微量元素铬的生物学功能及其在动物生产中的应用

铬具有提高动物生长、生产和免疫性能,改善胴体品质和繁殖性能,缓解应激反应等作用.文章就铬的生物学功能、铬在动物生产上的应用效果进行了综合阐述.     

铬的生物学功能及应用效果

铬元素是人和动物必需微量元素之一，它在体内含量少，但是作用大。铬主要通过影响糖代谢、脂代谢及蛋白质代谢等，调节机体生长繁殖性能及免疫功能。本文就铬的生物学功能及应用效果等做一简要综述。     

铬对动物生产性能和肉品质影响的研究进展

铬是动物体内必需微量矿物元素之一,与其他矿物元素共同对人和动物体内碳水化合物、脂类和蛋白质等代谢起着重要的作用。因其在生产和肉质改善上有显著的效果,关于铬制剂对动物生长性能和肉品质影响的研究日益增多,其在动物生产上的应用也越来越广泛。但是,与其他微量无素相比,人们对铬的了解还较少。因此,对铬元素的生物学功能及铬制剂对动物生产性能和肉品质影响的研究进展进行综述,旨在为铬在动物生产中科学的应用提供借鉴和参考。     

铬对家禽生长性能的影响及其分子机理研究

铬是动物体内的必需微量元素,是葡萄糖耐量因子（GTF）的重要组成部分。近年来,铬对肉鸡生长性能的影响及其分子机理方面的研究已有较大的进展,本文主要就铬的生物学功能、作用机理、在家禽上的应用及影响铬作用效果的因素等方面作一综述。     

铬的生物学功能及其应用前景(上)

铬（Cr^3 ）是一种人和动物必需的微量元素。铬作为胰岛素作用的辅助因子在糖、脂类、蛋白质、核酸代谢等过程中起重要作用。随着对铬（Cr^3 ）研究的不断深入，发现其在减少应激、提高免疫力、改善胴体品质和提高繁殖性能等方面均有很好的功效。本文主要对铬的生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用效果做一综述，并对铬的应用前景做出展望。     

铬的生物学功能及其应用前景(下)

铬(Cr^3 )是一种人和动物必需的微量元素。铬作为胰岛素作用的辅助因子在糖、脂类、蛋白质、核酸代谢等过程中起重要作用。随着对铬(Cr^3 )研究的不断深入，发现其在减少应激、提高免疫力、改善胴体品质和提高繁殖性能等方面均有很好的功效。本文主要对铬的生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用效果做一综述，并对铬的应用前景做出展望。     

铬在养鸡业中的运用进展

铬参与动物机体的糖类、脂类、蛋白质和核酸代谢，是动物生长发育过程中必不可少的一种微量元素。铬对鸡的生产性能、应激和免疫功能都有一定的影响。本文综述了铬对鸡营养的作用效果及机理，为铬在鸡营养中进一步运用奠定理论基础。     

微量元素铬在畜禽生产上的应用

本文综述了铬对畜禽的生产性能、肉质品质、繁殖性能、缓解应激、免疫机能等方面的作用效果。为有机铬的进一步研究发展及其在畜禽生产上的应用提供参考。     

微量元素铬在猪生产中的应用

铬是人和动物的必需微量元素。近十几年来对铬在猪的营养上进行了许多研究。结果表明:铬对猪的生产性能和胴体品质影响不大,而对于肉质的某些方面和繁殖性能具有一定的影响。本文就铬的生理功能,铬对猪的生产性能、胴体品质、肉质、免疫功能和繁殖性能的影响及铬与激素调节、铬源的选择与应用作一综述。     

铬在猪营养中应用的研究进展

铬参与动物机体的碳水化合物、脂类、蛋白质和核酸代谢,是动物生长发育过程中必不可少的一种微量元素,对猪的生产性能、胴体品质、肉质、免疫功能都有一定的影响。本文综述了铬对猪营养的作用效果及机理,为铬在猪营养中的应用提供参考。     

