植物提取物调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵的研究进展

植物提取物中的挥发油、皂苷、生物碱、萜类等化学物质具有抗菌、促生长、提高免疫力和抗氧化等功能。近年来研究发现,植物提取物还可以调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵模式,提高氮存留,减少甲烷排放的功能,因此,植物提取物作为调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵的一种重要添加剂得到了广泛的研究与应用。目前国内外的学者已经在有效植物品种的筛选和植物提取物作用机理、剂量效应等方面的研究取得了较大进展。文中就目前植物提取物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控的最新研究进展作一综述,为我国开展植物提取物作为反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控添加剂的研究提供参考。     

植物提取物对瘤胃发酵调控的研究进展

瘤胃微生物虽然可发酵饲料产生挥发性脂肪酸和微生物蛋白为反刍动物供应能量和蛋白质,但是这种发酵过程会造成能量(甲烷排放)和蛋白质(氨氮流失)的损失,从而降低反刍动物的生产性能和污染环境。离子载体抗生素在减少瘤胃能量和蛋白质损失方面效果显著,但是其应用越来越受到限制。因此,寻求抗生素替代物来调控瘤胃发酵成为科学家们研究的热点。近年来,大量研究表明,植物提取物中含有皂苷、挥发精油和单宁等多种生物活性成分,具有抗菌、促生长、提高免疫力和抗氧化等功能,同时具有调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵模式,降低饲料蛋白质损失,减少甲烷排放的功能。文章针对应用于反刍动物饲料的植物提取物的来源、种类、组成特性和应用做了综述,以期为我国植物提取物的产品开发和利用提供参考。     

植物提取物调控瘤胃发酵的研究进展

植物提取物因其低毒副作用及所具有的独特天然性、营养性和生物活性,成为抗生素的理想替代品之一。许多植物提取物可用于调控单胃动物和反刍动物的消化道功能。本文旨在阐述精油、皂苷和大蒜提取物等植物提取物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵的影响,探讨其作用机理及作为瘤胃发酵调控剂的可行性。     

植物精油对瘤胃发酵的调控作用

瘤胃微生物可降解饲料中营养成分来生成挥发性脂肪酸并合成微生物蛋白来为反刍动物提供能量和蛋白。但瘤胃发酵过程中会有能量损失和蛋白利用效率低下现象发生,进而降低了反刍动物生产性能。植物精油可以与微生物细胞膜作用,可抑制一些革兰阴性菌和阳性菌,进而调控瘤胃微生物发酵作用。论文主要介绍近年来植物精油对瘤胃发酵调控作用研究近况,讨论其作为瘤胃发酵调控剂的可行性。     

植物提取物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、甲烷产量及生产性能影响的研究进展

植物提取物中含有生物碱、皂苷、单宁和多糖等多种生物活性成分,具有抗菌、促生长、提高免疫力等功能,可以调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵模式,提高氮利用率,降低甲烷排放和提高动物生产性能等,是一种理想的抗生素替代品.文章综述植物提取物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、甲烷排放、氮利用率和生产性能方面的调控作用,为植物提取物在反刍动物方面的研究和实际...     

植物精油调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵的研究进展

饲料在反刍动物瘤胃内发酵过程中,造成能量和蛋白质的流失,降低饲料利用效率。植物精油因其低毒副作用及其所具有的天然性、营养性和生物活性,对反刍动物瘤胃发酵具有积极的调控作用,成为抗生素的理想替代品之一。文章主要综述了植物精油对反刍动物瘤胃微生物及瘤胃发酵的影响及调控作用。     

反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控措施

本文论述了通过改变日粮、添加离子载体、饲用微生物及利用基因工程技术等手段对瘤胃发酵进行调控的作用瘤胃发酵调控的机理,探讨瘤胃调控目前面临的问题和对未来的展望,以便更好地调节瘤胃发酵使反刍动物达到稳定高效的生产目标。     

