochemical attributes of five cultivars of apple with different chilling hours requirements were studied to be minimally processed. Granny Smith (GS) and Red Delicious (RD) cultivars (high chill requirement), and Caricia (C), Eva (E), and Princesa (P) cultivars (low chill requirement) were studied. The flesh color, firmness, juiciness, pH, acidity, soluble solids, and flesh browning development, and total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity in flesh and peel were determined. All attributes were significantly different (p ≤ 0.001) among cultivars. RD showed the highest values of soluble solids and pH, and GS, the lowest. GS and P had the highest values of firmness and juiciness. GS, P, and E showed the lowest browning development. RD had the highest phenol content in flesh, followed by E and C. Phenolic content in peel was 2–5 times higher than in flesh for all varieties. The antioxidant capacity of RD flesh was higher than the other four apple cultivars. The antioxidant capacity of the apple peel was 2–4 times higher than the flesh, being RD the highest, followed by C, GS, and P with 50% less. Considering the lower browning development, and higher values of firmness and juiciness, GS and P would be the most suitable cultivars for minimal processing. If fresh-cut apples are not peeled, GS and P would increase their phenolic content in 28–56% and their antioxidant capacity in 65–78%.     

Morphological,Biochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Local Loquat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriobotrya Japonica</Emphasis> (Thunb.) Lindl.) Germplasm from Turkey

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica L.) grown well for commercial purposes in subtropical regions nearly 30 countries and originated from China. The most important loquat producers in the world are China, Spain, Turkey, Pakistan, India, Italy and Brazil. In this study, ten pre-selected promising loquat genotypes sampled from eastern Black region and analyzed for their important morphological, biochemical and antioxidant characteristics. The standard cultivar ‘Sayda’ is also included in the study. The results indicated differences for all of the morphological, biochemical and antioxidant characteristics among tested genotypes. Fruit mass and fruit flesh percentage of the genotypes ranged from 35.40?g (LOQ-8) to 46.90?g (LOQ-5) and from 79.40 (%) to 86.32 (%) indicating some local genotypes had higher fruit mass and fruit flesh percentage than standard cultivar ‘Sayda’. Total phenolic content was the highest as 263?μg GAE/g in LOQ-7 genotype while the lowest in LOQ-8 genotype (185?μg GAE/g). LOQ-7 genotype had the highest total antioxidant capacity. Local genotypes in general have higher total phenolic, total carotenoid, vitamin C and antioxidant activity than cv. ‘Sayda’.     

AFLP analysis of genetic diversity in low chill requiring walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from Hatay,Turkey

In this study, the genetic relatedness of 22 low chill requiring walnut genotypes adapted to the south east Mediterranean region of Turkey was analysed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Relatively low level of genetic variation was detected among the genotypes examined by five AFLP primer combinations, suggesting that these walnut genotypes selected predominantly for their low chill requirement have relatively narrow genetic base. In addition, the geographical proximity of the genotypes analysed was not correlated with their level of genetic relatedness. These results have implications for walnut breeding and conservation.     

普通菜豆种传病毒的分子鉴定

菜豆普通花叶病毒(BCMV)、菜豆黄花叶病毒(BYMV)和南方菜豆花叶病毒(SBMV)是黑龙江省菜豆主要的种子传播病毒。为分析菜豆种质资源携带病毒的状况,以6份普通菜豆种子的胚根、胚芽和子叶为试材,采用CTAB法提取总RNA和基因组DNA,根据BCMV、BYMV和SBMV的衣壳蛋白基因序列设计特异引物,通过PCR和RT-PCR对180份菜豆资源进行病毒检测。结果表明:RT-PCR对BCMV、BYMV和SBMV的检出率分别为12.78%、9.44%和1.67%;PCR的检出率分别为12.78%、8.33%和1.67%。所收集的6种菜豆种质资源均检出1~3种病毒,其中BCMV和BYMV是主要的病毒种类。     

