腐植酸对土壤氮素转化及氨挥发损失的影响

采用培养试验方法研究腐植酸添加量(0、5%、10%、25%、50%、75%HA)对土壤氮素转化及其损失的影响。结果表明:与CK对比,1)腐植酸可显著降低氨挥发量,各处理平均降低12.08%,且随着腐植酸添加量的增加对氨挥发的抑制作用增大;2)培养前期,5%~50%添加量范围内腐植酸能提高土壤脲酶活性,至5 d时平均提高了35.13%,75%腐植酸添加量的土壤脲酶活性降低了13.23%,但培养后期(14 d后)腐植酸处理均能提高土壤脲酶活性;3)添加腐植酸使土壤铵态氮含量增加,且随着腐植酸添加量的增大,土壤铵态氮含量呈增加趋势,至培养112 d时,腐植酸处理的土壤铵态氮含量平均增加了39.63%;4)在整个培养期间,腐植酸处理的土壤表观硝化率平均降低了17.20%,且腐植酸的添加量越大,土壤表观硝化率越低。这些结果充分表明腐植酸能够调控土壤氮素去向、减少氮素损失,对提高氮肥利用率具有重要意义。     

节水灌溉稻田氨挥发损失及影响因素

为了揭示节水灌溉稻田氨挥发特征,开展了不同灌溉模式稻田氨挥发损失的田间试验,分析了节水灌溉稻田氨挥发速率季节变化规律与稻季氨挥发损失量,以及稻田氨挥发速率与影响因素之间的相互关系。结果表明,控制灌溉稻田氨挥发速率与淹水灌溉稻田变化规律基本一致,且在分蘖肥引起氨挥发出现峰值后的大部分时间里都要低于淹水灌溉;控制灌溉与淹水灌溉稻田稻季氨挥发损失总量（以纯氮计）分别为125.27 kg/hm2和145.64 kg/hm2,分别占稻季施氮量的31.06%和36.11%。除了受施肥影响外,稻田氨挥发还与田面水（表层土壤水）铵态氮浓度、空气温度、风速、日照时数及空气湿度等有密切关系。与淹水灌溉相比,控制灌溉减少了稻田氨挥发损失。     

保护地菜田土壤氨挥发损失及影响因素研究

保护地过量施用氮肥是造成氮素氨挥发损失的主要原因。本文采用"密闭室间歇通气法"研究了常规施肥、常规+C/N、推荐施肥和单施有机肥4种施肥措施下保护地菜田土壤的氨挥发特性。结果表明:减少施肥量和秸秆还田技术能有效降低氨挥发损失;整个监测周期内,不同处理氨挥发量均较小,常规施肥处理损失量最高,占总施氮量的0.73%,化肥氮对氨挥发的贡献率较大(大于70%),不同处理氨挥发损失量大小顺序为常规施肥常规+C/N推荐施肥单施有机肥;氨挥发监测周期内表层土壤(0—1cm)pH值呈先下降后上升的趋势,下降幅度以常规施肥处理最大,约0.5个pH值单位;土壤pH值、0—1cm土层铵态氮含量与氨挥发速率呈显著正相关(P0.05)。     

基施氮肥对麦田冬前氨挥发损失的影响

通过田间原位测定农田氨挥发的方法,研究了京郊不同基施氮肥水平的麦田冬前土壤氨挥发情况及其时间变化规律。结果表明,麦田土壤氨挥发主要发生在施肥后1~2周内,以施肥后连续采样14 d的氨挥发累积量作为小麦冬前氨挥发总排放量,高施氮量处理的氨挥发总量大于低施氮量处理的氨挥发总量,50~400 kg·hm-2不同施肥水平下土壤的氨挥发总量（N）为1.83~14.29 kg·hm-2,占施氮量的2.04%~6.74%。温度回升也导致了氨挥发量小范围升高。     