植物提取物对反刍动物生产性能及瘤胃发酵的影响

长期使用抗生素会引发耐药菌的产生,对动物和人的健康带来安全隐患,因此,研究开发新的天然饲料添加剂成为近年来的热点。本文讨论了植物及植物提取物（单宁、挥发油等）对反刍动物生产性能及消化,特别是对瘤胃发酵作用方式的影响。     

不同来源可发酵碳水化合物和可降解氮合成瘤胃微生物蛋白质效率…

本论文研究了不同来源可发酵碳水化合物和可降解氮合成瘤微生胃微生物蛋白质的效率，结果表明，６种不同饲料和精粗比日粮的可发酵碳水化合物合成微生物氮的效率相似（Ｐ〉０．０５），平均值为２５．９１ｇＭＮ／ｋｇＦＣＨ２Ｏ。７种不同可降解氮源合成微生物氮的效率差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５），豆饼日粮最高为０．９１。尿素日粮最低，为０．６６，缓释技术能使尿素可降解氮的利用效率提高到０．８４６９（Ｐ〈０．０５），瘤胃内     

Effects of natural plant extracts on ruminal protein degradation and fermentation profiles in continuous culture

Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used in four consecutive periods of 10 d to study the effects of six natural plant extracts on ruminal protein degradation and fermentation profiles. Fermenters were fed a diet with a 52:48 forage:concentrate ratio (DM basis). Treatments were no extract (CTR), 15 mg/kg DM of a mixture of equal proportions of all extracts (MIX), and 7.5 mg/kg DM of extracts of garlic (GAR), cinnamon (CIN), yucca (YUC), anise (ANI), oregano (ORE), or pepper (PEP). During the adaptation period (d 1 through 8), samples for ammonia N and VFA concentrations were taken 2 h after feeding. On d 9 and 10, samples for VFA (2 h after feeding), and peptide, AA, and ammonia N concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after feeding) were also taken. Differences were declared at P < 0.05. During the adaptation period, total VFA and ammonia N concentrations were not affected by treatments. The acetate proportion was higher from d 2 to 6 in CIN, GAR, ANI, and ORE, and the propionate proportion was lower from d 2 to 4 in CIN and GAR, and from d 2 to 5 in ANI and ORE, compared with CTR. However, the proportion of individual VFA (mol/100 mol) was similar in all treatments after d 6, except for valerate in d 9 and 10, which was lower in PEP (2.8 +/- 0.27) compared with CTR (3.5 +/- 0.27). The average peptide N concentration was 31% higher in MIX, and 26% higher in CIN and YUC compared with CTR (6.5 +/- 1.07 mg/100 mL). The average AA N concentration was 17 and 15% higher in GAR and ANI, respectively, compared with CTR (7.2 +/- 0.77 mg/100 mL). The average ammonia N concentration was 31% higher in ANI and 25.5% lower in GAR compared with CTR (5.5 +/- 0.51 mg/100 mL). The accumulation of AA and ammonia N in ANI suggested that peptidolysis and deamination were stimulated. The accumulation of AA N and the decrease in ammonia N in GAR suggests that deamination was inhibited. The accumulation of peptide N and the numerical decrease in AA N in CIN suggest that peptidolysis was inhibited. Results indicate that plant extracts modified ruminal fermentation, but microbes were adapted to some extracts after 6 d of fermentation. Therefore, data from short-term in vitro fermentation studies may lead to erroneous conclusions, and should be interpreted with caution. Careful selection of these additives may allow the manipulation of protein degradation in the rumen.     

The anthelmintic effect of plant extracts on Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloides venezuelensis