茄子果实冷害生理的研究

‘杭州红茄’果实在（２±１）℃低温下贮藏６ｄ即出现冷害症状。冷害发生前乙烯释放量较高,而后急剧降至较低水平;ＳＯＤ活性在此温度下前８ｄ一直呈上升趋势,但显著低于（１３±１）℃条件下的活性;ＣＡＴ活性在４ｄ后即迅速降至较低水平;膜透性和ＰＯＤ活性则在冷害发生（第６天）后急剧上升。表明果实冷害的发生是冷害低温抑制ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性、强化膜脂过氧化作用的结果,而ＰＯＤ活性的上升则促进了冷害的发展。     

引进亚麻荠资源的生物学及品质特性的研究

为了解国内外亚麻荠资源的产量和品质特性,筛选高产、优质的亚麻荠种质资源,以引进亚麻荠资源为试材,采用田间试验与室内品质分析相结合的方法,对引进亚麻荠资源的生物学及品质特性进行了分析。结果表明:在东经128°,北纬42°的长白山区引进亚麻荠的生育期为102~107d,籽粒产量为2 245~3 270kg·hm-2,出油率达27.00%~29.67%,粗蛋白含量为20.77%~26.17%,粗脂肪含量为25.24%~33.13%。不饱和脂肪酸油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸含量分别高达13.70%~16.71%、12.18%~17.29%和36.39%~37.57%,3种不饱和脂肪酸总量达65.24%~67.68%。     

The role of urban habitats in the abundance of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris,L.) in Finland

Because the amount of urban areas has increased, it is important to investigate the abundance of wildlife species in relation to urban environments. Analyzing the impact of urbanization on the presence of forest-dwelling mammals is of interest due to the possible effects of urbanization on human-wildlife relationships and urban biodiversity. The Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) is a declining forest species, and its occurrence in urban environments has been inadequately studied. The loss and fragmentation of forests due to urbanization may be detrimental for squirrels, whereas the abundant and predictable food resources and the low number of natural predators in urban areas may encourage squirrels to invade towns. We used large-scale data collected by volunteer bird watchers along a 950 km south-north gradient to study whether the winter abundance of squirrels in Finland is dependent on urbanization, while controlling for effects of habitat type, food abundance (spruce cone crop; number of winter feeding sites), predator abundance (northern goshawk, Accipiter gentilis; feral cat Felis catus), season and latitude. We found that squirrel abundance increased with human population density, number of feeding sites and spruce cone crop and decreased with latitude and season. Feral cats showed weak negative connection with squirrel numbers, but there were no effect of goshawks. Relative squirrel abundance was approximately twice as high in urban habitats than in forests. Artificial feeding rather than a low number of predators may attract squirrels in urban environments. Planting spruce trees in urban environments will also benefit squirrels. Our results indicate that urban areas are an important habitat for the red squirrel even along the northern edge of their distribution range, where natural forest areas are still widespread. We conclude also that a citizen science −based bird survey protocol associated with mammal surveys seems to be a good large-scale monitoring method to study the urbanization of squirrels.     

不同萝卜品种中硫代葡萄糖苷组份及含量分析

以6个萝卜品种为试材,对其肉质根中的硫代葡萄苷组分及含量进行了测定分析。结果表明：不同品种中硫苷总量相差较大,秋红萝卜品种京红3号含量最高,为48.09 umol•kg-1（FW）,其次是京研水果型萝卜,为31.88 umol•kg-1（FW）,含量最低的是满堂红,为21.39 umol•kg-1（FW）,仅为京红3号的44 %。对萝卜中的硫苷组分进行分析,检测出了5种类型的硫代葡萄糖苷,分别为4-甲基亚磺酰基-3-丁烯基硫代葡萄糖苷、4-羟基吲哚-3-甲基硫代葡萄糖苷、4-甲硫基-3-丁烯基硫代葡萄糖苷、吲哚-3-甲基硫代葡萄糖苷及4-甲氧基吲哚-3-甲基硫代葡萄糖苷。6个品种中的硫苷均以4-甲硫基-3-丁烯基硫代葡萄糖苷为主,占总含量的70.5 %～87.5 %。     