沸石作为添加剂对鸡粪高温堆肥氨挥发的影响

为分析沸石作为添加剂对畜禽粪便高温堆肥氨挥发的影响,以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为试验材料进行野外好氧堆制试验,监测堆肥过程中氨挥发及其影响因素的动态变化。结果表明：一定比例的沸石添加剂在堆肥起始2周内对抑制堆体氨挥发效果明显,氨挥发速率显著低于对照,堆肥至第12天,添加沸石处理累积氨挥发与对照相比减少44.2%;堆肥7周内,添加沸石处理累积减少氨挥发损失达26.9%;沸石添加剂主要通过吸附高温堆肥过程中过量的铵态氮达到减少氨挥发的效果;从温度、电导率等指标来看,沸石添加剂促进了高温发酵过程的进行,一定程度上有利于提高堆肥品质。     

夏季鸡舍屋顶隔热改善舍内热环境及蛋鸡生产性能

鸡舍屋顶夏季所接收辐射热最多,屋顶内表面与舍内空气对流换热作用较强,舍内垂直温差加剧,造成局部热应激影响蛋鸡生产性能。为探究屋顶隔热对蛋鸡舍内热环境及蛋鸡生产性能的影响,该文对比研究试验舍(100 mm保温玻璃棉毡彩钢板屋顶)与对照舍(200 mm加气混凝土屋顶)2种不同材料屋顶对鸡舍内环境及生产性能的影响,并讨论鸡舍屋顶成本与养鸡经济效益的关系。结果表明:1)试验舍内温湿度波动比对照舍内小,试验舍内平均温度比对照鸡舍低2.3℃,对照舍内温度空间上呈垂直分布且温差大于3℃,由地面向屋顶逐渐升高且距离地面3.2 m高度水平面温度与0.8、1.6、2.4 m高度水平面温度差异极显著(P0.01);2)试验舍内热应激程度低于对照舍,对照舍内温湿指标正常水平比试验舍内低15.7%,轻度热应激程度高12.1%,中度热应激程度高1.7%,高度热应激程度高0.9%。对照舍内3.2 m平面上蛋鸡受到不同程度的热应激,高度热应激占2.5%;3)试验舍蛋鸡产蛋率比对照鸡舍高1.5%,平均蛋质量高1.9 g。对照舍3.2 m平面上蛋鸡产蛋率与距离地面0.8、1.6、2.4 m平面蛋鸡产蛋率差异极显著(P0.01),周死淘率差异显著(P0.05);试验舍和对照舍0.8 m平面上蛋鸡平均蛋质量最高,对照舍底层0.8 m平面上蛋鸡平均蛋质量与距离地面1.6、2.4、3.2 m平面蛋鸡的平均蛋质量差异极显著(P0.01),但破蛋率之间差异不显著(P0.05);4)对照舍屋顶的冷负荷峰值是试验舍屋顶冷负荷峰值的2.1倍,对照舍屋顶内表面温度比试验舍高3℃。试验鸡舍采用隔热屋顶1~1.5 a可收回投入成本,维持舍内热环境以提高蛋鸡养殖户的收入。该研究可为集约化密集型饲养模式下蛋鸡舍的环境调控及节能措施提供参考。     

大气污染物烟尘对农作物环境的影响研究

模拟试验研究烟尘对大白菜品质及产量的影响结果表明 ,烟尘对大白菜生物学性状、生理功能、产量与品质均有不同程度的影响 ,差异显著与差异极显著临界降尘量分别为 4 5 7t/km2 ·月和 6 5 7t/km2 ·月 ,对应大白菜减产幅度分别为 16 6 %和 30 0 % ,可溶性糖含量分别降低 16 7%和 31 0 % ,粗蛋白质含量分别降低 15 0 %和15 9%。     

