Technological Measures for Reducing Two-Stroke Motorcycle Exhaust Emissions

The main technological measures for reducing two stroke motorcycle exhaust emission in China and foreign country are introduced. The characteristics of the measures in structure, effect, cost, etc., are analysed. The results show that the enleanment of conventional carburetor mixture and the improvement of the carburetor intake passage shape is a simple and effective measure, the adoption of the electronically controlled in cylinder direct fuel injection technique is a unique measure to completely improve emissions from two stroke motorcycles. The structure and cost of a stratified scavenging system is lower than that of in cylinder direct fuel injection, but its effect is better than that of the enleanment of carburetor mixture, so, it is worth investigating further. The factories of two stroke motorcycles may select the reduction measures of the exhaust emission by referring to the analyses and comparisons.     

Finite element analysis of the LX150 motorcycle crankcase box

The wall thickness and strengthen muscle of motorcycle crankcase box influences its structure intensity directly. The static model of crankcase box of a magnesium alloy material is established by finite element method. The structure is analyzed with I-DEAS, the reason the crankcase box is crazed is pointed out. The structure is rebuilt, the intensity is increased remarkablely, the cost of manufacture is reduced largely. And the capability of a originally material, i.e. aluminium alloy is validated.     

基于台架试验的渔船柴油机履行新排放标准探讨

环保部2016年发布了GB 15097—2016《船舶发动机排气污染物排放限值及测量方法（中国第一、二阶段）》,该标准相较于《渔业船舶法定检验技术规则（船长大于或等于12 m国内海洋渔业船舶2017）》的要求增加了一氧化碳、碳氢化合物、颗粒物3个控制项目,氮氧化物的排放限值也明显提高。为获知当前中国主流渔船柴油机排放的技术现状、了解履行新标准的差距,对2种典型的渔船柴油机进行了排放污染物测试试验和劣化试验验证。试验结果显示：典型渔船柴油机可满足新标准一阶段的要求,但距离二阶段要求有较大差距。其中颗粒物的排放超出二阶段限值25%~53%。通过两型柴油机试验数据的对比分析发现,燃油喷射方式是改善颗粒物排放和有效降低柴油机劣化程度的关键因素。针对渔船柴油机如何更好的履行二阶段排放要求给出建议：推迟新标准二阶段生效;鼓励研发新产品,促进先进技术引进;控制实船使用燃油质量,提高渔民的环保意识;加强实船监管力度。     

Multi dimensional numerical simulation of the combustion process on methanol fueled engine

The paper concludes the characters of methanol as a fuel in engines. Based on the kiva 3v program, it conducts the multi dimensional numerical simulation of the operation process in cylinder of a methanol fueled engine to obtain the detail information and performance graphic charts, as well as the real time data of pressure, temperature and so on. It is helpful for the research on methanol fueled engines. The results indicate that the methanol is a green alternative fuel and the methanol fueled engines have steady operations and lower emissions by comparing the numerical results with the data of gasoline engine.     

A control system for vehicle applications of high-blend methanol gasoline

The ordinary gasoline engines could not be fueled by high-blend methanol directly. A MCU-based high-blend methanol gasoline control system is designed to extend the injection pulse width. PROTEUS simulation and test bench are validated. Flyer M-TCE engines burning M85 go smoothly. The results indicate that the high-blend methanol gasoline control system caneffectively control the engine injection mass without changing the original Electronic Control Unit , and make it feasible to apply high-blend methanol gasoline to the ordinary gasoline engines.     

Influence analysis of fuel quality on engine emission performance

Quality, composition, and characteristics of fuel from 7 areas of P. R. China were analyzed. Fuel quality factors influencing engine emission performance were studied. Using fuel from the HuaZhong and XiNan areas, engine COx, HC, and NOx emissions were tested by adjusting the excess air coefficient and the advanced ignition angle. In light of the characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbon and alkenes of fuel from different areas in P. R. China, we have shown engines can operate smoothly and engine emissions can be decreased when the excess air coefficient and the advanced ignition angle are properly adjusted.     