山西省野生枸杞果实品质分析与综合评价

以山西省内搜集的5个地区的野生枸杞为试材,对其鲜果品质进行测定。测定指标包括鲜果的纵径、横径、单果质量、果柄长度4项外观指标和总糖、还原糖、维生素C和黄酮含量4种营养物质含量。采用主成分分析法,对5个不同地区的枸杞进行了果实综合品质的评价,以期筛选出鲜果果实品质优良的种质资源。结果表明:不同种源地枸杞果实品质指标存在差异,但变异程度较低。主成分分析结果,将8项品质指标简化成3个主成分,其累计方差贡献率为90.24%,反映了枸杞品质的绝大部分信息,评价结果是5个地区枸杞果实品质优劣顺序为TY、LY、WR、FSH、ZY。     

Determination of Vegetative and Fruit Characteristics of Some Thornless Blackberry Genotypes in Hatay (Turkey)

ABSTRACT

The experiments were carried out during 2002 and 2003 at the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey. In this study, some vegetative and fruit quality attributes of eight blackberry genotypes (‘Jumbo’, ‘Chester Thornless’, ‘Black Satin’, ‘Navaho’, ‘Bursa 1’, ‘Bursa 2’, ‘Bursa 3’, ‘Bartm’) were evaluated in 2002 and 2003. The greatest cane numbers and cane lengths were recorded for ‘Bursa 2’. They were followed by ‘Bursa 3’ and ‘Chester Thornless’ in both years. Harvest periods ranged from 8 to 44 days and occurred from the middle of June until the end of August. ‘Jumbo’ and ‘Bursa 1’ were the earliest ripening cultivars. ‘Bursa 2’ had the longest harvest period. The highest yields were obtained from ‘Bursa 1,’ ‘Bursa 2’ and ‘Chester Thornless.’ ‘Jumbo’ had the largest fruits. The highest TSS/TA ratio was found in ‘Navaho’.     

Antioxidant and stomatal responses of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) to boron toxicity

Although of considerable agronomic importance, our understanding of B toxicity mechanism in plants is still not completely understood, and remains an open question. Therefore, we investigated the effect of increasing levels of B (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg kg⁻¹) on the growth, boron (B) concentrations, stomatal resistance, lipid peroxidation (MDA), membrane permeability (MP), lypoxygenase activity (LOX), proline (PRO) and H₂O₂ accumulation, and the activities of major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT and ascorbate peroxidase, APX) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Kalecik Karasi) grafted on 5BB rootstock (V. berlandieri × V. riparia) was investigated. Applied toxic levels of B significantly reduced leaf and root growth and increased the B concentration of the leaf, and stem, bark and root of rootstock. In the all B levels leaf tissues of grapevine accumulated more B than that of the other plant parts. In order to restrict excessive uptake of B, stomatal resistance of the leaves increased especially at high B treatments (20 and 30 mg kg⁻¹). The concentrations of H₂O₂, MDA and membrane permeability were increased as the result of B toxicity while proline and the activity of lypoxygenase were decreased. Compared with control plants, the activities of SOD and CAT were increased by B treatments while the activity of APX was decreased. To our knowledge, this is the first report that B toxicity elevated the antioxidant enzymes to protect the membrane functions from reactive oxygen species (ROS) injury in grapevine and it was hoped that this study would provide a basis for developing strategies for reducing the risks associated with B toxicity.     

菜豆组培快繁技术研究

以双丰3号菜豆为试验材料,比较了种子消毒方法,筛选了快繁最佳增殖培养基、生根培养基及移栽基质。结果表明,25%次氯酸钠浸泡20 min对菜豆种子消毒效果最好;最佳增殖培养基为MSB5+6-BA 5.0 mg/L,14 d获得再生芽为9.2个/外植体;最佳生根培养基为1/2 MSB5+IBA 0.1 mg/L,生根率达95.3%;最佳移栽基质为草炭：蘑菇渣=1：1,移栽成活率为97%。