The indiscriminate use of anthelmintics has resulted in the establishment of parasite resistance. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiparasitic effect of plant extracts on Haemonchus contortus in sheep and the in vivo effect on Strongyloides venezuelensis in Rattus norvegicus. The plant extracts from Piper tuberculatum, Lippia sidoides, Mentha piperita, Hura crepitans and Carapa guianensis, produced at different research institutions, were chemically analyzed and evaluated through the egg hatch test (EHT) and larval development test (LDT) in H. contortus. P. tuberculatum (150 and 250 mg kg(-1) of body weight) was evaluated for its anthelmintic action on R. norvegicus experimentally infected with S. venezuelensis. In the EHT, the LC(50) and LC(90) of the extracts were respectively as follows: 0.031 and 0.09 mg mL(-1) for P. tuberculatum, 0.04 and 0.13 mg mL(-1) for L. sidoides, 0.037 and 0.10 mg mL(-1) for M. piperita, 2.16 and 17.13 mg mL(-1) for H. crepitans and 2.03 × 10(-6) and 1.22 × 10(-12) mg mL(-1) for C. guianensis. In the LDT, the LC(50) and LC(90) were respectively: 0.02 and 0.031 mg mL(-1) for P. tuberculatum, 0.002 and 0.04 mg mL(-1) for L. sidoides, 0.018 and 0.03 mg mL(-1) for M. piperita, 0.36 and 0.91 mg mL(-1) for H. crepitans and 17.65 and 1890 mg mL(-1) for C. guianensis. The extract of P. tuberculatum showed the following substances: piperamides as (Z)-piplartine, (E)-piplartine, 8,9-dihydropiplartine, piperine, 10,11-dihydropiperine, 5,6 dihydropiperlongumine and pellitorine. The major compounds of the oils were thymol (76.6%) for L. sidoides, menthol (27.5%) for M. piperita and oleic acid (46.8%) for C. guianensis. Regarding the in vivo test, neither dose of P. tuberculatum caused any significant reduction (P>0.05) in worm burden and fecal egg counts compared with the control group. We conclude that the extracts of P. tuberculatum, L. sidoides and M. piperita have effective activity when tested in vitro, but the doses of the extract of P. tuberculatum have no effect when employed in in vivo tests.     

花生油对绵羊体外瘤胃发酵指标的影响

本研究采用体外批次培养技术,选择3只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的绵羊为瘤胃液供体,以微晶纤维素为培养底物,培养瓶中花生油的添加量分别为0、5、10、15 mg培和20 mg,每个水平做3个重复,在培养4、8、16、24、36 h和48 h各时间.占'测定培养液中pH值、氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度和48 h纤维素消失率,从而筛选花生油在体外培养中适宜的添加量.结果表明:随着花生油添加水平的逐渐增加,培养液中pH值呈上升趋势,NH3-N浓度、TVFA浓度和48 h纤维素消失率逐渐降低.本试验中,在不影响瘤胃发酵的情况下花生油的最适宜添加量为5 mg.     

添加5种植物酚类化合物对高精料底物瘤胃体外发酵及产甲烷的影响

甲烷排放是全球变暖和气候变化的主要影响因素之一,而瘤胃微生物发酵会排放大量甲烷,因此减少反刍动物排放甲烷已引起广泛关注。本试验旨在采用人工瘤胃体外发酵技术,研究在精粗比为65∶35的条件下,添加不同浓度(0、0.05%、0.10%、0.20%)的单宁酸、对羟基苯甲酸、鞣花酸、丁香酸及芦丁对瘤胃体外发酵参数及甲烷产量的影响。结果表明,与空白对照相比,在体外条件下,添加0.05%及以上的单宁显著降低NH₃-N水平(P<0.05),添加0.20%的单宁显著降低发酵终点pH(P<0.05),并显著提高48 h累积产气量和乙丙比(P<0.05)。添加0.10%及以上浓度的对羟基苯甲酸可显著降低NH₃-N和乙酸浓度并提高累积产气量(P<0.05);除乙酸外,对挥发性脂肪酸的产生无显著影响(P>0.05)。添加鞣花酸后显著降低CH₄产生和乙丙比(P<0.05);当添加水平达到0.10%后TVFA(总挥发性脂肪酸)显著下降(P<0.05),达到0.20%后pH和NH₃-N显著下降(P<0.05)。添加丁香酸后NH₃-N和累积产气量显著下降(P<0.05);当添加水平达到0.10%后,CH₄和TVFA显著增加(P<0.05)。添加芦丁显著降低NH₃-N并增加TVFA(P<0.05),当添加水平达到0.10%时,乙丙比显著下降(P<0.05);达到0.20%时pH下降而累积产气量显著增加(P<0.05)。由此可见,添加一定水平的酚酸和芦丁能降低NH₃-N浓度,增加产气量;丁香酸和芦丁可增加TVFA水平,而鞣花酸降低TVFA水平;仅鞣花酸能抑制甲烷产生,而丁香酸促进甲烷的产生。     