Investigation on Effects of Fuel Properties on Vehicle Emissions

Owing to increasingly strict emission regulation, gasoline properties not only satisfy the needs of high performance for the engine, but also attain the requirement of vehicles exhaust control. The gasoline from gas stations around China is sampled and its properties are analyzed. The distribution of gasoline quality in different zones is listed. At the same time, the difference of properties between domestic and oversea gasoline is compared. After establishing the emission model of the engine, the reference value of vehicle emissions in different zones is obtained. At last, some measurements are proposed to reduce the emissions: improving gasoline quality and controlling the related parameters for engine according to the distribution of gasoline properties.     

Analysis and Research on VVT System Control Strategy for Motorcycle Engine

An original variable valve timing mechanism with two-mode intake timing parameters is developed according to the structural characteristics of small-medium displacement motorcycle engine. Based on cycle simulation, a cycle simulation model of VVT mechanism for motorcycle engine is created. The control strategy of variable valve timing and lifting running-model are carried out at idle speed low negative load, middle negative load, low speed high negative load and high speed high negative load. It has been proved that the performance of JH125 motorcycle engine can be effectively improved by loading the new type VVT system.     

Integration framework and implementation technologies of integrated workshop production management system for motorcycle parts enterprise

According to the urgent need for motorcycle parts enterprise to improve the ability of information exchange and business collaboration between the production process and other links such as the marketing, design, production planning, outsourcing, purchasing and delivering, an integration framework of the intergraded workshop production management system for motorcycle parts enterprise is presented. It can be integrated with the designing and production planning management systems upwards, the workshop equipments and workers downwards, and the subcontract production and supply chain management systems outwards. Then, some key technologies are studied, such as the realization scheme of system integration based on Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), the data integration and sharing mechanism of heterogeneous information system based on eXtensible Markup Language (XML), and the real-time interaction technology of workshop information based on the multi-functional interactive information terminals, etc. Finally, the system is developed and successfully applied in a motorcycle parts enterprise, and good results are obtained.     

Effects of fuel injection and intake parameters on low temperature combustion

The effects of fuel injection and intake parameters on low temperature combustion are investigated using CFD modeling in the present study. With the increase of injection pressure or decrease of nozzle hole diameter:the maximum in-cylinder pressure and temperature increase. Heat release from premixed combustion increases at the same oxygen concentration and oxygen concentration that obvious premixed combustion appears increases. As to emissions, soot emission decreases because of the improvement of mixing of fuel and air and NOx emission increases because the increase of local temperature in the cylinder. With the increase of intake pressure:the maximum cylinder pressure increases but the maximum cylinder temperature decreases. The ignition timing advances at the same oxygen concentration. The combustion efficiency increases. As to emissions, both soot and NOx emissions decrease.     

基于能值改进模型的红米与烤烟作物系统可持续性评价——以贵州省盘州市为例

为准确测度农作物生产的可持续发展水平,进一步提高可持续发展能力。将碳排放与碳固定视为农田系统环境产出,纳入能值分析框架,建立能值改进指标,评价区域红米和烤烟2种不同作物生产模式的可持续性并进行灵敏性测试。研究发现,红米和烤烟系统的能值投入分别是1.26E+17sej/hm²和1.24E+17sej/hm²,产品能值产出分别是2.61E+16sej/hm²和6.55E+15sej/hm²,红米生产模式的产品产出效率较好。在环境能值产出方面,红米系统表现为净温室气体排放“源”,碳排放（5.97E+16sej/hm²）远大于碳固定（1.30E+15sej/hm²）,减排潜力较大;而烤烟系统则表现为碳固定盈余,碳排放（1.95E+14sej/hm²）小于碳固定（3.42E+14sej/hm²）。温室气体排放量变化对作物系统环境负载率和可持续发展水平的影响最大。结论表明,在传统能值分析体系中增设碳排放与碳固定指标可为农业系统可持续性评价提供更加全面的测算思路和方法借鉴。     