固态抑氨菌剂制备及其对蛋鸡舍的抑氨效果

为了为抑氨菌选择良好的固定化载体,并研究固态抑氨菌剂对降低鸡舍内氨质量浓度的效果,该文将7种有机载体混合成63种组合载体后,选择较佳的组合载体,并以此制成固态抑氨菌剂。于饲喂1000只商品蛋鸡的笼养蛋鸡舍中,将固态抑氨菌剂均匀撒放于鸡粪表面,研究其在鸡舍现场的抑氨效果。菌剂的撒放按照菌剂与鸡粪质量之比进行,试验1期为0.5%,试验2期为1%,试验3期为1.5%,对照1期、2期和3期均不撒放,每天4次测定鸡舍内6个点的温度、相对湿度、氨质量浓度和CO2体积分数,试验共进行36d。结果表明,麦糠、稻壳和玉米芯粉等量混合并以200%吸水率吸附抑氨菌液后制成的固态抑氨菌剂的效果较佳;试验1期鸡舍内氨质量浓度未发生显著变化(P>0.05),试验2期氨质量浓度降低15%(P<0.01),试验3期氨质量浓度降低59.3%(P<0.01);但3期试验均未对舍内CO2体积分数产生显著影响(P>0.05)。结果显示,以有机混合载体吸附抑氨菌液制成的固态抑氨菌剂有明显降低笼养蛋鸡舍内氨质量浓度的作用。该研究结果为生产过程中有效控制蛋鸡舍内的氨质量浓度提供理论参考。     

长期有机无机肥配施对冬小麦籽粒产量及氨挥发损失的影响

【目的】黄淮海地区作为华北平原重要的农业生产区,氮肥投入量大、利用率低的现象较为普遍,氮肥损失和农业面源污染严重。本研究在长期肥料定位试验基础上,连续多年监测不同施肥处理下冬小麦田氮素挥发损失量及其规律,探讨减少黄淮海地区麦田氨挥发的有效施肥方式,为提高冬小麦产量及肥料利用效率提供科学依据。 【方法】2011～2015 年利用水肥渗漏研究池进行试验,以石麦 15 (SM15) 为材料,以不施氮肥 (CK) 为对照处理,在同等施氮量下设置单施尿素 (U)、单施牛粪 (M) 和尿素牛粪 1∶1 配施 (U + M) 3 种氮肥配比处理,随机区组设计。采用通气法连续 4 年原位监测不同施肥处理下小麦氨挥发损失量、小麦籽粒产量及氮肥利用率。 【结果】2011～2015 年氨挥发损失量年际间变化较大,最大变幅可达 19.69 kg/hm2,年际间施肥后氨挥发速率变化规律趋势相似。不同施肥处理对土壤氨挥发有显著影响,冬小麦季氨挥发主要发生在施肥后 15 d 内,拔节期追肥的氨挥发速率显著高于播种期施用基肥。四年间氨挥发损失量平均达 7.26～42.40 kg/hm2,与不施氮肥相比,施氮处理的氨挥发损失量升高 1.40～4.84 倍,表明施用氮肥显著促进土壤氨挥发;施氮处理的氮肥损失率以 U 处理最高,达到 19.5%,M 处理最低,为 5.7%,U + M 处理为 12.3%,介于两处理之间,U + M 处理和 M 处理的氮肥损失率较 U 处理四年平均分别降低了 37.0% 和 71.1%,表明单施有机肥或有机无机肥配施可显著抑制氨挥发损失。2011～2015 年各施肥处理冬小麦产量均以 U + M 处理最高,达 9461.5 kg/hm2,较 U 和 M 处理分别增产 6.8% 和 9.1%。各处理的冬小麦籽粒吸氮量、地上部吸氮量同样以 U + M 处理最大,较 U 和 M 处理分别提高 7.1%、12.6% 和 5.4%、12.9%。U + M 处理的氮肥利用率在四年均最高,达 41.96%,较 U 和 M 处理分别提高 16.5%～19.6% 和 38.6%～58.7%。 【结论】综合籽粒产量及氮素利用效率,有机无机肥配施比单施化肥能显著降低氨挥发损失,提高籽粒产量和氮肥利用率,有利于实现冬小麦高产与肥料高效的协同,可作为黄淮海区域小麦生产中的增产增效的优化施肥方式。     