Effect of vitamin E on ruminal fermentation in vitro

The effects of vitamin E on pH value, total protozoa counts, volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia nitrogen and lactate levels were examined using an in vitro ruminal incubation system. The ruminal fluid (100 ml) of the first and second group was supplemented with 0.4 mg or 0.8 mg of vitamin E, respectively. Samples were taken immediately before and following 3, 6, 12 and 24 h of incubation at 39 degrees C and analysed for the total protozoa counts, the pH and the levels of ammonia nitrogen, lactate and VFA. Levels of propionate at 24 h and ammonia nitrogen at 12 and 24 h were significantly higher in the second group than in the control. In contrast, the levels of butyrate at 6, 12 and 24 h and lactate at 6, 12 and 24 h were lower in the second group than in the control. Propionate at 24 h, acetate levels at 6, 12 and 24 hand ammonia nitrogen levels at 6, 12 and 24 h and total rumen protozoa counts at 6, 12 and 24 h were significantly higher in the second group as compared with control. In contrary, butyrate levels at 6, 12 and 24 h, lactate levels at 6, 12 and 24 h were lower in second group than in control. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups in the pH values. In conclusion, the addition of vitamin E to in vitro ruminal fluid was found to increase the concentrations of acetate and propionate, total counts of protozoa, levels of ammonia nitrogen, but to decrease the butyrate and lactate levels of the ruminal aliquots in in vitro ruminal fermentation.     

Evaluation of rare-earth markers using an in vitro ruminal fermentation system and effect of processing method on ruminal turnover of sized corn particles

A two-stage in vitro ruminal fermentation experiment was conducted to determine the extent of marker migration and the effects of marker addition on digestibility. Fermentation studies were terminated either at the end of stage I, the fermentation phase, or stage II, the pepsin digestion phase. Treatment diets contained ytterbium-marked corn plus chopped Coastal bermudagrass hay and nonmarked corn plus chopped hay. After stage I of the in vitro ruminal fermentation, 90% of ytterbium was recovered. Of this, 8.8% of the ytterbium had migrated to the hay, 2% was recovered in the supernatant and 89.2% remained bound to the corn. After completion of both stages, 72% was recovered, of which 7.9% was bound to corn, 33.6% was bound to the hay, 1.1% was recovered in the stage I supernatant and 57.4% was associated with the acid pepsin supernatant. Dry matter digestion was not affected after stage I but after stage II, digestibility was decreased 7% due to marker addition. A ruminal-cannulated Holstein steer weighing approximately 680 kg was used to determine turnover rates from the rumen of liquid and five different particle sizes of corn. Corn from each of two processing methods was fractionated into five particle sizes by dry-sieving. The corn particles included steam-rolled corn (SRC) retained on a 4-mm sieve and marked with dysprosium, SRC retained on a 2-mm sieve and marked with erbium, cracked corn (CC) retained on a 4-mm sieve and marked with yttrium, CC retained on a 2-mm sieve and marked with ytterbium, and CC retained on a 1-mm sieve and marked with samarium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

植物提取物对猪生产性能的影响

植物提取物添加剂作为一种天然、多功能性、无毒副作用、无抗药性的新兴＂绿色添加剂＂,对于保护环境、促进畜牧业的可持续发展意义重大。本文就植物提取物的主要有效成分和功能,以及植物提取物对猪生产性能的影响进行了综述,为开发利用植物提取物提供理论依据。     

药用植物提取物对绵羊采食量、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加不同水平药用植物提取物对绵羊采食量、采食行为、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响.试验将60头平均体重为82.76 kg的绵羊随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复4头.3组绵羊在10?w的试验期中分别饲喂基础日粮+0、80和160?mg/kg药物复合植物提取物.结果:80?mg/kg植物提取物组绵羊的平均...