Effects of different manuring systems with and without biogas digestion on soil mineral nitrogen content and on gaseous nitrogen losses (ammonia,nitrous oxides)

Nitrogen (N) is the most susceptible nutrient to transformations affecting plant availability. These transformations include mineralization, immobilization, nitrification and denitrification, as well as leaching and ammonia volatilization. Use of stable wastes and other residues for biogas digestion may reduce N-losses. It is the purpose of this paper (i) to assess the effects of biogas digestion on soil mineral N (SMN) content in spring and autumn, (ii) to compare NH₃ volatilization following superficial application of different manures to a cereal crop, (iii) to compare greenhouse gas emissions of differently treated liquid slurry after its application via injection into closed slots, and (iv) to compare greenhouse gas emissions of differing manuring treatments within a whole organic stockless cropping system. The SMN content in autumn was not influenced by digestion of slurry. However, if cover crops and crop residues were harvested for digestion instead of leaving it on the field, a strong decrease of the SMN content was measured. Ammonia volatilization after application from digested slurry was higher than the volatilization from undigested slurry, likely due to the effect of the higher ammonia content and higher pH. Organic manuring by application of liquid effluents of the biogas digester, by incorporation of green manures with a narrow C/N ratio or by mulching aboveground biomass of a clover/grass-ley, resulted in a strong increase in N₂O emissions. The balance showed a 38% decrease in N₂O emissions for a whole arable organic stockless cropping system when crop residues and the clover/grass-ley were harvested, digested, and the effluents were reallocated within the same cropping system, in comparison to mulching and incorporation of the biomass as green manure. Injection of liquid cattle slurry resulted in a strong increase of N₂O emissions. The results provide some evidence that denitrification during nitrification was the driving force for the measured emission peaks. It was concluded, that biogas digestion of field residues resulted in a win-win situation, with additional energy yields, a lower nitrate leaching risk and lower nitrous oxide emissions. However, the propensity to ammonia volatilization was higher in digested manures.     

Design and Optimization of VVT System Parameters for Motorcycle Engine

An original variable valve timing mechanism with two-mode intake timing was developed according to the structural characteristics of small medium displacement motorcycle engine. Based on cycle simulation, the effects of the VVT mechanism structural parameters, control parameters and operational parameters on the engine performance were analyzed by embedding the VVT mechanism operational mode and control strategies in the engine cycle simulation. Optimum design for the late intake valve closing, the valve lift, as well as the switching speed of the VVT system was carried out. It has been proved that power and torque of the JH125 motorcycle engine can be effectively improved by loading the new type VVT system.     

Intelligent CAD/CAE''s System of Motorcycle-design

Takes the motorcycle system design as the target , and researched motorcycle total scheme design and total layout design and kinetics matching optimization to design, KBE's technique , CAX's technique , PDM's technique and to target and so on technique is used in the synthesis , and intelligent CAD/CAE's system of the motorcycle system design work distance traveled by a stream of water and the architectural structure and integrated technique of every application sub system meritorous service capacity composition and CAD/CAE/CAT has been underway research, Open up a model system , and still unite the fund motorcycle produce development , and verifies.     

Development and Design of ABS Dynamic Test-bed for Automobile

Aiming at the problems of ABS products tested on vehicle, a character test-bed of automobile and motorcycle ABS is studied.To provide an economic and efficient test method for vehicle anti-lock braking system(ABS) in laboratory,the idea of designing a dynamic test-bed is researched and developed,which can simulate actual working status of automobiles well and truly.The test-bed structure character,design principle and key techniques are discussed.It will provide a new method for testing ABS products of automobile and motorcycle.     