藻类在稻田生态系统中的作用及其对氨挥发损失的影响

本文在总结已有稻田藻类研究结果的基础上,结合温室盆栽试验的初步结果,阐述了藻类对稻田氨挥发损失过程的影响,及其在稻田土壤N素转化、供应与调节中所起的重要作用。提出了减少N素氨挥发损失和合理利用稻田藻类的方法。     

WHEAT YIELD AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER EFFICIENCY AS INFLUENCED BY PRE-INCUBATED USE OF SINGLE SUPERPHOSPHATE AND POULTRY LITTER AND ITS TIME OF APPLICATION

In an effort to improve phosphorus (P) fertilizer efficiency on alkaline calcareous soils, the effect of period of pre-incubation of single superphosphate along with poultry litter and its time of application on phosphorous efficiency and yield of wheat was studied in a net house pot experiment. The results showed that application of 3–21 days pre-incubated single super phosphate + poultry litter resulted in higher phosphorous fertilizer efficiency and produced significantly higher dry matter yield of wheat at vegetative stage of growth. At maturity, however, maximum grain yield and highest phosphorous fertilizer efficiency was recorded for seven-days pre-incubation treatment only as compared to the recommended method of single super phosphate alone application at sowing. Application of pre-incubated single super phosphate + poultry litter at first irrigation also produced grain yield equivalent to single super phosphate applied alone at sowing. Under field conditions, top-dressing pre-incubated 22 and 44 kg phosphorous (as single super phosphate) along with 1 ton of poultry litter ha^?1 at first irrigation improved phosphorous uptake by 16.4 and 18.7%, phosphorous fertilizer efficiency by 65 and 58% and the grain yield of wheat by 13.4 and 12.5%, respectively as compared to phosphorous alone application at the same time.     

PANSY FLORAL DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION AS INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE,NITROGEN FORM,AND STAGE OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT

Production temperatures can affect the marketability of pansies (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.) by influencing plant growth, the presence of nutrient disorders, and the rate of floral development. The choice of nitrogen (N) form in fertility can also influence pansy growth and nutrition, but the effect of fertility on pansy flowering is not clear. Whether or not temperature and N fertility work together to influence nutrient absorption at different stages of the pansy life cycle is unknown. Our objectives were to determine the influence of temperature and N form on pansy floral development, and to identify the peak nutrient demand periods at different temperatures and ratios of NO₃ ^? to NH₄ ⁺ in fertility. Pansies cv. ‘Crown White’ were grown in nutrient solution cultures until lateral branches had open flowers. Treatments consisted of two temperatures (12°C and 22°C) and three stages of floral development (five true leaf stage until visible bud, visible bud until first flower, first flower until flowering on lateral branches), and three NO₃ ^? :NH₄ ⁺ molar % ratios (100:0, 62:38, 25:75) with a total concentration of 100 mg N L^?1. A modified Hoagland's solution was used with NO₃ ^??N supplied as Ca(NO₃)₂ and KNO₃ and with NH₄ ⁺?N as (NH₄)₂SO₄. The effects of temperature and N form on the time required for development of different floral stages were assessed. In addition, the influence temperature and N form on nutrient absorption was determined for three pre‐determined stages of floral development to identify peak nutrient demand periods. The timing of flower bud development and first flower was not influenced by treatments. At 22°C, pansies flowered earlier on lateral branches than at 12°C, but these plants also suffered a loss in quality due to unfavorable growth characteristics and the development of nutritional disorders. Individual absorption of plant nutrients at different stages of development varied with temperature and N regime. Overall, pansies absorbed the greatest quantity of magnesium (Mg) before flower bud development, calcium (Ca) after flower bud development, and NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^? phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) after anthesis. In addition, pansies absorbed more NO₃ ^?, Ca, Mg, and P at 12°C than at 22°C. At times, the absorption of NO₃ ^? was dramatically decreased with increasing NH₄ ⁺ in solutions. Results suggest that nutrient absorption by pansy in different stages of development is influenced by production temperatures and the choice of N form in fertilization. Adjusting fertility programs according to peak demand periods and production temperatures will help prevent periodic nutrient disorders during the life cycle, and may reduce fertilization costs.     

YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF UPLAND RICE AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN SOURCES

Ammonium sulfate and urea are main sources of nitrogen (N) for annual crop production in developing countries. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted using ammonium sulfate and urea as N sources for upland rice grown on a Brazilian Oxisol. The N rates used were 0, 50, 100, 150, 3000, and 400 kg N kg^?1 of soil. Yield and yield components were significantly increased in a quadratic fashion with increasing N rate. Ammonium sulfate X urea interaction was significant for grain yield, shoot dry matter yield, panicle number, plant height and root dry weight, indicating a different response magnitude of these plant parameters to two sources of N. Based on regression equation, maximum grain yield was achieved with the application of 380 mg N kg^?1 by ammonium sulfate and 271 mg N kg^?1 by urea. Grain yield and yield components were reduced at higher rates of urea (>300 mg kg N) but these plant parameters’ responses to ammonium sulfate at higher rates was constant. In the intermediate N rate range (125 to 275 mg kg^?1), urea was slightly better compared to ammonium sulfate for grain yield. Grain yield was significantly related with plant height, shoot dry weight, panicle number, grain harvest index and root dry weight. Hence, improving these plant characteristics by using appropriate soil and plant management practices can improve upland rice yield.     

GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSES OF PLANTAIN GENOTYPES AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS

A field experiment was conducted for two cropping cycles to evaluate the growth and yield responses of four plantain genotypes (29525, 30456-3, PITA 14 and Agbagba) to fertilizer source (inorganic, organic fertilizer and no fertilizer) in a 4 × 3 factorial in a complete randomized block design. Genotype 29525 flowered and matured earliest, produced heaviest bunches and highest number of hands and fruits per bunch. Agbagba produced the tallest plants, longest, widest and heaviest fruits. Bunch weight was heavier with the application of inorganic or organic fertilizers. There were genotype and fertilizer interactions for bunch and fruit weights and length in the plant crop with genotype 29525 having the heaviest bunches whereas the heaviest and longest fruits were produced by Agbagba when no fertilizer was applied. Bunch yield per hectare increased with organic fertilizer application.     

GROWTH AND LEAF YIELD DYNAMICS OF COOL SEASON CORIANDER AS INFLUENCED BY CUTTING AND FOLIAR NITROGEN APPLICATION

An experiment was conducted to study regrowth and yield of coriander influenced by nitrogen (N) with five different urea doses (0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0% by volume) as foliar spray. Spraying of urea has a significant impact on growth and yield in the second cut. Leaf emergence rate (LER) was higher during initial growth phase and then drastically reduced until first cutting, whereas the stem elongation rate (SER) recorded its peak value during 75-105 DAS. Impact of foliar spray was conspicuous during the later phase of regrowth with the treatment of 2.5% urea achieving the highest SER. Additional return due to spraying was positive up to a dose of 2.5% urea and decreased thereafter. Hence, the study indicated that a foliar spray of nitrogen (2.5% urea) may be beneficial for coriander leaf production under multicut system and the crop is sensitive to rainfall, phototemperature, and morning humidity.     

YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF HYBRID RICE AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AT DIFFERENT ECO-SITES

Hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars play an important role in rice production due to its high yield potential. Optimum nitrogen (N) rate is necessary to achieve the maximum yield of hybrid. The main objective of this study was to reveal the responses of yield and yield component of hybrid rice ‘Eryou 107’ to different N rates in Nanjing and Taoyuan, a special eco-site. Leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation was also compared. Rice yield showed a quadratic response to N rates at both sites with maximum yields approximately 10 t ha^?1 at the 195 kg ha^?1 N rate in Nanjing and maximum yield above 18 t ha^?1 at the 375 kg ha^?1 N rate in Taoyuan. Panicle per m² was positively linear related to N rate at both sites in both years, while spikelets per panicle showed a quadratic relation. Larger sink size was the primary contributor to higher yields in Taoyuan compared with Nanjing, and panicle per m² was the main cause. With the increasing N rate, LAI increased linearly and the dry matter accumulation first increased than declined at both sites. Greater effects of N rates on yield and yield components, LAI, and biomass was observed in Taoyuan than Nanjing. Higher LAI, biomass, and larger sink size resulted in the higher yields and more N rate for maximum yields in Taoyuan, compared with Nanjing.     

氮肥用量及施用时间对土体中硝态氮移动的影响

土连续两年小麦—玉米轮作条件下 ,播前一次施氮量 130～ 5 2 0kghm-2 a-1时 ,氮肥用量对硝态氮在土体中的移动深度没有影响 ,但土壤剖面中残留的硝态氮量随施氮量增加显著增加。播前一次施用氮肥 ,差减法计算的肥料氮表观回收率 (作物携出量和土壤硝态氮的残留量 )为 6 2 %～ 82 7% ;就作物而言小麦的携出率高于玉米 ,在玉米生长季节有更多的硝态氮可能被淋移至土壤剖面的下层。小麦—玉米轮作一年 ,不同的施氮时间对肥料氮的表观回收率以及硝态氮在土壤剖面中的分布、累计没有明显影响。土区合适的氮肥用量是控制硝态氮向深层移动的主要措施     

GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF M.26 EMLA APPLE ROOTSTOCK AS INFLUENCED BY TITANIUM FERTILIZATION

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of different mode of titanium (Ti) fertilization on growth and nutrition by M.26 EMLA apple rootstock (Malus spp.) grown in three soils with diverse physical and chemical properties. Soils were taken from Warszawa, Grojec and Brzezna regions (fruit growing regions) of Poland. The experiment was carried out during 120 days in a greenhouse. The following treatments were applied: soil Ti fertilization at a rate of 2 and 4 mg Ti per plant and four- and eight-times Ti sprays at a rate of 0.5 mg Ti per plant in each spray. Titanium was applied as TiCl₄. Plants unfertilized with Ti served as control. Titanium sprays increased levels of this element in leaf and stem tissues. Soil Ti applications had no effect on Ti concentrations in plant tissues except plants grown in Warszawa soil where root tissue had higher Ti status compared to those of control plants. Foliar Ti applications enhanced plant dry matter and levels of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in leaf tissues only in Brzezna soil. Leaves of plants sprayed with Ti grown in Brzezna soil were greener and had higher concentrations of Fe²⁺ and chlorophyll than those of control plants. These results suggest that the primary reason for higher biomass in plants sprayed with Ti was higher leaf Fe²⁺ level, which enhanced chlorophyll synthesis and uptake of P, Fe, Mn, and Zn.     

NITRATE ACCUMULATION IN SPINACH AS INFLUENCED BY SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION UNDER INCREASING NITROGEN LEVELS

Nitrate (NO₃) accumulation by spinach was studied under increasing nitrogen (N) levels (60, 120 and 240 kg N ha^?1) along with sulfur (45 kg S ha^?1) and phosphorus (P; 90 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) application. Plants were harvested at 50 and 65 days after sowing. Plant samples were analyzed for NO₃-N and total N, P, S, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). Radio assay of 35S was done to estimate percent sulfur derived from fertilizer and percent fertilizer sulfur utilization. Spinach maintained a very high level of NO₃-N in its tissue throughout the growing period. NO₃-N was increased with increasing nitrogen level and was reduced with phosphorus and sulfur application and also with advancement in growth. Total N, P, S, K, Ca and Mg uptake were increased with increasing nitrogen levels as well as with application of sulfur and phosphorus. Sulfur application caused increase in percent sulfur derived from fertilizer and percent utilization of fertilizer sulfur.