Efficacy of feed enzymes in pig and poultry diets containing distillers dried grains with solubles: a review

Distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a coproduct of the ethanol industry, are often used as feed material in livestock and poultry nutrition. Results of many experiments have indicated, however, that a high dietary level of DDGS can negatively affect the digestibility of nutrients and the performance of monogastric animals due to their high content of non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP). Nevertheless, using high levels of DDGS as a protein source in livestock diets can be still economically justifiable in view of the rising prices of soya bean meal and other protein sources. The aim of some recent experiments with poultry and pigs was to improve the nutritional efficacy of high‐NSP diets through the addition of feed enzymes. As presented and discussed in this review article, the efficacy of feed enzymes added to poultry and pig diets containing DDGS is not consistent and depends on many factors. However, NSP‐hydrolysing enzymes generally seemed to be more efficient than phytases in terms of the digestibility of nutrients and the growth performance of poultry and pigs fed high‐DDGS diets. For this reason, supplementation with NSP‐hydrolysing enzymes could be an efficient way to enable the use of increased levels of DDGS in poultry and pig diets.     

Poultry Manure as a Supplement in High Concentrate Diets Limit-Fed to Beef Cows

Three trials were conducted to evaluate poultry manure as a CP and mineral supplement in high concentrate diets limit-fed to gestating and lactating beef cows and heifers. Trial 1 used 67 pregnant Simmental x Angus beef cows (BW, 640 ± 6 kg). During this 126-d trial, no differences (P>0.10) in BW changes or body condition scores (BCS) were observed between cows provided supplemental CP and minerals from either poultry manure or a soybean meal-based protein and mineral supplement. Feed costs per day were lower for cows fed diets supplemented with poultry manure ($0.82) than for those fed diets supplemented with the soybean meal-based protein and mineral supplement ($1.11) and were much lower than those for cows fed an all hay diet offered for ad libitum intake ($1.46). In Trial 2, 26 pregnant Simmental x Angus beef heifers (BW, 503 ± 11 kg) were used to determine the efficacy of poultry manure as a source of energy, protein, and minerals. No differences (P>0.10) in performance were observed between heifers consuming a low poultry manure diet (4.6 kg/d corn and 1.1 kg/d poultry manure) or a high poultry manure diet (3.1 kg/d corn and 3.2 kg/d poultry manure). Feed costs per day were lower for heifers on the high poultry manure treatment ($0.61 vs $0.73 for high and low poultry manure treatments, respectively). Trial 3 was conducted with 61 beef cows and 23 beef heifers in late gestation. Animals consuming the poultry manure-supplemented, corn-based diet lost more weight during both the gestation (P<0.10) and lactation periods (P<0.05) than those fed the soybean meal-based protein and mineral supplement. Overall BCS change was similar among treatments (P=0.31). Feed costs per day were lower for cows fed supplemental poultry manure ($0.82) than for those fed the soybean meal-based protein and mineral supplement ($1.11). Poultry manure was a more economical source of supplemental CP and minerals than a soybean meal-based protein and mineral supplement when fed to meet nutrient needs of cows that were limit-fed a corn-based diet. Effects on cow performance were minimal.     

益生凝结芽孢杆菌在肉禽养殖中的应用及作用机理研究进展

凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)作为一种新型饲用益生菌,能够促进肠道健康和营养吸收、增强机体免疫力和维持肠道菌群平衡,从而提高动物生产性能.肉禽养殖是我国畜牧业重要的组成部分,如何促进肉禽养殖业的健康可持续发展、提高生产效益和无抗绿色养殖已成为当下研究的热点之一.本文就凝结芽孢杆菌的生物学特性、益生...     

微生物发酵饲料在畜禽养殖中的应用

微生物发酵技术在畜禽养殖中应用广泛,在改善饲料适口性、提高饲料利用率、减少环境污染、促进畜禽生长性能、提高畜禽免疫力、改善畜禽肉品质及繁殖性能等方面有重要作用.本文详述了微生物发酵饲料在畜禽养殖中的应用及微生物发酵饲料的发展前景.     