我国农田氧化亚氮排放的时空特征及减排途径

氧化亚氮（N₂O）是全球第三大温室气体,农田生态系统是人为N₂O排放的重要来源,约占全球人为排放的30%。明确我国农田N₂O的排放特征、关键过程与影响因子,有助于因地制宜制定减排技术途径及行动方案。氮肥施用是农田N₂O排放的关键因子,国家统计数据发现,我国农田氮肥用量在2001-2007年呈上升趋势,之后趋于稳定,2014年开始下降,其中华东地区用量最高;农田N₂O排放总量也于2015年达到最高点,之后出现下降态势,总体呈现南高北低的特征。文献综合表明,农田N₂O排放主要由土壤反硝化过程主导,人为氮素添加是决定排放高低的首要影响因子。基于上述结果,在选用氮高效作物品种降低土壤N₂O排放的前提下,华东等施肥量高的地区可采取优化施肥比例、增施缓控释肥等途径,实现氮肥增效减量减排;在设施农地和果园等田间设施条件较好的农田,可采用水肥一体化滴灌等增效减排措施;在作物多熟种植地区,除了氮肥减量减排外,还可增加豆科作物布局,采用禾豆轮作等减排措施。最后,对农田N₂O减排的科技创新和政策创设等方面提出了一些建议,包括完善农田N₂O减排理论、创新智慧农业及高效施肥技术、健全碳监测评价体系以及碳减排激励政策与机制等,助力尽早实现我国碳达峰与碳中和目标。     

Parameterized Design System of Motorcycle Based on Adams Virtual Prototyping Technology

This paper uses motorcycle as the research object and uses ADAMS/View as tools to deal with the inconvenience of constructing Motorcycle simulation model in ADAMS/View.The parameterized design system of Motorcycle is developed according to the requirements of simulation model by using ADAMS/View secondary development technology.The system has solved very complicated problem of motorcycle modeling in ADAMS/View,whose spatial structure is very complicated,and solved the problem of model imported by other CAD software which has information lose,model scale tends to heavy,follow-up simulation difficult and so on.The system is used to make the simulation model in ADAMS/View easier for follow-up simulation according to the basic dimension of Motorcycle and user's needs,and shorten the development period of the motorcycle,reduce the development cost,and carry on the series design.     

Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Office Buildings at Embodied Stage

The building embodied stage is the LCA research focus due to large and intensive CO2 emissions. In order to establish the CO2 emissions calculating model during the embodied stage, CO2 emissions load in the process of building materials, equipments manufacturing, transporting and construction should be included. CO2 emissions during building embodied stage of 78 office buildings were analyzed by this model. On average, the amount of carbon emission during embodied stage is 326.75 kg/m 2. The carbon emission in per unit area increase with the growth of building height and that of super high-rise buildings is 1.5 times as much as multi-story buildings. Carbon emission of civil work accounted for about 75% of the total amount during embodied stage, and the carbon emissions of rebar, concrete, mortar and wall materials accounted for over 80% of the carbon emission of civil work. According to the statistic of prediction model dependent on building story and amount of building materials,the CO2 emissions during building embodied stage could be precisely predicted on basis of the independent variablesincluding concrete and wall materials respectively.     

Matching Performance Analysis of the Motorcycle

The vibration is a great obstacle of motorcycle enterprise development. To solve this problem, matching performance technology of the motorcycle is presented in the researches on the general design of the motorcycle. Based on finite element method and vibration theory, matching performance of the motorcycle has been studied, and the international general software MSC. PATRAN/NASTRAN has been used to analyze the best match between the engine and the frame of a type of motorcycle. An effective method has been formed, which can solve the problem of the vibration of the motorcycle essentially, and shorten the development period of motorcycle, reduce the development cost. It has very important theoretical meaning and great value in engineering application for motorcycle enterprise to design products.     

Reasoning Method Based on Motorcycle Design

According to the needs of setting up a professional system based on motorcycle design,the CBR(case based reasoning) and RBR(rule based reasoning) methods are introduced.After discussing the difference between the two kinds of reasoning,a method of integrating them into the motorcycle design flow is put forward to realize the design reusable technology and improve the design efficiency,by using the CBR in the step of selecting the similar motorcycle and the RBR in project's modification according to correlative rules.