畜禽生产中氧化应激分子调控机理及营养策略研究进展

现代畜禽生产过程中发生的氧化应激损害畜禽健康,降低畜禽生产性能。现代系统动物营养学认为畜禽体内自由基稳态失衡是导致氧化应激—炎症反应—免疫功能失衡,威胁畜禽健康,降低畜禽生产性能的根本原因。畜禽体内多种信号通路组成的调控网络共同维持自由基稳态。综述了p38MAPK、Nrf2-ARE、NF-κB等氧化应激相关信号通路在畜禽生产中的调控机制及其营养策略研究进展,以期为畜禽生产中缓解氧化应激损伤,保障动物福利,提高生产性能提供参考。     

Research Progress on Mechanisms of Lighting Affecting the Reproduction of Male Poultry Breeders

Lighting is one of the most crucial environment factors for the organisms. The superior photonasty of poultry enable them to sensitize the lighting and translate the photon to biological signals that regulate the growth,reproduction and behaviors. In the modern poultry industry, providing the optimized lighting environment has been an important management strategy for the enhancement of the animal performance. In the recent years, with the development of poultry artificial insemination technology,semen process,package and conservation, housing the male breeders separately from the females is getting popular. Therefore,the finer lighting environment for the males is valuable for their reproduction performance. The recent progresses on poultry photoreceptor,hormones involved in the light-sex signal transduction, and the effect of lighting regimen, light intensity,and spectrum on the reproduction of male poultry breeders were summarized in this review,aiming at providing the basis for the future study and industry application.     

种公禽繁殖系统对光要素的应答机制研究进展

光照是生物体重要的生活环境因素之一。禽类具有优越的感光机能,光线通过其光感受器被感知,并转变为生物学信号,从而对生长发育、繁殖和行为等方面产生影响。在现代养禽业中,人工优化光照环境已成为提高动物生产性能的一项重要手段。近年来,随着种用母鸡笼养、人工授精技术的广泛应用及精液处理、包装和存储技术的发展,在家禽养殖中,也逐步将种公禽单独饲养。研究光照对种公禽繁殖性能的影响,一方面可以进一步解析种公禽繁殖系统对光要素的生物应答机制,另一方面可为生产中采用精细化的光照条件提高种公禽繁殖效率提供科学依据。笔者就禽类的光感受器,参与光-性信号传导的激素,以及光照节律、光照强度和光波长对种公禽性成熟和繁殖性能的影响等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为其在生产中的应用奠定基础。     

三价铬对畜禽繁殖性能的影响及其作用机制

三价铬是动物需要的微量元素之一,具有缓解应激、改善肉质的功能,对动物的繁殖也有重要作用。铬通过缓解应激对繁殖的损伤和调节机体的内分泌等方面影响畜禽的繁殖性能。本文就铬对畜禽繁殖性能的影响及其可能的机制作一综述,以期为三价铬在种用畜禽上的合理应用提供理论支持。     

维生素C在家禽抗应激中的作用研究进展

本文就应激状态下家禽体内Vc的合成；应激状态下家禽机体对Vc的吸收、分布和利用效率；日粮中添加Vc对家禽抗应激及生产性能的影响；Vc在家禽抗应激作用研究的衡量指标及其测试手段和方法；抗应激中Vc与其他抗应激剂的互作；日粮Vc对家禽抗应激影响机理等六部分系统综述了Vc在家禽抗应激中的作用的研究进展。     

家禽苏氨酸营养研究进展

苏氨酸是家禽第三限制性氨基酸,在家禽体内发挥多种重要的生物学功能,如平衡饲粮氨基酸比例,提高营养物质利用效率,改善家禽生长性能和产蛋性能;促进肠道组织发育、维持肠道屏障功能,提高家禽免疫力等。文章从苏氨酸的代谢途径及其对家禽的生物学作用方面进行综述,为苏氨酸在家禽生产中的合理应用提供理论依据。